Review of Atypical and Anaplastic Meningiomas: Classification, Molecular Biology, and Management

Pendleton, 2013, Harvey Cushing's early treatment of meningiomas: the untold story, World Neurosurg., 80, 217, 10.1016/j.wneu.2011.08.021

Cushing, 1922, The meningiomas (dural endotheliomas): their source and favored seats of origin (Cavendish Lecture), Brain., 45, 282, 10.1093/brain/45.2.282

Barthélemy, 2016, The historical origin of the term “meningioma” and the rise of nationalistic neurosurgery, J Neurosurg., 125, 1283, 10.3171/2015.10.JNS15877

Bondy, 1996, Epidemiology and etiology of intracranial meningiomas: a review, J Neurooncol., 29, 197, 10.1007/BF00165649

Hammouche, 2014, Long-term survival analysis of atypical meningiomas: survival rates, prognostic factors, operative and radiotherapy treatment, Acta Neurochir (Wien)., 156, 1475, 10.1007/s00701-014-2156-z

Longstreth, 1993, Epidemiology of intracranial meningioma, Cancer., 72, 639, 10.1002/1097-0142(19930801)72:3<639::AID-CNCR2820720304>3.0.CO;2-P

Ostrom, 2016, CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2009-2013, Neurooncology., 18, v1, 10.1093/neuonc/now207

Riemenschneider, 2006, Histological classification and molecular genetics of meningiomas, Lancet Neurol., 5, 1045, 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70625-1

Rohringer, 1989, Incidence and clinicopathological features of meningioma, J Neurosurg., 71, 665, 10.3171/jns.1989.71.5.0665

Louis, 2007, The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system, Acta Neuropathol., 114, 97, 10.1007/s00401-007-0243-4

Louis, 2016, The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary, Acta Neuropathol., 131, 803, 10.1007/s00401-016-1545-1

Perry, 2004, Unmasking the secrets of meningioma: a slow but rewarding journey, Surg Neurol., 61, 171, 10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00488-9

Rogers, 2010, Intracranial meningiomas of atypical (WHO grade II) histology, J Neurooncol., 99, 393, 10.1007/s11060-010-0343-1

Olar, 2015, Mitotic index is an independent predictor of recurrence-free survival in meningioma, Brain Pathol., 25, 266, 10.1111/bpa.12174

Sahm, 2016, TERT promoter mutations and risk of recurrence in meningioma, J Natl Cancer Inst., 108, djv377, 10.1093/jnci/djv377

Sahm, 2017, DNA methylation-based classification and grading system for meningioma: a multicentre, retrospective analysis, Lancet Oncol., 18, 682, 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30155-9

Jääskeläinen, 1985, The growth rate of intracranial meningiomas and its relation to histology. An analysis of 43 patients, Surg Neurol., 24, 165, 10.1016/0090-3019(85)90180-6

James, 2009, NF2/merlin is a novel negative regulator of mTOR complex 1, and activation of mTORC1 is associated with meningioma and schwannoma growth, Mol Cell Biol., 29, 4250, 10.1128/MCB.01581-08

Hsu, 1997, Progesterone and estrogen receptors in meningiomas: prognostic considerations, J Neurosurg., 86, 113, 10.3171/jns.1997.86.1.0113

Kane, 2011, Anatomic location is a risk factor for atypical and malignant meningiomas, Cancer., 117, 1272, 10.1002/cncr.25591

Mahmood, 1993, Atypical and malignant meningiomas: a clinicopathological review, Neurosurgery., 33, 955, 10.1227/00006123-199312000-00001

Pravdenkova, 2006, Progesterone and estrogen receptors: opposing prognostic indicators in meningiomas, J Neurosurg., 105, 163, 10.3171/jns.2006.105.2.163

Wiemels, 2010, Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma, J Neurooncol., 99, 307, 10.1007/s11060-010-0386-3

Hijiya, 2007, Cumulative incidence of secondary neoplasms as a first event after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, JAMA., 297, 1207, 10.1001/jama.297.11.1207

Preston, 2002, Tumors of the nervous system and pituitary gland associated with atomic bomb radiation exposure, J Natl Cancer Inst., 94, 1555, 10.1093/jnci/94.20.1555

Ron, 1988, Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy in childhood, N Engl J Med., 319, 1033, 10.1056/NEJM198810203191601

Liang, 2014, The potential risk factors for atypical and anaplastic meningiomas: clinical series of 1,239 cases, Int J Clin Exp Med., 7, 5696

Magill, 2018, Relationship between tumor location, size, and WHO grade in meningioma, Neurosurg Focus., 44, E4, 10.3171/2018.1.FOCUS17752

Rogers, 2015, Meningiomas: knowledge base, treatment outcomes, and uncertainties. A RANO review, J Neurosurg., 122, 4, 10.3171/2014.7.JNS131644

Buerki, 2018, An overview of meningiomas, Future Oncol., 14, 2161, 10.2217/fon-2018-0006

Mair, 2011, Radiotherapy for atypical meningiomas, J Neurosurg., 115, 811, 10.3171/2011.5.JNS11112

Pearson, 2008, Hitting a moving target: evolution of a treatment paradigm for atypical meningiomas amid changing diagnostic criteria, Neurosurg Focus., 24, E3, 10.3171/FOC/2008/24/5/E3

Prayson, 2012, Neuropathology., 513, 10.1016/B978-1-4377-0949-0.00010-8

Aghi, 2009, Long-term recurrence rates of atypical meningiomas after gross total resection with or without postoperative adjuvant radiation, Neurosurgery., 64, 56, 10.1227/01.NEU.0000330399.55586.63

Perry, 1997, Meningioma grading: an analysis of histologic parameters, Am J Surg Pathol., 21, 1455, 10.1097/00000478-199712000-00008

van Alkemade, 2012, Impaired survival and long-term neurological problems in benign meningioma, Neuro-oncology., 14, 658, 10.1093/neuonc/nos013

Winther, 2017, DNA topoisomerase IIα and mitosin expression predict meningioma recurrence better than histopathological grade and MIB-1 after initial surgery, PLoS ONE., 12, e0172316, 10.1371/journal.pone.0172316

Cobb, 1996, Significance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in predicting recurrence of intracranial meningioma, J Neurosurg., 84, 85, 10.3171/jns.1996.84.1.0085

Maruno, 1998, Chromosomal losses and gains in meningiomas: comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) study of the whole genome, Neurol Res., 20, 612, 10.1080/01616412.1998.11740572

Matsuno, 1996, Clinical and histopathological analysis of proliferative potentials of recurrent and non-recurrent meningiomas, Acta Neuropathol., 91, 504, 10.1007/s004010050458

Perry, 1998, The prognostic significance of MIB-1, p53, and DNA flow cytometry in completely resected primary meningiomas, Cancer., 82, 2262, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980601)82:11<2262::AID-CNCR23>3.0.CO;2-R

Ho, 2002, Histopathology and MIB-1 labeling index predicted recurrence of meningiomas: a proposal of diagnostic criteria for patients with atypical meningioma, Cancer., 94, 1538, 10.1002/cncr.10351

Modha, 2005, Diagnosis and treatment of atypical and anaplastic meningiomas: a review, Neurosurgery., 57, 538, 10.1227/01.NEU.0000170980.47582.A5

Clark, 2013, Genomic analysis of non-NF2 meningiomas reveals mutations in TRAF7, KLF4, AKT1, and SMO, Science., 339, 1077, 10.1126/science.1233009

Alahmadi, 2011, Pathology and genetics of meningiomas, Semin Diagn Pathol., 28, 314, 10.1053/j.semdp.2011.01.002

Leone, 1999, NF2 gene mutations and allelic status of 1p, 14q and 22q in sporadic meningiomas, Oncogene., 18, 2231, 10.1038/sj.onc.1202531

Proctor, 2018, Towards molecular classification of meningioma: evolving treatment and diagnostic paradigms, World Neurosurg., 119, 366, 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.08.019

Menon, 1997, Frequent loss of chromosome 14 in atypical and malignant meningioma: identification of a putative “tumor progression” locus, Oncogene., 14, 611, 10.1038/sj.onc.1200853

Simon, 1995, Allelic losses on chromosomes 14, 10, and 1 in atypical and malignant meningiomas: a genetic model of meningioma progression, Cancer Res., 55, 4696

Inui, 1999, Genomic alterations in human meningiomas detected by restriction landmark genomic scanning and immunohistochemical studies, Int J Oncol., 15, 459, 10.3892/ijo.15.3.459

Zattara-Cannoni, 1998, Contribution of cytogenetics and FISH in the diagnosis of meningiomas. A study of 189 tumors, Ann Genet., 41, 164

Bailo, 2019, The role of surgery in meningiomas, Curr Treat Options Neurol., 21, 51, 10.1007/s11940-019-0587-9

Katz, 2018, Loss of histone H3K27me3 identifies a subset of meningiomas with increased risk of recurrence, Acta Neuropathol., 135, 955, 10.1007/s00401-018-1844-9

Schulz, 2000, Immunohistochemical determination of five somatostatin receptors in meningioma reveals frequent overexpression of somatostatin receptor subtype sst2A, Clin Cancer Res., 6, 1865

Shankar, 2017, BAP1 mutations in high-grade meningioma: implications for patient care, Neurooncology., 19, 1447, 10.1093/neuonc/nox094

Du, 2015, Increased expression of the immune modulatory molecule PD-L1 (CD274) in anaplastic meningioma, Oncotarget., 6, 4704, 10.18632/oncotarget.3082

Al-Rashed, 2019, Recent advances in meningioma immunogenetics, Front Oncol., 9, 1472, 10.3389/fonc.2019.01472

Bi, 2016, Checkpoint inhibition in meningiomas, Immunotherapy., 8, 721, 10.2217/imt-2016-0017

Li, 2019, Systemic and local immunosuppression in patients with high-grade meningiomas, Cancer Immunol Immunother., 68, 999, 10.1007/s00262-019-02342-8

Simpson, 1957, The recurrence of intracranial meningiomas after surgical treatment, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., 20, 22, 10.1136/jnnp.20.1.22

Condra, 1997, Benign meningiomas: primary treatment selection affects survival, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys., 39, 427, 10.1016/S0360-3016(97)00317-9

Palma, 1997, Long-term prognosis for atypical and malignant meningiomas: a study of 71 surgical cases, Neurosurg Focus., 2, e3, 10.3171/foc.1997.2.4.6

Mooney, 2020, Is falcine meningioma a diffuse disease of the falx? Case Series and Analysis of a “Grade Zero” Resection, Neurosurgery., 87, 900, 10.1093/neuros/nyaa038

Graffeo, 2017, Revisiting adjuvant radiotherapy after gross total resection of World Health Organization grade II meningioma, World Neurosurg., 103, 655, 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.04.095

Goyal, 2015, Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke, N Engl J Med., 372, 1019, 10.1056/NEJMoa1414905

Aizer, 2015, Extent of resection and overall survival for patients with atypical and malignant meningioma, Cancer., 121, 4376, 10.1002/cncr.29639

Stafford, 1998, Primarily resected meningiomas: outcome and prognostic factors in 581 Mayo Clinic patients, 1978 through (1988), Mayo Clin Proc., 73, 936, 10.4065/73.10.936

Morales-Valero, 2014, Craniotomy for anterior cranial fossa meningiomas: historical overview, Neurosurg Focus., 36, E14, 10.3171/2014.1.FOCUS13569

da Silva, 2012, Neuronavigation for Intracranial Meningiomas, 65

Willems, 2006, Neuronavigation and surgery of intracerebral tumours, J Neurol., 253, 1123, 10.1007/s00415-006-0158-3

Pia, 1972, The microscope in neurosurgery–technical improvements, Acta Neurochir (Wien)., 26, 251, 10.1007/BF01406557

Runnels, 1974, Microneurosurgery. The use of the operating binocular microscope, J Kans Med Soc., 75, 40

Barnett, 1995, Intracranial meningioma resection using frameless stereotaxy, J Image Guid Surg., 1, 46, 10.1002/(SICI)1522-712X1:1<46::AID-IGS7>3.0.CO;2-M

Wadley, 1999, Pre-operative planning and intra-operative guidance in modern neurosurgery: a review of 300 cases, Ann R Coll Surg Engl., 81, 217

Jallo, 2001, CUSA EXcel ultrasonic aspiration system, Neurosurgery., 48, 695, 10.1097/00006123-200103000-00054

Ramazanov, 1999, Ultrasound microneurosurgery, Neurol Res., 21, 73, 10.1080/01616412.1999.11740896

Tang, 2014, Application of CUSA Excel ultrasonic aspiration system in resection of skull base meningiomas, Chin J Cancer Res., 26, 653

Shah, 2015, Preoperative endovascular embolization of meningiomas: update on therapeutic options, Neurosurg Focus., 38, E7, 10.3171/2014.12.FOCUS14728

Baddour, 2013, Comparing use of the Sonopet(®) ultrasonic bone aspirator to traditional instrumentation during the endoscopic transsphenoidal approach in pituitary tumor resection, Int Forum Allergy Rhinol., 3, 588, 10.1002/alr.21143

Paleologos, 2000, Clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of interactive image-guided craniotomy: clinical comparison between conventional and image-guided meningioma surgery, Neurosurgery., 47, 40, 10.1227/00006123-200007000-00010

Attia, 2012, Patterns of failure after treatment of atypical meningioma with gamma knife radiosurgery, J Neurooncol., 108, 179, 10.1007/s11060-012-0828-1

Cho, 2017, The role of adjuvant treatment in patients with high-grade meningioma, J Korean Neurosurg Soc., 60, 527, 10.3340/jkns.2016.1111.009

Goldbrunner, 2016, EANO guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of meningiomas, Lancet Oncol., 17, e383, 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30321-7

Hasan, 2015, The role of adjuvant radiotherapy after gross total resection of atypical meningiomas, World Neurosurg., 83, 808, 10.1016/j.wneu.2014.12.037

Park, 2013, The role of adjuvant radiotherapy in atypical meningioma, J Neurooncol., 115, 241, 10.1007/s11060-013-1219-y

Wang, 2016, Long term surgical outcome and prognostic factors of atypical and malignant meningiomas, Sci Rep., 6, 35743, 10.1038/srep35743

Champeaux, 2017, Atypical meningioma. A study on recurrence and disease-specific survival, Neurochirurgie., 63, 273, 10.1016/j.neuchi.2017.03.004

Hug, 2000, Management of atypical and malignant meningiomas: role of high-dose, 3D-conformal radiation therapy, J Neurooncol., 48, 151, 10.1023/a:1006434124794

Komotar, 2012, The role of radiotherapy following gross-total resection of atypical meningiomas, J Neurosurg., 117, 679, 10.3171/2012.7.JNS112113

Harris, 2003, The effect of radiosurgery during management of aggressive meningiomas, Surg Neurol., 60, 298, 10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00320-3

Huffmann, 2005, Gamma knife surgery for atypical meningiomas, J Neurosurg., 102, 283, 10.3171/jns.2005.102.s_supplement.0283

Winkler, 1998, [The results of radiotherapy in meningiomas with a high risk of recurrence. A retrospective analysis], Strahlenther Onkol., 174, 624, 10.1007/BF03038510

Pasquier, 2008, Atypical and malignant meningioma: outcome and prognostic factors in 119 irradiated patients. A multicenter, retrospective study of the Rare Cancer Network, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys., 71, 1388, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.12.020

Stessin, 2012, Does adjuvant external-beam radiotherapy improve outcomes for nonbenign meningiomas? A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-based analysis, J Neurosurg., 117, 669, 10.3171/2012.7.JNS111439

Fowler, 2004, A challenge to traditional radiation oncology, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys., 60, 1241, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.07.691

Jo, 2010, Treatment of atypical meningioma, J Clin Neurosci., 17, 1362, 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.03.036

Jenkinson, 2015, The ROAM/EORTC-1308 trial: Radiation versus Observation following surgical resection of Atypical Meningioma: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial, Trials., 16, 519, 10.1186/s13063-015-1040-3

Weber, 2018, Adjuvant postoperative high-dose radiotherapy for atypical and malignant meningioma: a phase-II parallel non-randomized and observation study (EORTC 22042-26042), Radiother Oncol., 128, 260, 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.06.018

Rogers, 2018, Intermediate-risk meningioma: initial outcomes from NRG Oncology RTOG 0539, J Neurosurg., 129, 35, 10.3171/2016.11.JNS161170

Coke, 1998, Atypical and malignant meningiomas: an outcome report of seventeen cases, J Neurooncol., 39, 65, 10.1023/A:1005981731739

Milosevic, 1996, Radiotherapy for atypical or malignant intracranial meningioma, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys., 34, 817, 10.1016/0360-3016(95)02166-3

Kondziolka, 2008, Radiosurgery as definitive management of intracranial meningiomas, Neurosurgery.

Kuhn, 2014, Is there a tumor volume threshold for postradiosurgical symptoms? A single-institution analysis, Neurosurgery., 75, 536, 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000519

Prasad, 2018, Linac-based fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for high-risk meningioma, J Radiosurg SBRT., 5, 269

Unger, 2012, Risk factors for posttreatment edema in patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery for meningiomas, Neurosurgery., 70, 639, 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182351ae7

Kano, 2007, Stereotactic radiosurgery for atypical and anaplastic meningiomas, J Neurooncol., 84, 41, 10.1007/s11060-007-9338-y

Rogers, 2007, Role of radiation therapy in treating intracranial meningiomas, Neurosurg Focus., 23, E4, 10.3171/FOC-07/10/E4

Skeie, 2010, Gamma knife surgery of meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus: long-term follow-up of 100 patients, Neurosurgery., 66, 661, 10.1227/01.NEU.0000366112.04015.E2

McTyre, 2017, Emerging indications for fractionated gamma knife radiosurgery, Neurosurgery., 80, 210, 10.1227/NEU.0000000000001227

Morimoto, 2011, Significance of tumor volume related to peritumoral edema in intracranial meningioma treated with extreme hypofractionated stereotactic radiation therapy in three to five fractions, Jpn J Clin Oncol., 41, 609, 10.1093/jjco/hyr022

Nguyen, 2014, Multisession gamma knife radiosurgery: a preliminary experience with a noninvasive, relocatable frame, World Neurosurg., 82, 1256, 10.1016/j.wneu.2014.07.042

Oermann, 2013, Five fraction image-guided radiosurgery for primary and recurrent meningiomas, Front Oncol., 3, 213, 10.3389/fonc.2013.00213

Rogers, 2020, High-risk meningioma: initial outcomes from NRG Oncology/RTOG 0539, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys., 106, 790, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.11.028

El Shafie, 2018, Evaluation of particle radiotherapy for the re-irradiation of recurrent intracranial meningioma, Radiat Oncol., 13, 86, 10.1186/s13014-018-1026-x

Mozes, 2017, Volumetric response of intracranial meningioma after photon or particle irradiation, Acta Oncol., 56, 431, 10.1080/0284186X.2016.1259659

Combs, 2010, Carbon ion radiation therapy for high-risk meningiomas, Radiother Oncol., 95, 54, 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.12.029

Kosaki, 2012, Comparison of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with intensity modulated particle therapy (IMPT) using fixed beams or an ion gantry for the treatment of patients with skull base meningiomas, Radiat Oncol., 7, 44, 10.1186/1748-717X-7-44

Adeberg, 2017, Treatment of meningioma and glioma with protons and carbon ions, Radiat Oncol., 12, 193, 10.1186/s13014-017-0924-7

Rackwitz, 2019, Clinical applications of proton and carbon ion therapy, Semin Oncol., 46, 226, 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2019.07.005

Madani, 2015, Dose-painting intensity-modulated proton therapy for intermediate- and high-risk meningioma, Radiat Oncol., 10, 72, 10.1186/s13014-015-0384-x

Coggins, 2019, A systematic review of ion radiotherapy in maintaining local control regarding atypical and anaplastic meningiomas, World Neurosurg., 132, 282, 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.149

Karsy, 2016, Medical management of meningiomas: current status, failed treatments, and promising horizons, Neurosurg Clin N Am., 27, 249, 10.1016/j.nec.2015.11.002

Schrell, 1997, Hydroxyurea for treatment of unresectable and recurrent meningiomas. I. Inhibition of primary human meningioma cells in culture and in meningioma transplants by induction of the apoptotic pathway, J Neurosurg., 86, 845, 10.3171/jns.1997.86.5.0845

Schrell, 1997, Hydroxyurea for treatment of unresectable and recurrent meningiomas. II. Decrease in the size of meningiomas in patients treated with hydroxyurea, J Neurosurg., 86, 840, 10.3171/jns.1997.86.5.0840

Chamberlain, 2011, Hydroxyurea for recurrent surgery and radiation refractory meningioma: a retrospective case series, J Neurooncol., 104, 765, 10.1007/s11060-011-0541-5

Fuentes, 2004, [Hydroxyurea treatment for unresectable meningioma], Neurochirurgie., 50, 461, 10.1016/S0028-3770(04)98326-9

Newton, 2004, Hydroxyurea chemotherapy for meningiomas: enlarged cohort with extended follow-up, Br J Neurosurg., 18, 495, 10.1080/02688690400012392

Chamberlain, 1996, Adjuvant combined modality therapy for malignant meningiomas, J Neurosurg., 84, 733, 10.3171/jns.1996.84.5.0733

Chamberlain, 2006, Salvage chemotherapy with CPT-11 for recurrent meningioma, J Neurooncol., 78, 271, 10.1007/s11060-005-9093-x

Chamberlain, 2004, Temozolomide for treatment-resistant recurrent meningioma, Neurology., 62, 1210, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000118300.82017.F4

Chamberlain, 2008, Interferon-alpha for recurrent World Health Organization grade 1 intracranial meningiomas, Cancer., 113, 2146, 10.1002/cncr.23803

Kaba, 1997, The treatment of recurrent unresectable and malignant meningiomas with interferon alpha-2B, Neurosurgery., 40, 271, 10.1097/00006123-199702000-00007

Muhr, 2001, Meningioma treated with interferon-alpha, evaluated with [(11)C]-L-methionine positron emission tomography, Clin Cancer Res., 7, 2269

Chamberlain, 2007, Recurrent meningioma: salvage therapy with long-acting somatostatin analogue, Neurology., 69, 969, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000271382.62776.b7

Norden, 2015, Phase II study of monthly pasireotide LAR (SOM230C) for recurrent or progressive meningioma, Neurology., 84, 280, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001153

Simó, 2014, Recurrent high-grade meningioma: a phase II trial with somatostatin analogue therapy, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol., 73, 919, 10.1007/s00280-014-2422-z

de Keizer, 2004, Mifepristone treatment in patients with surgically incurable sphenoid-ridge meningioma: a long-term follow-up, Eye (Lond)., 18, 954, 10.1038/sj.eye.6701370

Goodwin, 1993, A phase II evaluation of tamoxifen in unresectable or refractory meningiomas: a Southwest Oncology Group study, J Neurooncol., 15, 75, 10.1007/BF01050266

Grunberg, 1991, Treatment of unresectable meningiomas with the antiprogesterone agent mifepristone, J Neurosurg., 74, 861, 10.3171/jns.1991.74.6.0861

Grunberg, 2006, Long-term administration of mifepristone (RU486): clinical tolerance during extended treatment of meningioma, Cancer Invest., 24, 727, 10.1080/07357900601062339

Lamberts, 1992, Mifepristone (RU 486) treatment of meningiomas, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry., 55, 486, 10.1136/jnnp.55.6.486

Touat, 2014, Successful treatment of multiple intracranial meningiomas with the antiprogesterone receptor agent mifepristone (RU486), Acta Neurochir (Wien)., 156, 1831, 10.1007/s00701-014-2188-4

Kaley, 2015, Phase II trial of sunitinib for recurrent and progressive atypical and anaplastic meningioma, Neurooncology., 17, 116, 10.1093/neuonc/nou148

Norden, 2010, Phase II trials of erlotinib or gefitinib in patients with recurrent meningioma, J Neurooncol., 96, 211, 10.1007/s11060-009-9948-7

Raizer, 2010, A phase I trial of erlotinib in patients with nonprogressive glioblastoma multiforme postradiation therapy, and recurrent malignant gliomas and meningiomas, Neurooncology., 12, 87, 10.1093/neuonc/nop017

Raizer, 2014, A phase II trial of PTK787/ZK 222584 in recurrent or progressive radiation and surgery refractory meningiomas, J Neurooncol., 117, 93, 10.1007/s11060-014-1358-9

Reardon, 2012, Phase II study of Gleevec® plus hydroxyurea (HU) in adults with progressive or recurrent meningioma, J Neurooncol., 106, 409, 10.1007/s11060-011-0687-1

Shih, 2016, A phase II trial of bevacizumab and everolimus as treatment for patients with refractory, progressive intracranial meningioma, J Neurooncol., 129, 281, 10.1007/s11060-016-2172-3

Wen, 2009, Phase II study of imatinib mesylate for recurrent meningiomas (North American Brain Tumor Consortium study 01-08), Neurooncology., 11, 853, 10.1215/15228517-2009-010

Franke, 2018, Role of bevacizumab for treatment-refractory meningiomas: A systematic analysis and literature review, Surg Neurol Int., 9, 133, 10.4103/sni.sni_264_17

Lou, 2012, Bevacizumab therapy for adults with recurrent/progressive meningioma: a retrospective series, J Neurooncol., 109, 63, 10.1007/s11060-012-0861-0

Nayak, 2012, Atypical and anaplastic meningiomas treated with bevacizumab, J Neurooncol., 109, 187, 10.1007/s11060-012-0886-4