Rethinking data treatment: The sucrose preference threshold for anhedonia in stress-induced rat models of depression

Abugov, 2023, Should responder analyses be conducted on continuous outcomes, Pharm. Stat., 22, 312, 10.1002/pst.2273 Antoniuk, 2019, Chronic unpredictable mild stress for modeling depression in rodents: meta-analysis of model reliability, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.002 Baker, 2006, Behavioral and physiological effects of chronic mild stress in female rats, Physiol. Behav., 87, 314, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.10.019 Barnett, 2005, Regression to the mean: what it is and how to deal with it, Int. J. Epidemiol., 34, 215, 10.1093/ije/dyh299 Berrio, 2023, Reliability of sucrose preference testing following short or no food and water deprivation - a systematic review and meta–analysis of rat models of chronic unpredictable stress, bioRxiv Briones, 2012, Stress-induced anhedonia is associated with an increase in Alzheimer’s disease-related markers, Br. J. Pharmacol., 165, 897, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01602.x Chen, 2017, Possible target-related proteins of stress-resistant rats suggested by label-free proteomic analysis, RSC Adv., 7, 40957, 10.1039/C7RA04212D Chen, 2017, Stereological study on the positive effect of running exercise on the capillaries in the Hippocampus in a depression model, Front. Neuroanat., 11, 93, 10.3389/fnana.2017.00093 Contet, 2010, Patterns of responding differentiate intravenous nicotine self-administration from responding for a visual stimulus in C57BL/6J mice, Psychopharmacology, 212, 283, 10.1007/s00213-010-1950-4 D’Aquila, 1994, Effects of chronic mild stress on performance in behavioural tests relevant to anxiety and depression, Physiol. Behav., 56, 861, 10.1016/0031-9384(94)90316-6 Easton, 2006, Ecstasy: are animal data consistent between species and can they translate to humans, J. Psychopharmacol., 20, 194, 10.1177/0269881106061153 Ellenbroek, 2016, Rodent models in neuroscience research: is it a rat race, Dis. Model. Mech., 9, 1079, 10.1242/dmm.026120 Fonseca-Rodrigues, 2022, Sucrose intake and preference by Wistar Han rats are not influenced by sex or food/water deprivation, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 216 Fu, 2016, Piromelatine ameliorates memory deficits associated with chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia in rats, Psychopharmacology, 233, 2229, 10.1007/s00213-016-4272-3 Gao, 2017, White matter atrophy and myelinated fiber disruption in a rat model of depression, J. Comp. Neurol., 525, 1922, 10.1002/cne.24178 Gottschalk, 2020, Epigenetics underlying susceptibility and resilience relating to daily life stress, work stress, and socioeconomic status, Front. Psychiatry, 11, 163, 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00163 Henningsen, 2012, Candidate hippocampal biomarkers of susceptibility and resilience to stress in a rat model of depression, Mol. Cell. Proteom., 11 Hestehave, 2020, The influence of rat strain on the development of neuropathic pain and comorbid anxio-depressive behaviour after nerve injury, Sci. Rep., 10, 1, 10.1038/s41598-020-77640-8 Hodes, 2019, Sex differences in vulnerability and resilience to stress across the life span, Biol. Psychiatry, 86, 421, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.028 Hurley, 2014, Antidepressant effects of resveratrol in an animal model of depression, Behav. Brain Res., 268, 1, 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.052 Kallarackal, 2013, Chronic stress induces a selective decrease in AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic excitation at hippocampal temporoammonic-CA1 synapses, J. Neurosci., 33, 15669, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2588-13.2013 Katz, 1982, Animal model of depression: pharmacological sensitivity of a hedonic deficit, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 16, 965, 10.1016/0091-3057(82)90053-3 Li, 2015, Changed synaptic plasticity in neural circuits of depressive-like and escitalopram-treated rats, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 18, pyv046, 10.1093/ijnp/pyv046 Lin, 2018, Quantifying publication bias in meta-analysis, Biometrics, 74, 785, 10.1111/biom.12817 Maramis, 2021, Impaired cognitive flexibility and working memory precedes depression: a rat model to study depression, Neuropsychobiology, 80, 225, 10.1159/000508682 Markov, 2022, Sucrose preference test as a measure of anhedonic behavior in a chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression: outstanding issues, Brain Sci., 12, 1287, 10.3390/brainsci12101287 Meijer, 2007, Influence of environmental enrichment and handling on the acute stress response in individually housed mice, Lab. Anim., 41, 161, 10.1258/002367707780378168 Moreau, 1994, Curative effects of the atypical antidepressant mianserin in the chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia model of depression, J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 19, 51 Moreau, 1992, Antidepressant treatment prevents chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced anhedonia as assessed by ventral tegmentum self-stimulation behavior in rats, Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2, 43, 10.1016/0924-977X(92)90035-7 Moreau, 1993, Effects of moclobemide, a new generation reversible Mao-A inhibitor, in a novel animal model of depression, Pharmacopsychiatry, 26, 30, 10.1055/s-2007-1014338 Moreau, 1995, Chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia model of depression; sleep abnormalities and curative effects of electroshock treatment, Behav. Pharmacol., 6, 682, 10.1097/00008877-199511000-00003 Murison, 2001, Reliability of the chronic mild stress paradigm: implications for research and animal welfare, Integr. Physiol. Behav. Sci., 36, 266, 10.1007/BF02688795 Neyazi, 2018, P11 promoter methylation predicts the antidepressant effect of electroconvulsive therapy, Transl. Psychiatry, 8 Qi, 2018, Comparison of therapeutic effects of TREK1 blockers and fluoxetine on chronic unpredicted mild stress sensitive rats, ACS Chem. Neurosci., 9, 2824, 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00225 R Core Team, 2022. R: the R Project for Statistical Computing. Rosenthal, 1979, The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results, Psychol. Bull., 86, 638, 10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 RStudio Team, 2022. Open Source & Professional Software for Data Science Teams, RStudio. Sclafani, 2010, Stevia and saccharin preferences in rats and mice, Chem. Senses, 35, 433, 10.1093/chemse/bjq033 Shao, 2013, Metabolomic identification of molecular changes associated with stress resilience in the chronic mild stress rat model of depression, Metabolomics, 9, 433, 10.1007/s11306-012-0460-2 Simmons, J.P., Nelson, L.D., Simonsohn, U., 2016. False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Methodol. issues Strateg. Clin. Res., fourth ed., 547–555. doi: 10.1037/14805-033. Snapinn, 2007, Responder analyses and the assessment of a clinically relevant treatment effect, Trials, 8 Solberg, 1999, Circadian rhythms and depression: effects of exercise in an animal model, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 276 Spector, 1984, A detailed analysis of sucrose drinking in the rat, Physiol. Behav., 33, 127, 10.1016/0031-9384(84)90023-4 Standvoss, 2022, Taking shortcuts: great for travel, but not for reproducible methods sections, bioRxiv Strekalova, 2023, How the sucrose preference succeeds or fails as a measurement of anhedonia, Neuromethods, 190, 89, 10.1007/978-1-0716-2748-8_6 Strekalova, 2004, Stress-induced anhedonia in mice is associated with deficits in forced swimming and exploration, Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 2007, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300532 Strekalova, 2011, Update in the methodology of the chronic stress paradigm: internal control matters, Behav. Brain Funct., 10.1186/1744-9081-7-9 Strekalova, 2022, Chronic mild stress paradigm as a rat model of depression: facts, artifacts, and future perspectives, Psychopharmacology, 239, 663, 10.1007/s00213-021-05982-w Tang, 2019, The effects of running exercise on oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus of rats with depression induced by chronic unpredictable stress, Brain Res. Bull., 149, 1, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.001 Theilmann, 2020, Lack of antidepressant effects of burst-suppressing isoflurane anesthesia in adult male Wistar outbred rats subjected to chronic mild stress, PLoS One, 15, 10.1371/journal.pone.0235046 Tordoff, 2008, Preferences of 14 rat strains for 17 taste compounds, Physiol. Behav., 95, 308, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.06.010 Tornese, 2019, Chronic mild stress induces anhedonic behavior and changes in glutamate release, BDNF trafficking and dendrite morphology only in stress vulnerable rats. The rapid restorative action of ketamine, Neurobiol. Stress, 10, 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100160 Treadway, 2011, Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: lessons from translational neuroscience, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.006 Wado, 2020, Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of Ziziphus mucronata hydromethanolic extract in male rats exposed to unpredictable chronic mild stress: possible mechanisms of actions, J. Ethnopharmacol., 260 Wang, 2020, The effects of fluoxetine on oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus of chronic unpredictable stress-induced depressed model rats, J. Comp. Neurol., 528, 2583, 10.1002/cne.24914 Wang, 2021, Diurnal rhythm disruptions induced by chronic unpredictable stress relate to depression-like behaviors in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 204, 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173156 Willner, 1997, Validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression: a 10-year review and evaluation, Psychopharmacology, 134, 319, 10.1007/s002130050456 Willner, 2017, Reliability of the chronic mild stress model of depression: a user survey, Neurobiol. Stress, 6, 68, 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.08.001 Willner, 2017, The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression: history, evaluation and usage, Neurobiol. Stress Willner, 1987, Reduction of sucrose preference by chronic unpredictable mild stress, and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant, Psychopharmacology, 93, 358, 10.1007/BF00187257 Xu, 2020, Trace elements differences in the depression sensitive and resilient rat models, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 529, 204, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.228 Xu, 2016, Short photoperiod condition increases susceptibility to stress in adolescent male rats, Behav. Brain Res., 300, 38, 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.002 Zhang, 2015, Species differences in cannabinoid receptor 2 and receptor responses to cocaine self-administration in mice and rats, Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 1037, 10.1038/npp.2014.297