Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome and Its Complications
Tóm tắt
Reversible cerebral vasospasm syndrome (RCVS) is a combination of acute severe (thunderclap) headache and angiographically detected multifocal spasm of the cerebral arteries reversible within 3 months. This review highlights the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and course of RCVS, its complications (brain infarcts, hemorrhages, epileptic seizures), combination with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and cervical artery dissection, neuroimaging and laboratory diagnostics, as well as differential diagnosis and treatment. The importance of a comprehensive clinical and neuroimaging assessment in the RCVS diagnosis is emphasized, since headache is not always thunderous and may be absent in patients with ischemic stroke caused by the spasm of the cerebral arteries.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Calabrese, L.H., Dodick, D.W., Schwedt, T.J., and Singhal, A.B., Narrative review: reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes, Ann. Int. Med., 2007, vol. 146, p. 34. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-1461-200701020-00007
Ducros, A., Boukobza, M., Porcher, R., et al., The clinical and radiological spectrum of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a prospective series of 67 patients, Brain, 2007, vol. 130, part 12, p. 3091. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm256
Singhal, A.B., Hajj-Ali, R.A., Topcuoglu, M.A., et al., Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes: analysis of 139 cases, Arch. Neurol., 2011, vol. 68, p. 1005. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2011.68
Wolff, V. and Ducros, A., Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome without typical thunderclap headache, Headache, 2016, vol. 56, p. 674. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12794
Sergeev, A.V., Osipova, V.V., Tabeeva, G.R., and Snopkova, E.V., Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Nevrol. Zh., 2012, no. 3, p. 4.
Singhal, A.B., Koroshetz, W., and Caplan, L.R., Cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes, Uncommon Causes of Stroke, Bogousslavsky, J., and Caplan, L.R., Eds., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 114.
John, S., Hajj-Ali, R.A., Min, D., et al., Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: is it more than just cerebral vasoconstriction? Cephalalgia, 2014, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102414547139
Chen, S.P., Fuh, J.L., and Wang, S.J., Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: an under-recognized clinical emergency, Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord., 2010, vol. 3, p. 161. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756285610361795
de Boysson, H., Parienti, J.J., Mawet, J., et al., Primary angiitis of the CNS and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a comparative study, Neurology, 2018, vol. 91, p. e1468. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006367
Choi, H.A., Lee, M.J., Choi, H., and Chung, S-C., Characteristics and demographics of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a large prospective series of Korean patients, Cephalalgia, 2018, vol. 38, p. 765. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417715223
Singhal, A.B, Topcuoglu, M.A., Fok, J.W., et al., Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes and primary angiitis of the central nervous system: clinical, imaging, and angiographic comparison, Ann. Neurol., 2016, vol. 79, p. 882. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24652
Chen, S.P., Chou, K.H., Fuh, J.L., et al., Dynamic changes in white matter hyperintensities in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, JAMA Neurol., 2018, vol. 75, p. 1106. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1321
Caria, F., Zedde, M., Gamba, M., et al., The clinical spectrum of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: the Italian Project on Stroke at Young Age (IPSYS), Cephalalgia, 2019, vol. 39, no. 10, p. 1267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102419849013
Lee, M.J., Cha, J., Choi, H.A., et al., Blood—brain barrier breakdown in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: implications for pathophysiology and diagnosis, Ann. Neurol., 2017, vol. 81, p. 454. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24891
Choi, H.A., Lee, M.J., and Chung, C.-S. Cerebral endothelial dysfunction in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a case—control study, J. Headache Pain, 2017, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-017-0738-x
Ducros, A., Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Lancet Neurol., 2012, vol. 11, p. 906. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70135-7
Levitt, A., Zampolin, R., Burns, J., et al., Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: distinct clinical entities with overlapping, Pathophysiol. Radiol. Clin. North Am., 2019, vol. 57, no. 6, p. 1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2019.07.001
Burton, T.M. and Bushnell, C.D., Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Stroke, 2019, vol. 50, no. 8, p. 2253. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.024416
Mikami, T., Obata, R., Steinberg, D.I., et al., Marijuana-related reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Int. Med., 2020, p. 7. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5687-5620
Higashi, E., Uwatoko, T., Mizokami, T., et al., Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction complicated with brain infarction immediately after carotid artery stenting, Interventional Neuroradiol., 2018, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/1591019918781778
Asuzu, D.T., Kumar, J., Capek, S., and Park, M.S., Fulminant reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome after carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic stenosis, World Neurosurg., 2020, vol. 134, p. 423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.11.032
Dodick, D.W., Brown, R.D., Jr., Britton, J.W., and Huston, J. III, Nonaneurysmal thunderclap headache with diffuse, multifocal, segmental, and reversible vasospasm, Cephalalgia, 1999, vol. 19, p. 118. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1999.019002118.x
Chen, S.P., Chung, Y.T., Liu, T.Y., Wang, Y.F., Fuh, J.L., and Wang, S.J., Oxidative stress and increased formation of vasoconstricting F2-isoprostanes in patients with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Free Radical Biol. Med., 2013, vol. 61, p. 243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.022
Chen, S.P., Fuh, J.L., Wang, S.J., et al., Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene Val66Met polymorphism modulates reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes, PLoS One, 2011, vol. 6. e18024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018024
Chen, S.P., Chang, Y.A., Chou, C.H., et al., Circulating microRNAs associated with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Ann. Neurol., 2021, vol. 89, no. 3, p. 459. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25965
Topcuoglu1, M.A., Kursun, O., and Singhal, A.B., Coexisting vascular lesions in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Cephalalgia, 2016, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102416637826
Shimoda, M., Oda, S., Hirayama, A., et al., Centripetal propagation of vasoconstriction at the time of headache resolution in patients with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Am. J. Neuroradiol., 2016, vol. 37, p. 1594. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4768
Cappelen-Smith, C., Calic, Z., and Cordato, D., Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: recognition and treatment, Curr. Treat. Options Neurol., 2017, vol. 19, no. 6, p. 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-017-0460-7
Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS), The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version), Cephalalgia,2018, vol. 38, no. 1, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417738202
Ducros, A., Fiedler, U., Porcher, R., et al., Hemorrhagic manifestations of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: frequency, features, and risk factors, Stroke, 2010, vol. 41, p. 2505. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.572313
Xing, B., Lenck, S., Krings, T., et al., Angiographic characteristics of hemorrhagic and ischemic phases of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Clin. Neuroradiol., 2020, vol. 30, no. 1, p. 85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00062-018-0736-7
Katz, B.S., Fugate, J.E., Ameriso, S.F., et al., Clinical worsening in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, JAMA Neurol., 2014, vol. 71, p. 68. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.2161
Valencia-Mendoza, M., Ramírez-Rodríguez, N., Vargas-Avila, N., et al., Fatal reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a systematic review of case series and case reports, J. Clin. Neurosci., 2019, vol. 70, p. 183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.08.01
Singhal, A.B. and Topcuoglu, M.A., Glucocorticoid-associated worsening in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Neurology, 2017, vol. 88, p. 228. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003510
Boitet, R., de Gaalon, S., Duflos, C., et al., Long-term outcomes after reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Stroke, 2020, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 670. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.027703
Chen, S.P., Fuh, J.L., Wang, S.J., et al., Magnetic resonance angiography in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes, Ann. Neurol., 2010, vol. 67, p. 648. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21951
Wolff, V., Armspach, J.P., Lauer, V., et al., Ischaemic strokes with reversible vasoconstriction and without thunderclap headache: a variant of the reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome? Cerebrovasc. Dis., 2015, vol. 39, p. 31. https://doi.org/10.1159/000369776
Putaala, J., Metso, A.J., Metso, T.M., et al., Analysis of 1008 consecutive patients aged 15 to 49 with first-ever ischemic stroke: the Helsinki Young Stroke registry, Stroke, 2009, vol. 40, p. 1195. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.529883
Kasuya, C., Suzuki, M., Koda, Y., et al., A headache-free reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) with symptomatic brain stem ischemia at late pregnancy as a rare manifestation of RCVS resolved with termination of pregnancy by semi-urgent cesarean section, Oxford Med. Case Rep., 2018, vol. 12, p. 429. https://doi.org/10.1093/omcr/omy101
Fugate, J.E., Wijdicks, E.F., Parisi, J.E., et al., Fulminant postpartum cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Arch. Neurol., 2012, vol. 69, no. 1, p. 111. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2011.811
Yamada, H., Kikuchi, R., Nakamura, A., and Miyazaki, H., severe reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome with large posterior cerebral infarction, J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis., 2018, vol. 27, no. 11, p. 3043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.044
Kunchok, A., Castley, H.C., Aldous, L., et al., Fatal reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Neurol. Sci., 2018, vol. 15, no. 385, p. 146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2017.12.009
Topcuoglu, M.A. and Singhal, A.B., Hemorrhagic reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome features and mechanisms, Stroke, 2016, vol. 47. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013136
Wilson, D., Marshall, C.R., Solbach, T. et al., Intraventricular hemorrhage in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, J. Neurol., 2014, vol. 261, no. 11, p. 2221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-014-7499-0
Chen, S.P. and Wang, S.J., Hyperintense vessels: an early MRI marker of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome? Cephalalgia, 2014, vol. 34, p. 1038. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102414529193
Rajiv, K.R. and Radhakrishnan, A., Status epilepticus in pregnancy—can we frame a uniform treatment protocol? Epilepsy Behav., 2019, vol. 101, part B, p. 106376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.06.020
Pilato, F., Distefano, M., and Calandrelli, R., Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: clinical and radiological considerations, Front. Neurol., 2020, vol. 14, no. 11 p. 34. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00034
Mawet, J., Boukobza, M., Franc, J., et al., Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and cervical artery dissection in 20 patients, Neurology, 2013, vol. 81, no. 9, p. 821. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a2cbe2
Dakay, K., Kaur, G., Gulko, E., et al., Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and dissection in the setting of COVID-19 infection, J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis., 2020, vol. 29, no. 9, p. 105011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105011
Levin, J.H., Benavides, J., Caddick, C., et al., Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography as a non-invasive tool for diagnosis and monitoring of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, R. I. Med. J., 2016, vol. 99, no. 9, p. 38.
Chen, S.P., Fuh, J.L., Chang, F.C., et al., Transcranial color Doppler study for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes, Ann. Neurol., 2008, vol. 63, p. 751. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21384
Marsh, E.B., Ziai, W.C., Llinas, R.H., The need for a rational approach to vasoconstrictive syndromes: transcranial Doppler and calcium channel blockade in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Case Rep. Neurol., 2016, vol. 8, p. 161. https://doi.org/10.1159/000447626
Kameda, T., Namekawa, M., Shimazaki, H., et al., Unique combination of hyperintense vessel sign on initial FLAIR and delayed vasoconstriction on MRA in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a case report, Cephalalgia, 2014, vol. 34, p. 1093. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102414529197
Murase, S., Gon, Y., Watanabe, A., et al., Isolated cortical vasogenic edema and hyperintense vessel signs may be early features of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: case reports, Cephalalgia, 2018, vol. 38, p. 1207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417731779
Cho, S., Ling, Y.H., Lee, M.J., et al., Temporal profile of blood—brain barrier breakdown in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Stroke, 2020, vol. 51, no. 5, p. 1451. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.028656
Mandell, D.M., Matouk, C.C., Farb, R.I., et al., Vessel wall MRI to differentiate between reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and central nervous system vasculitis: preliminary results, Stroke, 2012, vol. 43, p. 860. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.626184
Chen, C.Y., Chen, S.P., Fuh, J.L., et al., Vascular wall imaging in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome—a 3-T contrast-enhanced MRI study, J. Headache Pain, 2018, vol. 19, p. 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-018-0906-7
Obusez, E.C., Hui, F., Hajj-Ali, R.A., et al., High-resolution MRI vessel wall imaging: spatial and temporal patterns of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and central nervous system vasculitis, Am. J. Neuroradiol., 2014, vol. 35, no. 8, p. 1527. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3909
Kraayvanger, L., Berlit, P., Albrecht, P., et al., Cerebrospinal fluid findings in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a way to differentiate from cerebral vasculitis? Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2018, vol. 193, no. 3, p. 341. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13148
Krylov, V.V., Kalinkin, A.A., and Petrikov, S.S., Pathogenesis of vascular spasm and cerebral ischemia in nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage as a consequence of ruptured cerebral aneurysm, Nevrol. Zh., 2014, no. 5, p. 4.
Krylov, V.V., Prirodov, A.V., and Kuznetsova, T.K., Operative measures for prevention and treatment of cerebral vasospasm in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms, Neirokhirurgiya, 2014, no. 1, p. 104.
Rocha, E.A., Topcuoglu, M.A., Silva, G.S., and Singhal, A.B., RCVS2 score and diagnostic approach for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Neurology, 2019, vol. 92. p. e639. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006917
Klein, M., Fesl, G., Pfister, H.W., et al., Intra-arterial nimodipine in progressive postpartum cerebral angiopathy, Cephalalgia, 2009, vol. 29, p. 279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01728.x
Elstner, M., Linn, J., Muller-Schunk, S., and Straube, A., Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: a complicated clinical course treated with intra-arterial application of nimodipine, Cephalalgia, 2009, vol. 29, p. 677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01768.x
Bouchard, M., Verreault, S., Gariepy, J.L., and Dupre, N., Intra-arterial milrinone for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Headache, 2009, vol. 49, p. 142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30272-0
Cho, S., Lee, M.J., and Chung, C.S., Effect of nimodipine treatment on the clinical course of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, Front. Neurol., 2019, vol. 10, p. 644. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00644