Review and experimental comparison of the durability of iodine waste forms in semi-dynamic leach testing

Finn, 1996, The release of uranium, plutonium, cesium, strontium, technetium and iodine from spent fuel under unsaturated conditions, Radiochim Acta, 74, 65, 10.1524/ract.1996.74.special-issue.65 Riley, 2016, Materials and processes for the effective capture and immobilization of radioiodine: a review, J. Nuclear Mater., 470, 307, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.11.038 Sakurai, 1992, The Iodine species and their behavior in the dissolution of spent-fuel specimens, Nucl. Technol., 99, 70, 10.13182/NT92-A34704 2010 Bruffey, 2017 Bruffey, 2018 Sheppard, 2006, Silver Zeolites: iodide Occlusion and conversion to Sodalite–a potential 129 I waste form?, MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive, 932 Chapman, 2010, Radioactive iodine capture in silver-containing mordenites through nanoscale silver iodide formation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 8897, 10.1021/ja103110y Muhire, 2021, An overview on metal oxide-based materials for iodine capture and storage, Chem. Eng. J. Chong, 2018, Glass-bonded iodosodalite waste form for immobilization of I-129, J. Nuclear Mater., 504, 109, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.03.033 Chong, 2020, Gaseous iodine sorbents: a comparison between Ag-loaded aerogel and xerogel scaffolds, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 12, 26127, 10.1021/acsami.0c02396 Nam, 2018, Iodosodalite waste forms from low-temperature aqueous process, MRS Adv., 3, 1093, 10.1557/adv.2018.225 Wang, 2020, Ferrocene-based porous organic polymers for high-affinity iodine capture, Chem. Eng. J., 380, 10.1016/j.cej.2019.122420 Yao, 2014, Bulk iodoapatite ceramic densified by spark plasma sintering with exceptional thermal stability, J. Am. Ceramic Soc., 97, 2409, 10.1111/jace.13101 Kang, 2020, Nanostructured MgFe and CoCr layered double hydroxides for removal and sequestration of iodine anions, Chem. Eng. J., 380, 10.1016/j.cej.2019.122408 Zhang, 2018, Capture of iodide by bismuth vanadate and bismuth oxide: an insight into the process and its aftermath, ChemSusChem, 11, 1486, 10.1002/cssc.201800327 Sava, 2012, Iodine confinement into metal–organic frameworks (MOFs): low-temperature sintering glasses to form novel glass composite material (GCM) alternative waste forms, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51, 614, 10.1021/ie200248g Tang, 2019, IL-induced formation of dynamic complex iodide anions in IL@ MOF composites for efficient iodine capture, J. Mater. Chem. A, 7, 18324, 10.1039/C9TA04408F Nandanwar, 2016, Capture of harmful radioactive contaminants from off-gas stream using porous solid sorbents for clean environment – A review, Chem. Eng. J., 306, 369, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.07.073 Zhao, 2021, Efficient removal and immobilization of radioactive iodide and iodate from aqueous solutions by bismuth-based composite beads, Chem. Eng. J., 426, 10.1016/j.cej.2021.131629 Alsalbokh, 2021, Aminosilane-grafted bismuth-alumina adsorbents: role of amine loading and bismuth content in iodine immobilization from aqueous solutions, Chem. Eng. J., 409, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.128277 Robshaw, 2020, Insights into the interaction of iodide and iodine with Cu(II)-loaded bispicolylamine chelating resin and applications for nuclear waste treatment, Chem. Eng. J., 390, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124647 Alsalbokh, 2021, Adsorption of iodine from aqueous solutions by aminosilane-grafted mesoporous alumina, Chem. Eng. J., 415, 10.1016/j.cej.2021.128968 Matyas, 2016, Silica-based waste form for immobilization of iodine from reprocessing plant off-gas streams, J.Nuclear Mater., 476, 255, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.04.047 Asmussen, 2018, Silver-functionalized silica aerogels and their application in the removal of iodine from aqueous environments, J. Hazard. Mater., 379 Riley, 2021, Polyacrylonitrile composites of Ag–Al–Si–O Aerogels and Xerogels as iodine and iodide sorbents, ACS Appl. Polymer Mater., 3, 3344, 10.1021/acsapm.1c00237 Lawter, 2021, Iodine Waste form corrosion mechanisms through semi-dynamic leach testing, J. Nuclear Mater. Submitted Strachan, 1982, MCC-1: a standard leach test for nuclear waste forms, Nucl. Technol., 56, 306, 10.13182/NT82-A32859 2017 2014 2017 Strachan, 1980 2017 2013, Mass transfer rates of constituents in monolithic or compacted granulated materials using a semi-dynamic tank leaching procedure, Method, 1315 2019 ASTM, Standard specification for reagent water, in, 2018. Coulon, 2017, Durability testing of an iodate-substituted hydroxyapatite designed for the conditioning of I-129, J. Nuclear Mater., 484, 324, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.10.047 Maddrell, 2019, Silver iodide sodalite - Wasteform /Hip canister interactions and aqueous durability, J. Nuclear Mater., 517, 71, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.02.002 Mowry, 2015, Development and durability testing of a low-temperature sintering Bi-Si-Zn oxide glass composite material (GCM) I-129 waste form, J. Am. Ceramic Soc., 98, 3094, 10.1111/jace.13751 Campayo, 2011, Incorporation of iodates into hydroxyapatites: a new approach for the confinement of radioactive iodine, J. Mater. Chem., 21, 17609, 10.1039/c1jm14157k Guy, 2002, New conditionings for separated long-lived radionuclides, Comptes Rendus Physique, 3, 827, 10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01377-4 Suetsugu, 2014, Synthesis of lead vanadate iodoapatite utilizing dry mechanochemical process, J. Nuclear Mater., 454, 223, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.07.073 Vance, 2005, Immobilisation of 129I by encapsulation in tin by hot-pressing at 200° C, J. Nuclear Mater., 341, 93, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2005.01.011 Hassan, 2019, Cold sintering and durability of iodate-substituted calcium hydroxyapatite (IO-HAp) for the immobilization of radioiodine, J. Nuclear Mater., 514, 84, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.11.024 Hassan, 2020, Non-volatile immobilization of iodine by the cold-sintering of iodosodalite, J. Hazard. Mater., 386, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121646 Yang, 2014, Waste form of silver iodide (AgI) with low-temperature sintering glasses, Sep. Sci. Technol., 49, 298, 10.1080/01496395.2013.817424 Yang, 2016, Glass composite waste forms for iodine confined in bismuth embedded SBA-15, J. Nuclear Mater., 480, 150, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.08.001 Vance, 2018, Immobilization of iodine via copper iodide, J. Nuclear Mater., 505, 143, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.04.002 Yang, 2017, Al2O3-containing silver phosphate glasses as hosting matrices for radioactive iodine, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 54, 1330, 10.1080/00223131.2017.1365025 Yang, 2015, Bismuth-embedded SBA-15 mesoporous silica for radioactive iodine capture and stable storage, J. Nuclear Mater., 465, 556, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.06.043 Bruffey, 2015 Neeway, 2016, Evidence of technetium and iodine release from a sodalite-bearing ceramic waste form, Appl. Geochem., 66, 210, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.12.017 Neeway, 2014, Performance of the fluidized bed steam reforming product under hydraulically unsaturated conditions, J. Environ. Radioact., 131, 119, 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.10.008 Asmussen, 2019, Investigating the durability of iodine waste forms in dilute conditions, Materials (Basel), 12, 686, 10.3390/ma12050686 F. Audubert, J. Lartigue, Iodine immobilization in apatites, in: Atalante Conference, 2000. Uno, 2001, Some properties of a lead vanado-iodoapatite Pb10 (VO4) 6I2, J. Nuclear Mater., 294, 119, 10.1016/S0022-3115(01)00462-7 H. Babad, D.M. Strachan, Method for immobilizing radioactive iodine, (1980). Zhang, 2018, Mechanism of iodine release from iodoapatite in aqueous solution, RSC Adv., 8, 3951, 10.1039/C7RA11049A Zhang, 2019, Effect of solution chemistry on the iodine release from iodoapatite in aqueous environments, J. Nuclear Mater., 525, 161, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.07.034 Yang, 2020, Immobilization of cesium and iodine into Cs3Bi2I9 Perovskite-silica composites and core-shell waste forms with high waste loadings and chemical durability, J. Hazard. Mater. Vinokurov, 2009, Magnesium potassium phosphate matrices for immobilization of high-level liquid wastes, Radiochemistry, 51, 65, 10.1134/S1066362209010159 Serne, 2016 Asmussen, 2016 Saslow, 2017 Saslow, 2019 Kaplan, 2019, Iodine speciation in a silver-amended cementitious system, Environ. Int., 126, 576, 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.070 Maddrell, 2003, A Comparison of Wasteforms and Processes for the Immobilisation of Iodine-129, MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive, 807 Maddrell, 2014, The durability of iodide sodalite, J. Nuclear Mater., 449, 168, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.03.016 Tanabe, 2010, 158 Schneider, 2012, NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis, Nat. Methods, 9, 671, 10.1038/nmeth.2089 Shinde, 2017, Solubility and density of silver iodide in water and DMF at various temperatures as function of potassium iodide, IOSR J. Appl. Phys., 64, 10.9790/4861-0904016467 Sheppard, 2009 T.M. Nenoff, T.J. Garino, K. Croes, Complete initial scoping tests on the incorporation of novel loaded iodine getters into GCM, in, 2015. Lee, 2017, Immobilization and bonding scheme of radioactive iodine-129 in silver tellurite glass, J. Nuclear Mater., 492, 239, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2017.05.024 Gin, 2013, An international initiative on long-term behavior of high-level nuclear waste glass, Mater. Today, 16, 243, 10.1016/j.mattod.2013.06.008 Advocat, 2001, Long-term alteration mechanisms in water for SON68 radioactive borosilicate glass, J. Nuclear Mater., 298, 55, 10.1016/S0022-3115(01)00621-3