Nội dung được dịch bởi AI, chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo
Tổng quan về các nghiên cứu đánh giá tác động sức khỏe và mô hình hóa từ lĩnh vực giao thông trong bối cảnh các nước BRIC
Tóm tắt
Giao thông vận tải luôn đóng vai trò quan trọng trong sự phát triển của nền văn minh và sự phát triển kinh tế của chúng ta. Dù giao thông mang lại lợi ích cho xã hội, nhưng những tác động bất lợi đối với sức khỏe con người do các yếu tố ngoại lai như lối sống tĩnh tại, tiếp xúc với ô nhiễm không khí và chấn thương do tai nạn giao thông là điều không thể phủ nhận. Nhiều nghiên cứu đã được thực hiện trong quá khứ để định lượng tác động của giao thông đối với sức khỏe con người. Trong bài viết này, các tác giả cố gắng tổng hợp các nghiên cứu đó, đặc biệt xem xét các phương pháp đã được áp dụng và tính khả thi của chúng trong bối cảnh các nền kinh tế đang phát triển. Điều này đặc biệt quan trọng khi xem xét sự khác biệt đặc trưng giữa các hệ thống giao thông của các nền kinh tế đang phát triển và các nền kinh tế phát triển. Mục tiêu chính của bài viết này là xác định các phương pháp để đo lường một cách khoa học tác động của giao thông đối với sức khỏe con người có thể được áp dụng trong bối cảnh các nền kinh tế đang phát triển, chẳng hạn như các quốc gia BRIC (Brazil, Nga, Ấn Độ và Trung Quốc). Phạm vi của nghiên cứu này bị giới hạn ở các phương pháp đánh giá tác động của giao thông đến sức khỏe thông qua ba con đường: (i) tiếp xúc với hạt bụi (PM2.5), (ii) chấn thương giao thông đường bộ, và (iii) ít vận động thể chất. Gánh nặng bệnh tật cho các con đường này được tính toán bằng năm sống điều chỉnh khuyết tật (DALYs). Các tác giả cũng xác định những khoảng trống hiện có trong các phương pháp đang áp dụng cần được khắc phục khi áp dụng trong bối cảnh các nền kinh tế đang phát triển. Việc thiếu dữ liệu chất lượng rộng lớn tại các nền kinh tế đang phát triển là một thách thức lớn cho việc thực hiện các đánh giá tác động sức khỏe tương tự. Hầu hết các nghiên cứu đã bỏ qua tác động sức khỏe của giao thông đối với nhóm tuổi trẻ (dưới 14 tuổi), điều này cũng quan trọng không kém trong việc tạo điều kiện cho các can thiệp chính sách hiệu quả. Cuối cùng, một phương pháp tùy chỉnh cho các nền kinh tế đang phát triển cần phải ghi nhận hành vi đặc thù của người lái xe, điều này là một đặc điểm phân biệt quan trọng của hệ thống giao thông của họ.
Từ khóa
#giao thông vận tải #sức khỏe con người #phương pháp đánh giá sức khỏe #các nền kinh tế đang phát triển #BRICTài liệu tham khảo
González K, Fuentes J, Márquez JL (2017) Physical inactivity, sedentary behavior and chronic diseases. Korean J Fam Med 38(3):111–115. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.3.111
World Health Organisation (2018) Ambient air pollution: Health impacts. Retrieved from World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/airpollution/ambient/health-impacts/en/. Accessed October 2018
World Health Organisation (2018) Global Health Estimates 2016: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000-2016. World Health Organisation, Geneva
World Health Organisation (2018) Health statistics and information systems. World Health Organisation. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en/. Accessed 8 June 8 2018
Synthesis Report (2015) Mobility in cities database. Advancing Public Transport. UITP. https://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/MCD_2015_synthesis_web_0.pdf
Transport for Sustainable Development in the ECE Region (2011) United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/publications/Transport_for_sustainable_development_in_the_ECE_region.pdf
Sai Kiran M, Verma A (2016) Review of studies on mixed traffic flow: perspective of developing economies. Transp Dev Econ 2(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40890-016-0010-0
Pai M, Gadgil R, Mahendra A, Vernekar S, Heywood R, Chanchani R (2014) Motorized two-wheelers in Indian cities: A case study of the city of Pune. Working Paper. https://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/MTW%20pub_to%20print.pdf
Gopalakrishnan S (2012) A public health perspective of road traffic accidents. J Fam Med Prim Care 1(2):144–150. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.104987
Nantulya VM, Reich MR (2002) The neglected epidemic: road traffic injuries in developing countries. BMJ Clin Res Ed 324(7346):1139–1141. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7346.1139
Worley H (2006) Road traffic accidents increase dramatically worldwide. Population Reference Bureau. https://www.prb.org/roadtrafficaccidentsincreasedramaticallyworldwide/. Accessed 23 Nov 2019
Maps of World (2018) What countries have the highest number of vehicles per capita? Economics, World. https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/economics/countries-high-number-vehicles-per-capita/. Accessed 23 Nov 2019
World Health Organisation (2014). Air quality deteriorating in many of the world’s cities. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-quality/en/. Accessed October 2018
Janssen NA, Hoek G, Harssema H, Brunekreef B (1997) Childhood exposure to PM10: relation between personal, classroom, and outdoor concentrations. Occup Environ Med 54(12):888–894
Zhu Y, Hinds WC, Kim S, Sioutas C (2002) Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 52(9):1032–1042. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2002.10470842
United Nations Environment. Used vehicles: a global overview. https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2017/itc/UNEP-ITC_Background_Paper-Used_Vehicle_Global_Overview.pdf
Mannucci PM, Franchini M (2017) Health effects of ambient air pollution in developing countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(9):1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091048
Götschi T, Tainio M, Maizlish N, Schwanen T, Goodman A, Woodcock J (2015) Contrasts in active transport behaviour across four countries: how do they translate into public health benefits? Prev Med 74:42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.02.009
Mizuho Research Institute (2006) Comparative analysis of the BRICs. Mizuho Research Institute. http://www.esri.go.jp/jp/prj/hou/hou016/hou16a-2-1.pdf
The World Bank (2018) GDP ranking. Retrieved form the World Bank. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/gdp-ranking. Accessed October 2018
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014). World urbanization prospects: the 2014 revision. Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352)
BRICS Official Website (2018) About BRIC. https://brics2017.org/English/AboutBRICS/BRICS/. Accessed 17 June 2018
Verma A, Bhat PB, Rai N (2016) Urban mobility trends in India and other BRIC countries and their policy implications. Urban Transp J IUT (India) 15(1):1–26
Verma M, Manoj M, Verma A (2016) Analysis of the influences of attitudinal factors on car ownership decisions among urban young adults in a developing country like India. Transp Res Part F 42:90–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.06.024
Kuhnimhof T, Rohr C, Ecola L, Zmud J (2014) Automobility in Brazil, Russia, India, and China? Quo Vadis? Transp Res Rec 2451:10–19. https://doi.org/10.3141/2451-02
Statistics Brief of Urban Public Transport in the 21st Century (2017) The International Association of Public Transport. https://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/UITP_Statistic%20Brief_national%20PT%20stats.pdf
Zhang H, Shaheen SA, Chen X (2014) Bicycle evolution in China: from the 1900s to the present. Int J Sustain Transport 8(5):317–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2012.699999
Edmond C (2017) China has just built the world’s longest elevated cycle path. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/07/china-has-just-built-the-world-s-longest-elevated-cycle-path/. Accessed 26 Nov 2019
Ma S, Li Q, Zhou M, Duan L, Bishai D (2012) Road traffic injury in China: a review of National Data Sources. Traffic In Prev 13(sup1):57–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2011.633945
Hyder AA, Andres VO (2014) BRICS: opportunities to improve road safety. Bull World Health Organ 92:423–428. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.132613
World Health Organisation (2015) Global status report on road safety. WHO, Geneva
Xing Y-F, Xu Y-H, Shi M-H, Lian Y-X (2016) The impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system. J Thorac Dis 8(1):E69–E74
Health Effects Institute (2018) State of global air 2018. Special Report. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA
Larsen B (2015) Brazil perspectives air pollution. Retrieved from Copenhagen Consensus Center. https://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/default/files/brazil_air_pollution_resources.pdf. Accessed 8 Aug 2018
The Environmental Outlook in Russia (1999) National Intelligence Council. https://fas.org/irp/nic/environmental_outlook_russia.html. Accessed 8 July 8 2018
Apte JS, Kirchstetter TW, Reich AH, Deshpande SJ, Kaushik G, Chel A, Marshall JD, Nazaroff WW (2011) Concentrations of fine, ultrafine, and black carbon particles in auto-rickshaws in New Delhi, India. Atmos Environ 45(26):4470–4480
World Health Organisation (2004) Health statistics and information systems. Retrieved from World Health Organisation. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/en/
Chattopadhyay V (2015) Two-stroke vehicles are the worst polluters. Down to Earth. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/twostroke-vehicles-are-the-worst-polluters-44402. Accessed 26 Nov 2019
Lopez AD, Murray CC (1998) The global burden of disease, 1990–2020. Nat Med 4(11):1241
Murray CJL (1994) Quantifying the burden of disease: the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years. Bull World Health Organ 72:429–445
Dora C, Hosking J, Mudu P, Fletcher ER (2011) Urban transport and health. Sustainable transport: Source book for policy makers in developing city, Module 5 g. Transport Public Advisory Services. https://www.who.int/hia/green_economy/giz_transport.pdf
Briggs D, Mason K, Borman B (2015) Rapid Assessment of environmental health impacts for policy support: the example of road transport in New Zealand. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13(1):ijerph13010061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010061
Health Effects Institute (2017) State of global air 2017. Special Report. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA
Hime NJ, Marks GB, Cowie CT (2018) A comparison of the health effects of ambient particulate matter air pollution from five emission sources. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(6):1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061206
Brauer M, Freedman G, Frostad J, Van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Dentener F, Dingenen RV, Estep K, Amini H, Apte JS, Balakrishnan K (2015) Ambient air pollution exposure estimation for the global burden of disease 2013. Environ Sci Technol 50(1):79–88
Riediker M, Williams R, Devlin R, Griggs T, Bromberg P (2003) Exposure to particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, and other air pollutants inside patrol cars. Environ Sci Technol 37(10):2084–2093
Zhang K, Batterman S (2013) Air pollution and health risks due to vehicle traffic. Sci Total Environ 450–451:307–316
Anenberg S, Miller J, Henze D, Minjares R (2019) A global snapshot of the air pollution-related health impacts of transportation sector emissions in 2010 and 2015. International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT). https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Global_health_impacts_transport_emissions_2010-2015_20190226.pdf
Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD (2002) Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287(9):1132–1141
Paolo V, Gerard H, Michal K, Federica VT, Fabrizio V, Luisa A et al (2006) Air pollution and risk of lung cancer in a prospective study in Europe. Int J Cancer 119(1):169–174
Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Baan RA, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Guha N, Loomis D, Straif K (2012) Carcinogenicity of diesel-engine and gasoline-engine exhausts and some nitroarenes. Lancet Oncol 13(7):663–664
Garshick E, Laden F, Hart JE, Rosner B, Davis ME, Eisen EA, Smith TJ (2008) Lung cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers. Environ Health Perspect 116(10):1327
Medina-Ramon M, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J (2006) The effect of ozone and PM10 on hospital admissions for pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a national multicity study. Am J Epidemiol 163(6):579–588
Gan WQ, Koehoorn M, Davies H, Demers P, Tamburic L, Brauer M (2011) Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and the risk of coronary heart disease hospitalization and mortality. Environ Health Perspect 119(4):501–507
Zanobetti A, Franklin M, Koutrakis P, Schwartz J (2009) Fine particulate air pollution and its components in association with cause-specific emergency admissions. Environ Health 8(1):58
Dominici F, Peng RD, Bell ML, Pham L, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM (2006) Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. JAMA 295(10):1127–1134
Roemer W, Van Wijnen J (2001) Daily mortality and air pollution along busy streets in Amsterdam, 1987–1998. Epidemiology 12(6):649–653. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200111000-00012
Goel R, Gani S, Guttikunda SK, Wilson D, Tiwari G (2015) On-road PM2.5 pollution exposure in multiple transport microenvironments in Delhi. Atmos Environ 123:129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.037
Pui DY, Chen SC, Zuo Z (2014) PM2. 5 in China: measurements, sources, visibility and health effects, and mitigation. Particuology 13:1–26
Murray CJL, Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Stein C (2001) The Global Burden of Disease 2000 project: aims, methods and data sources [revised]. World Health Organization, Geneva (GPE Discussion Paper No. 36)
Peden M, McGee K, Sharma G (2002) The injury chart book: a graphical overview of the global burden of injuries. World Health Organization, Geneva
Association for safe international road travel. Annual Global Road Crash Statistics. http://asirt.org/initiatives/informing-road-users/road-safety-facts/road-crash-statistics. Accessed 02 May 2018
Luoma J, Sivak M (2012) Road safety management in Brazil, Russia, India and China. University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/89427/102786.pdf. Accessed 7 Aug 2018
World Health Organization (2013) Global status report on road safety- Supporting a decade of action. World Health Organization, Geneva
National Crime Record Bureau (2016) Crime in India 2015 statistics. National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, GOI, New Delhi
Ravinder G, Shikha J, Shashvat S (2017) Controlling the “Carnage on Indian Roads”. National Institution for Transforming India, Government of India. http://niti.gov.in/content/controlling-carnage-indian-roads. Accessed 17 June 2018
Jacob GD, Aeron-Thomas A (2000) Underreporting of road traffic casualties in low income countries. Transportation Research Laboratory
Hallal PC, Andersen LB, Bull FC, Guthold R, Haskell W, Ekelund U (2012) Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 380:247–257
World Health Organisation (2017) Obesity and overweight. World Health Organisation. http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. Accessed 8 June 2018
Shukla A, Kumar K, Singh A (2014) Association between obesity and selected morbidities: a study of BRICS countries. PLoS ONE 9(4):e94433
Singh S (2005) Review of urban transportation in India. J Public Transp 8(1):5
World Health Organsation (2009) Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. World Health Organsation, Geneva
World Health Organisation (2009) Preventing and managing the global epidemic. World Health Organisation, Geneva
Bell AC, Ge K, Popkin BM (2002) The road to obesity or the path to prevention: motorized transportation and obesity in China. Obes Res 10(4):277–283
Misra A, Khurana L (2008) Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(11_supplement_1):s9–s30
Misra A, Singhal N, Khurana L (2010) Obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes in developing countries: role of dietary fats and oils. J Am Coll Nutr 29(sup3):289S–301S
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2008) Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report 2008. url:https://health.gov/paguidelines/report/pdf/committeereport.pdf
Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS (2006) Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Can Med Assoc J 174(6):801–809
Dunn AL, Marcus BH, Kampert JB, Garcia ME, Kohl HW III, Blair SN (1999) Comparison of lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized trial. JAMA 281(4):327–334
Woodcock J, Tainio M, Cheshire J, O’Brien O, Goodman A (2014) Health effects of the London bicycle sharing system: health impact modelling study. BMJ 348:g425
Mindell J, Joffe M (2003) Health impact assessment in relation to other forms of impact assessment. J Public Health 25(2):107–112
Natalie M et al (2015) Health impact assessment of active transportation: a systematic review. Prev Med 76:103–114
Institute of Mobility Research (ifmo) (2013) Megacity mobility culture: how cities move on in a diverse world. Springer, Heidelberg
Haagsma JA, Graetz N, Bolliger I, Naghavi M, Higashi H, Mullany EC, Abera SF, Abraham JP, Adofo K, Alsharif U, Ameh EA (2016) The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013. Inj Prev 22(1):3–18. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041616
Woodcock J, Edwards P, Tonne C, Armstrong BG, Ashiru O, Banister D, Beevers S, Chalabi Z, Chowdhury Z, Cohen A, Franco OH (2009) Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: urban land transport. Lancet 374(9705):1930–1943
De Hartog JJ, Boogaard H, Nijland H, Hoek G (2010) Do the health benefits of cycling outweigh the risks? Environ Health Perspect 118(8):1109–1116
Holm AL, Glümer C, Diderichsen F (2012) Health Impact Assessment of increased cycling to place of work or education in Copenhagen. BMJ Open 2:e001135. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001135
Jacobsen PL (2003) Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Inj Prev 9(3):205–209. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.9.3.205
Woodcock J, Givoni M, Morgan AS (2013) Health impact modelling of active travel visions for England and Wales using an Integrated Transport and Health Impact Modelling Tool (ITHIM). PLoS ONE 8(1):e51462
Rojas-Rueda D, de Nazelle A, Teixidó O, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ (2013) Health impact assessment of increasing public transport and cycling use in Barcelona: a morbidity and burden of disease approach. Prev Med 57(5):573–579
Maizlish N, Woodcock J, Co S, Ostro B, Fanai A, Fairley D (2013) Health co-benefits and transportation-related reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the San Francisco Bay area. Am J Public Health 103(4):703–709
Macmillan A, Connor J, Witten K, Kearns R, Rees D, Woodward A (2014) The societal costs and benefits of commuter bicycling: simulating the effects of specific policies using system dynamics modelling. Environ Health Perspect 122(4):335
Xia T, Nitschke M, Zhang Y, Shah P, Crabb S, Hansen A (2015) Traffic-related air pollution and health co-benefits of alternative transport in Adelaide, South Australia. Environ Int 74:281–290
Tobollik M, Keuken M, Sabel C, Cowie H, Tuomisto J, Sarigiannis D, Künzli N, Perez L, Mudu P (2016) Health impact assessment of transport policies in Rotterdam: decrease of total traffic and increase of electric car use. Environ Res 146:350–358
World Health Organization (2013) Health effects of particulate matter. Policy implications for countries in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and central Asia. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/189051/Health-effects-of-particulate-matter-final-Eng.pdf