Retinoic Acid Receptor β2 Inhibition of Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Gland Xenografts

Moon RC, Mehta RG, McCormick DL: Retinoids and mammary gland differentiation. Ciba Found Symp 113: 156–167, 1985

Lee PP, Darcy KM, Shudo K, Ip MM: Interaction of retinoids with steroid and peptide hormones in modulating morphological and functional differentiation of normal rat mammary epithelial cells. Endocrinology 136: 1718–1730, 1995

Nuclear Receptors Nomenclature C: A unified nomenclature system for the nuclear receptor superfamily. Cell 97: 161–163, 1999

Roman SD, Clarke CL, Hall RE, Alexander IE, Sutherland RL: Expression and regulation of retinoic acid receptors in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 52: 2236–2242, 1992

Swisshelm K, Ryan K, Lee X, Tsou HC, Peacocke M, Sager R: Down-regulation of retinoic acid receptor beta in mammary carcinoma cell lines and its up-regulation in senescing normal mammary epithelial cells. Cell Growth Differ 5: 133–141, 1994

Houle B, Rochette-Egly C, Bradley WE: Tumor-suppressive effect of the retinoic acid receptor beta in human epidermoid lung cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 985–989, 1993

Seewaldt VL, Johnson BS, Parker MB, Collins SJ, Swisshelm K: Expression of retinoic acid receptor beta mediates retinoic acid-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Cell Growth Differ 6: 1077–1088, 1995

Liu Y, Lee MO, Wang HG, Li Y, Hashimoto Y, Klaus M, Reed JC, Zhang X: Retinoic acid receptor beta mediates the growthinhibitory effect of retinoic acid by promoting apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol 16: 1138–1149, 1996

Kaiser A, Herbst H, Fisher G, Koenigsmann M, Berdel WE, Riecken EO, Rosewicz S: Retinoic acid receptor beta regulates growth and differentiation in human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Gastroenterology 113: 920–929, 1997

Deng G, Lu Y, Zlotnikov G, Thor AD, Smith HS: Loss of heterozygosity in normal tissue adjacent to breast carcinomas. Science 274: 2057–2059, 1996

Widschwendter M, Berger J, Daxenbichler G, Muller-Holzner E, Widschwendter A, Mayr A, Marth C, Zeimet AG: Loss of retinoic acid receptor beta expression in breast cancer and morphologically normal adjacent tissue but not in the normal breast tissue distant from the cancer. Cancer Res 57: 4158–4161, 1997

Xu XC, Sneige N, Liu X, Nandagiri R, Lee JJ, Lukmanji F, Hortobagyi G, Lippman SM, Dhingra K, Lotan R: Progressive decrease in nuclear retinoic acid receptor beta messenger RNA level during breast carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 57: 4992–4996, 1997

Price JE, Polyzos A, Zhang RD, Daniels LM: Tumorigenicity and metastasis of human breast carcinoma cell lines in nude mice. Cancer Res 50: 717–721, 1990

Miller AD, Miller DG: Use of retroviral vectors for gene transfer and expression. Meth Enzymol 217: 581–599, 1993

Weidner N: Current pathologic methods for measuring intratumoral microvessel density within breast carcinoma and other solid tumors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 36: 169–180, 1995

DeLisser HM, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Strieter RM, Burdick MD, Robinson CS, Wexler RS, Kerr JS, Garlanda C, Merwin JR, Madri JA, Albelda SM: Involvement of endothelial PECAM-1/CD31 in angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 151: 671–677, 1997

Sommer KM, Chen LI, Treuting PM, Smith LT, Swisshelm K: Elevated retinoic acid receptor beta(4) protein in human breast tumor cells with nuclear and cytoplasmic localization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 8651–8656, 1999

Brand N, Petkovich M, Krust A, Chambon P, de The H, Marchio A, Tiollais P, Dejean A: Identification of a second human retinoic acid receptor. Nature 332: 850–853, 1988

Laborda J: 36B4 cDNA used as an estradiol-independent mRNA control is the cDNA for human acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein PO. Nucl Acids Res 19: 3998, 1991

Rotnitzky A, Jewell NP: Hypothesis testing of regression parameters in semiparametric generalized linear models for cluster correlated data. Biometrika 77: 485–497, 1990

Berard J, Gaboury L, Landers M, De Repentigny Y, Houle B, Kothary R, Bradley WE: Hyperplasia and tumours in lung, breast and other tissues in mice carrying a RAR beta 4-like transgene. EMBO J 13: 5570–5580, 1994

Miller FR, Medina D, Heppner GH: Preferential growth of mammary tumors in intact mammary fatpads. Cancer Res 41: 3863–3867, 1981

Hoffman RM: Orthotopic metastatic mouse models for anticancer drug discovery and evaluation: a bridge to the clinic. Invest New Drugs 17: 343–359, 1999

Morrow M, Harris JR: Local management of invasive breast cancer. In: Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK (eds): Diseases of the Breast. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2000, pp 515–560

Xie X, Brunner N, Jensen G, Albrectsen J, Gotthardsen B, Rygaard J: Comparative studies between nude and scid mice on the growth and metastatic behavior of xenografted human tumors. Clin Exp Metastasis 10: 201–210, 1992

Price JE: Metastasis from human breast cancer cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat 39: 93–102, 1996

Clarke R: Human breast cancer cell line xenografts as models of breast cancer. The immunobiologies of recipient mice and the characteristics of several tumorigenic cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat 39: 69–86, 1996

Lin HS, Chan SY, Low KS, Shoon ML, Ho PC: Kinetic study of a 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin-based formulation of all-trans-retinoic acid in Sprague–Dawley rats after oral or intravenous administration. J Pharm Sci 89: 260–267, 2000

Regazzi MB, Iacona I, Gervasutti C, Lazzarino M, Toma S: Clinical pharmacokinetics of tretinoin. Clin Pharmacokinet 32: 382–402, 1997

Achkar CC, Bentel JM, Boylan JF, Scher HI, Gudas LJ, Miller Jr WH: Differences in the pharmacokinetic properties of orally administered all-trans-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid in the plasma of nude mice. Drug Metab Dispos 22: 451–458, 1994

Folkman J: The role of angiogenesis in tumor growth. Semin Cancer Biol 3: 65–71, 1992

Yoshida BA, Sokoloff MM, Welch DR, Rinker-Schaeffer CW: Metastasis-suppressor genes: a review and perspective on an emerging field. J Natl Cancer Inst 92: 1717–1730, 2000

Liu F, Qi HL, Chen HL: Effects of all-trans retinoic acid and epidermal growth factor on the expression of nm23-H1 in human hepatocarcinoma cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 126: 85–90, 2000

Stetler-Stevenson WG, Yu AE: Proteases in invasion: matrix metalloproteinases. Semin Cancer Biol 11: 143–152, 2001

Westermarck J, Kahari VM: Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression in tumor invasion. Faseb J 13: 781–792, 1999

Benbow U, Brinckerhoff CE: The AP-1 site and MMP gene regulation: what is all the fuss about? Matrix Biol 15: 519–526, 1997

Benbow U, Schoenermark MP, Orndorff KA, Givan AL, Brinckerhoff CE: Human breast cancer cells activate procollagenase-1 and invade type I collagen: invasion is inhibited by all-trans retinoic acid. Clin Exp Metastasis 17: 231–238, 1999

Benbow U, Rutter JL, Lowrey CH, Brinckerhoff CE: Transcriptional repression of the human collagenase-1 (MMP-1) gene in MDA231 breast cancer cells by all-trans-retinoic acid requires distal regions of the promoter. Br J Cancer 79:221–228, 1999