Restless Legs Syndrome

Willis T. The London practice of physick. London: Bassett and Crooke, 1683: 404 Wittmack T. Pathologie und therapie der sensibilität-neurosen. Leipzig: E. Schäfer, 1861 Beard GM. A practical treatise on nervous exhaustion. New York: William Wood & Co., 1880: 41 Bing R. Lehrbuch der nervenkrankheiten. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1913 Allison FG. Obscure pains in the chest, back or limbs. Can Med Assoc J 1943; 48: 36–8 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/tocrender.fcgi?iid=143115 [Accessed 2008 Apr 28] Mussio Fournier JC, Rawak F. Familiäres auftreten von pruritus, urtikaria and parästhetischer hyperkinese der unteren extremitäten. Confinia Neurol 1940; 3: 110–4 Ekbom KA. Restless legs: clinical study of hitherto overlooked disease in legs characterized by peculiar paresthesia (Anxietas tibiarum), pain and weakness and occurring in two main forms, asthenia crurum paraesthetica and asthenia crurum dolorosa. Acta Med Scand 1945; 158 Suppl.: 1–123 Ekbom KA. Restless legs syndrome. Neurology 1960; 10: 868–73 Wetter TC, Pollmacher T. Restless legs and periodic leg movements in sleep syndromes. Neurology 1997; 244: 37–45 Symmonds CP. Nocturnal myoclonus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1953; 16: 166–71 Lugaresi E, Tassinari CA, Coccagna G, et al. Particularités cliniques et polygraphiques du syndrome d’impatience des membres inférieurs. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1965; 113: 545–55 Lugaresi E, Coccagna G, Tassinari CA, et al. Polygraphic data on motor phenomena in the restless legs syndrome. Rivista Di Neurologia 1965; 35: 550–61 Akpinar S. Treatment of restless legs syndrome with levodopa plus benserazide [letter]. Arch Neurol 1982; 39: 739 Strang RR. The symptoms of restless legs. Med J Aust 1967; 1: 1211–3 Lavigne GJ, Montplaisir JY. Restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism: prevalence and association among Canadians. Sleep 1995; 17: 739–43 Ulfberg J, Nyström B, Carter N, et al. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome among men aged 18–64 years: an association with somatic disease and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Mov Disord 2001; 16: 1159–63 Rotdach A, Trenkwalder C, Haberstock J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of RLS in an elderly population: the MEMO study. Neurology 2000; 54: 1064–8 Tan EK, Seah A, See SJ, et al. Restless legs syndrome in an Asian population: a study in Singapore. Mov Disord 2001; 16: 577–9 Kageyama T, Kabuto M, Nitta H, et al. Prevalences of periodic limb movement-like and restless legs-like symptoms among Japanese adults. Psychiatry 2000; 54: 296–8 Itoga M. Izumo project (report 1): sleep quality questionnaire on the elderly in Izumo City [in Japanese]. Seishin Igaku 2002; 44: 401–8 Ohayon MM, Roth T. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in the general population. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53: 547–54 Nichols DA, Allen RP, Grauke JH, et al. Restless legs syndrome symptoms in primary care: a prevalence study. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 2323–9 Walters AS, Hickey K, Maltzman J, et al. A questionnaire study of 138 patients with restless legs syndrome: the night-walkers-survey. Neurology 1996; 46: 92–5 Montplaisir J, Boucher S, Poirier G, et al. Clinical, polysomnographic, and genetic characteristics of restless legs syndrome: a study of 133 patients diagnosed with new standard criteria. Mov Disord 1997; 12: 61–5 Phillips B, Young T, Finn L, et al. Epidemiology of restless legs symptoms in adults. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2137–41 Hening W, Walters AS, Allen RP, et al. Impact, diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in a primary care population: the REST (RLS Epidemiology, Symptoms, and Treatment) primary care study. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 237–46 Allen RP, Walters AS, Montplaisir J, et al. Restless legs syndrome prevalence and impact. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1286–92 Washburn T, Hening WA, Allen RP, et al. The characteristics of the restless legs syndrome in persons initially diagnosed during a family study [abstract]. Sleep 2003; 26 Suppl.: A334–5 Silber MH, Richardson JW. Multiple blood donations associated with iron deficiency in patients with restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78: 52–4 Lee KA, Zaffke ME, Baratte-Beebe K. Restless legs syndrome and sleep disturbance during pregnancy: the role of folate and iron. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2001; 10: 335–41 Walters AS, Ondo W, Sethi K, et al. Ropinirole versus placebo in the treatment of the restless legs syndrome (RLS): a 12-week multicenter, double blind, placebo controlled study conducted in 6 countries [abstract]. Sleep 2003; 26 Suppl.: A344 Berger K, von Eckardstein A, Trenkwalder C, et al. Iron metabolism and the risk of restless legs syndrome in an elderly general population: the MEMO study. J Neurol 2002; 249: 1195–9 Michaud M, Lavigne G, Desautels A, et al. Effects of immobility on sensory and motor symptoms of restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2002; 17: 112–5 Manconi M, Govoni V, Cesnik E, et al. Epidemiology of restless legs syndrome in a population of 606 pregnant women [abstract]. Sleep 2003; 26 Suppl.: A330 Ulfberg J, Nystrom B, Carter N, et al. Restless legs syndrome among working-aged women. Eur Neurol 2001; 46: 17–9 Rutkove SB, Matheson JK, Logigian EL. Restless legs syndrome in patients with polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 1996; 19: 670–2 Ondo W, Jankovic J. Restless legs syndrome: clinicoethiologic correlates. Neurology 1996; 47: 1435–41 O’Keeffe ST, Galvin K, Lavan JN. Iron status and restless legs syndrome in the elderly. Age Ageing 1994; 23: 200–3 Trenkwalder C, Stiasny K, Pollmacher T, et al. L-dopa therapy of uremic and idiopathic restless legs syndrome: a double-blind, crossover trial. Sleep 1995; 18: 681–8 Wetter TC, Stiasny K, Kohnen R, et al. Polysomnographic sleep measures in patients with uremic and idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 1998; 13: 820–4 Collado-Seidel V, Kohnen R, Samtleben W, et al. Clinical and biochemical findings in uremic patients with and without restless legs syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31: 324–8 Winkelman JW, Chertow GM, Lazarus JM. Restless legs syndrome in end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28: 372–8 Walkers S, Fine A, Kryger MH. Sleep complaints are common in a dialysis unit. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 26: 751–6 Bodenmann P, Ghika J, Van Melle G, et al. Neurological comorbidity in parkinsonism. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2001; 157: 45–54 Tan EK, Lum SY, Wong MC. Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci 2002; 196: 33–6 Ondo WG, Vuong KD, Jankovic J. Exploring the relationship between Parkinson’s disease and restless legs syndrome. Arch Neurol 2002; 59: 421–4 Krishnan PR, Bhatia M, Behari M. Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson’s disease: a case controlled study. Mov Disord 2002; 18: 181–5 Banno K, Delaive K, Walld R, et al. Restless legs syndrome in 218 patients: associated disorders. Sleep Med 2000; 1: 221–9 Fazzini E, Diaz R, Fahn S. Restless legs in Parkinson’s disease: clinical evidence for underactivity of catecholamine neurotransmission [abstract]. Ann Neurol 1989; 26: 142 Wilson RS, Simuni T, Stern MB. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in Parkinson’s disease [abstract]. Mov Disord 2000; 15Suppl. 5: 1043 Wetter TH, Collado-Seidel V, Pollmächer T, et al. Sleep and periodic leg movement patterns in drug-free patients with Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. Sleep 2000; 23: 361–7 Hening W, Allen R, Earley C, et al. The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep 1999; 22: 970–98 Bonati MT, Ferini-Strambi L, Aridon P, et al. Autosomal dominant restless legs syndrome maps on chromosome 14q. Brain 2003; 126: 1485–92 Winkelmann J, Muller-Myhsok B, Wittchen HU, et al. Complex segregation analysis of restless legs syndrome provides evidence for an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance in early age at onset families. Ann Neurol 2002; 52: 297–302 Desautels A, Turecki G, Montpaisir J, et al. Identification of a major susceptibility locus for restless legs syndrome on chromosome 12q. Am J Human Genet 2001; 69: 1266–70 Desautels A, Turecki G, Montplaisir J, et al. Dopaminergic neurotransmission and restless legs syndrome: a genetic association analysis. Neurology 2001; 57: 1304–6 Stefansson H, Rye DB, Stefansson K, et al. A genetic risk factor for periodic limb movements of sleep. JAMA 2007; 357: 639–47 Winkelmann J, Schormair B, Lichtner P, et al. Genome wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions. Nature Genet 2007; 39: 1000–6 Desai AV, Cherkas LF, Spector TD, et al. Genetic influences in self-reported symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea and restless legs: a twin study. Twin Res 2004; 7: 589–95 Ondo WG, Vuong KD, Wang Q. Restless legs syndrome in monozygotic twins: clinical correlates. Neurology 2000; 55: 1404–6 Garcia-Borreguero D, Larrosa O, De la Llave Y, et al. External validation of the International Restless Legs Scale. Sleep 2004; 27 Suppl.: 311 Staedt J, Stoppe G, Kogler A, et al. Dopamine D2 receptor alteration in patients with periodic movements in sleep (nocturnal myoclonus). J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1993; 93: 71–4 Turjanski N, Lees AJ, Brooks DJ. Striatal dopaminergic function in restless legs syndrome: 18F-dopa and 11C-raclopride PET studies. Neurology 1999; 52: 932–7 Eisensehr I, Wetter TC, Linke R, et al. Normal IPT and IBZM SPECT in drug-naive and levodopa-treated idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2001; 57: 1307–9 Trenkwalder C, Walters AS, Hening WA, et al. Positron emission tomographic studies in restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 1999; 14: 141–5 Ruottinen HM, Partinen M, Hublin C, et al. An F-DOPA PET study in patients with periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2000; 54: 502–4 Michaud M, Soucy JP, Chabli A, et al. SPECT imaging of striatal pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic status in restless legs syndrome with periodic leg movements in sleep. J Neurol 2002; 249: 164–70 Tribl GG, Asenbaum S, Klosch G, et al. Normal IPT and IBZM SPECT in drug naive and levodopa-treated idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2002; 59: 649–50 San Pedro EC, Mountz JM, Mountz JD, et al. Familial painful restless legs syndrome correlates with pain dependent variation of blood flow to the caudate, thalamus, and anterior cingulate gyrus. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 2270–5 Mrowka M, Jobges M, Berding G, et al. Computerized movement analysis and beta-CIT-SPECT in patients with restless legs syndrome. J Neural Transm 2005; 112(5): 693–701 von Spiczak S, Whone AL, Hammers A, et al. The role of opioids in restless legs syndrome: an [11C]diprenorphine PET study. Brain 2005; 128 (Pt 4): 906–17 Bucher SF, Seelas KC, Oertel WH, et al. Cerebral generators involved in the pathogenesis of the restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol 1997; 41: 639–45 Bara-Jimenez W, Aksu M, Graham B, et al. Periodic limb movements in sleep: state-dependent excitability of the spinal flexor reflex. Neurology 2000; 54: 1609–16 Provini F, Vetrugno R, Meletti S, et al. Motor pattern of periodic limb movements during sleep. Neurology 2001; 57: 300–4 Tergau F, Wischer S, Paulus W. Motor system excitability in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neurology 1999; 52: 1060–3 Entezari-Taher M, Singleton JR, Jones CR, et al. Changes in excitability of motor cortical circuitry in primary restless legs syndrome. Neurology 1999; 53: 1201–5 Scalise A, Cadore IP, Gigli GL. Motor cortex excitability in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 393–6 Schattschneider J, Bode A, Wasner G, et al. Idiopathic restless legs syndrome: abnormalities in central somatosensory processing. J Neurol 2004; 251: 977–82 Stiasny-Kolster K, Magerl W, Oertel WH, et al. Static mechanical hyperalgesia without dynamic tactile allodynia in patients with restless legs syndrome. Brain 2004; 127: 773–82 Nordlander NB. Therapy in restless legs. Acta Med Scand 1953; 145: 453–7 Ekbom KA. Restless legs in blood donors. Sven Lakartidn 1956; 53: 3098–103 Ekbom KA. Restless legs as an early symptom of cancer. Sven Lakartidn 1955; 52: 1875–83 Sun ER, Chen CA, Ho G, et al. Iron and the restless legs syndrome. Sleep 1998; 21: 371–7 Earley CJ, Connor JR, Beard JL, et al. Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2000; 54: 1698–700 Thomas C, Thomas L. Biochemical markers and hematologic indices in the diagnosis of functional iron deficiency. Clin Chem 2002; 48: 1066–76 Sipahi T, Koksal T, Tavil B, et al. The effects of acute infection on hematological parameters. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004; 21: 513–20 O’Keefe ST. Iron deficiency with normal ferritin levels in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2005; 6: 281–2 Tarquini B. Iron metabolism: clinical chronobiological aspects. Chronobiologia 1978; 5: 315–36 Allen RP, Barker PB, Wehrl F, et al. MRI measurement of brain iron in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2001; 56: 263–5 Connor JR, Boyer PJ, Menzies SL, et al. Neuropathological examination suggests impaired brain iron acquisition in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2003; 61: 304–9 Connor JR, Wang XS, Patton SM, et al. Decreased transferrin receptor expression by neuromelanin cells in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2004; 62: 1563–7 Sloand JA, Shelly MA, Feigin A, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous iron dextran therapy in patients with ESRD and restless legs syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43: 663–70 Earley CJ, Heckler D, Allen RP. The treatment of restless legs syndrome with intravenous iron dextran. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 231–5 Harris DC, Chapman JR, Stewart JH, et al. Low dose erythropoietin in maintenance haemodialysis: improvement in quality of life and reduction in true cost of haemodialysis. Aust N Z J Med 1991; 21: 693–700 Zhao H, Pan T, Xie W, et al. Spinal cord dopamine receptor expression and function in mice with 6-OHDA lesion of the All nucleus and dietary iron deprivation. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85: 1065–76 Walters AS. Toward a better definition of the restless legs syndrome. The International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Mov Disord 1995; 10: 634–42 Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, et al. Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med 2003; 4: 101–19 Chabli A, Michaud M, Montplaisir J. Periodic arm movements in patients with the restless legs syndrome. Eur Neurol 2000; 44: 133–8 Freedom T, Merchut MP. Arm restlessness as the initial symptom in restless legs syndrome. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 1013–5 Schlienger M, Touboul E, Ferroir JP, et al. Restless upper limb syndrome. Presse Med 1997; 26: 6 Michaud M, Chabli A, Lavigne G, et al. Arm restlessness in patients with restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2000; 15: 289–93 Fukunishi I, Kitaoka T, Shirai T, et al. Facial paresthesias resembling restless legs syndrome in a patient on hemodialysis [letter]. Nephron 1998; 79: 485 Garcia-Borreguero D, Larrosa O, de la Llave Y, et al. Circadian aspects in the pathophysiology of the restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2002; 3 Suppl.: S17–21 Hening W. Circadian aspects of restless legs syndrome. Vigilia Sueno 2001; 13 Suppl. 1 Hening WA, Walters AS, Wagner M, et al. Circadian rhythm of motor restlessness and sensory symptoms in the idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Sleep 1999; 22: 901–12 Hening W. The clinical neurophysiology of the restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements: part I. Diagnosis, assessment, and characterization. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115: 1965–74 Trenkwalder C, Hening WA, Walters AS, et al. Circadian rhythm of periodic limb movements and sensory symptoms of restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 1999; 14: 102–10 Michaud M, Dumont M, Selmaoui B, et al. Circadian rhythm of restless legs syndrome: relationship with biological markers. Ann Neurol 2004; 55: 372–80 Tribl GG, Waldhauser F, Sycha T, et al. Urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin-sulfate excretion and circadian rhythm in patients with restless legs syndrome. J Pineal Res 2003; 35: 295–6 Wetter TC, Collado-Seidel V, Oertel H, et al. Endocrine rhythms in patients with restless legs syndrome. J Neurol 2002; 249: 146–51 Garcia-Borreguero D, Larrosa O, Granizo JJ, et al. Circadian variation in neuroendocrine response to L-dopa in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2004; 27: 669–73 Garcia-Borreguero D, Serrano C, Larrosa O, et al. Circadian effects of dopaminergic treatment in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 413–20 Hanson M, Honour M, Singleton A, et al. Analysis of familial and sporadic restless legs syndrome in age of onset, gender, and severity features. J Neurol 2004; 251: 1398–401 Winkelmann J, Wetter TC, Collado-Seidel V, et al. Clinical characteristics and frequency of the hereditary restless legs syndrome in a population of 300 patients. Sleep 2000; 23: 597–602 Allen RP, Earley CJ. Defining the phenotype of the restless legs syndrome (RLS) using age-of-symptom-onset. Sleep Med 2000; 1: 11–9 Allen RP, La Buda MC, Becker P, et al. Family history study of the restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2002; 3 Suppl.: S3–7 Colombo G, Caimi M, Dona GP. Shared Ekbom’s syndrome: a case study. Eur Psychiatry 2004; 19: 115–6 Kotagal S, Silber MH. Childhood-onset restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol 2004; 56: 803–7 Walters AS, Picchietti D, Hening W, et al. Variable expressivity in familial restless legs syndrome. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 1219–20 Walters A, Hening W, Cote L, et al. Dominantly inherited restless legs with myoclonus and periodic movements of sleep: a syndrome related to the endogenous opiates? Adv Neurol 1986; 43: 309–19 Trenkwalder C, Seidel VC, Gasser T, et al. Clinical symptoms and possible anticipation in a large kindred of familial restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 1996; 11: 389–94 Allen R. Dopamine and iron in the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep Med 2004; 5: 385–91 McLean AJ. The use of the dopamine-receptor partial agonist aripiprazole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2004; 27: 1022 Stiasny-Kolster K, Benes H, Peglau I, et al. Effective cabergoline treatment in idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2004; 63: 2272–9 Allen R, Becker PM, Bogan R, et al. Ropinirole decreases periodic leg movements and improves sleep parameters in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2004; 27: 907–14 Stiasny-Kolster K, Kohnen R, Schollmayer E, et al. Patch application of the dopamine agonist rotigotine to patients with moderate to advanced stages of restless legs syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Mov Disord 2004; 19: 1432–8 Walters AS, Ondo WG, Dreykluft T, et al. Ropinirole is effective in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. TREAT RLS 2: a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord 2004; 19: 1414–23 Ondo W, Romanyshyn J, Vuong KD, et al. Long-term treatment of restless legs syndrome with dopamine agonists. Arch Neurol 2004; 61: 1393–7 Cheer SM, Bang LM, Keating GM. Ropinirole: for the treatment of restless legs syndrome. CNS Drugs 2004; 18: 747–54 Benes H, Heinrich CR, Ueberall MA, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of cabergoline for the treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome: results from an open-label 6-month clinical trial. Sleep 2004; 27: 674–82 Stiasny-Kolster K, Oertel WH. Low-dose pramipexole in the management of restless legs syndrome: an open label trial. Neuropsychobiology 2004; 50: 65–70 Hening WA, Allen RP, Earley CJ, et al. An update on the dopaminergic treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. Sleep 2004; 27: 560–83 Littner MR, Kushida C, Anderson WM, et al. Practice parameters for the dopaminergic treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. Sleep 2004; 27: 557–9 Adler CH, Hauser RA, Sethi K, et al. Ropinirole for restless legs syndrome: a placebo-controlled crossover trial. Neurology 2004; 62: 1405–7 Trenkwalder C, Hundemer HP, Lledo A, et al. Efficacy of pergolide in treatment of restless legs syndrome: the PEARLS Study. Neurology 2004; 62: 1391–7 Miranda M, Kagi M, Fabres L, et al. Pramipexole for the treatment of uremic restless legs in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Neurology 2004; 62: 831–2 Happe S, Trenkwalder C. Role of dopamine receptor agonists in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. CNS Drugs 2004; 18: 27–36 Trenkwalder C, Garcia-Borreguero D, Montagna P, et al. Ropinirole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome: results from the TREAT RLS 1 study, a 12 week, randomised, placebo controlled study in 10 European countries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 92–7 Zucconi M, Oldani A, Castronovo C, et al. Cabergoline is an effective single-drug treatment for restless legs syndrome: clinical and actigraphic evaluation. Sleep 2003; 26: 815–8 Sonka K, Pretl M, Kranda K. Management of restless legs syndrome by the partial D2-agonist terguride. Sleep Med 2003; 4: 455–7 Tagaya H, Wetter TC, Winkelmann J, et al. Pergolide restores sleep maintenance but impairs sleep EEG synchronization in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2002; 3: 49–54 Happe S, Sauter C, Klosch G, et al. Gabapentin versus ropinirole in the treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Neuropsychobiology 2003; 48: 82–6 Ahmed I. Ropinirole in restless leg syndrome. Mo Med 2002; 99: 500–1 Porter MC, Appiah-Kubf LS, Chaudhuri KR. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease and restless legs syndrome with cabergoline, a long-acting dopamine agonist. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56: 468–74 Penzel T, Brandenburg U, Peter JH, et al. A new design of a polysomnography-based multi-center treatment study for the restless legs syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 2002; 113: 571–8 Comella CL. Restless legs syndrome: treatment with dopaminergic agents. Neurology 2002; 58: S87–92 Stiasny K. Clinical data on restless legs syndrome: a dose-finding study with cabergoline. Eur Neurol 2001; 46Suppl. 1: 24–6 Tergau F, Wischer S, Wolf C, et al. Treatment of restless legs syndrome with the dopamine agonist alpha-dihydroergocryptine. Mov Disord 2001; 16: 731–5 Evidente VG. Piribedil for restless legs syndrome: a pilot study. Mov Disord 2001; 16: 579–81 Stiasny K, Wetter TC, Winkelmann J, et al. Long-term effects of pergolide in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2001; 56: 1399–402 Montplaisir J, Denesle R, Petit D. Pramipexole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome: a follow-up study. Eur J Neurol 2000; 7Suppl. 1: 27–31 Stiasny K, Wetter TC, Trenkwalder C, et al. Restless legs syndrome and its treatment by dopamine agonists. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2000; 7: 21–5 Chesson Jr AL, Wise M, Davila D, et al. Practice parameters for the treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Report. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep 1999; 22: 961–8 Estivill E, de la Fuente V. The use of ropinirol++ as a treatment for restless leg syndrome. Rev Neurol 1999; 28: 962–3 Gunning K, Gay C. Treatment of restless leg syndrome with pergolide [letter]. J Fam Pract 1999; 48: 250 Wetter TC, Stiasny K, Winkelmann J, et al. A randomized controlled study of pergolide in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neurology 1999; 52: 944–50 Montplaisir J, Nicolas A, Denesle R, et al. Restless legs syndrome improved by pramipexole: a double-blind randomized trial. Neurology 1999; 52: 938–43 Ondo W. Ropinirole for restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 1999; 14: 138–40 Earley CJ, Yaffee JB, Allen RP. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pergolide in restless legs syndrome. Neurology 1998; 51: 1599–602 Lin SC, Kaplan J, Burger CD, et al. Effect of pramipexole in treatment of resistant restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 1998; 73: 497–500 Winkelmann J, Wetter TC, Stiasny K, et al. Treatment of restless leg syndrome with pergolide: an open clinical trial. Mov Disord 1998; 13: 566–9 Noel S, Korri H, Vanderheyden JE. Low dosage of pergolide in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Acta Neurol Belg 1998; 98: 52–3 Silber MH, Shepard Jr JW, Wisbey JA. Pergolide in the management of restless legs syndrome: an extended study. Sleep 1997; 20: 878–82 Staedt J, Wassmuth F, Ziemann U, et al. Pergolide: treatment of choice in restless legs syndrome (RLS) and nocturnal myoclonus syndrome (NMS): a double-blind randomized crossover trial of pergolide versus L-dopa. J Neural Transm 1997; 104: 461–8 Earley CJ, Allen RP. Pergolide and carbidopa/levodopa treatment of the restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movements in sleep in a consecutive series of patients. Sleep 1996; 19: 801–10 Walker SL, Fine A, Kryger MH. L-dopa/carbidopa for nocturnal movement disorders in uremia. Sleep 1996; 19: 214–8 Kaplan PW, Allen RP, Buchholz DW, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the treatment of periodic limb movements in sleep using carbidopa/levodopa and propoxyphene. Sleep 1993; 16: 717–23 Becker PM, Jamieson AO, Brown WD. Dopaminergic agents in restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements of sleep: response and complications of extended treatment in 49 cases. Sleep 1993; 16: 713–6 von Scheele C, Kempi V. Long-term effect of dopaminergic drugs in restless legs: a 2-year follow-up. Arch Neurol 1990; 47: 1223–4 Akpinar S. Restless legs syndrome treatment with dopaminergic drugs. Clin Neuropharmacol 1987; 10: 69–79 Winkelmann J, Wetter TC, Collado-Seidel V, et al. Clinical characteristics and frequency of the hereditary restless legs syndrome in a population of 300 patients. Sleep 2000; 23: 597–602 Bassetti CL, Mauerhofer D, Gugger M, et al. Restless legs syndrome: a clinical study of 55 patients. Eur Neurol 2001; 45: 67–74 Walters AS, Wagner M, Hening WA. Periodic limb movements as the initial manifestation of restless legs syndrome triggered by lumbosacral radiculopathy. Sleep 1996; 19: 825–6 Wagner ML, Walters AS, Fisher BC. Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2005; 27(8): 1499–504 Yunus MB, Aldag JC. Restless legs syndrome and leg cramps in fibromyalgia syndrome: a controlled study [letter]. BMJ 1996; 312: 1339 Reynolds G, Blake DR, Pall HS, et al. Restless leg syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 292(6521): 659–60 Pichietti DL, Underwood DJ, Farris WA, et al. Further studies on periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mov Disord 1999; 14(6): 1000–7 Botez MI, Lambert B. Folate deficiency and restless legs syndrome in pregnancy [letter]. N Engl J Med 1977; 297: 670 Gudbjomsson B, Broman JE, Hetta J, et al. Sleep disturbances in patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Br J Rheum 1993; 32: 1072–6 Ehrenberg BL. Acute migraine treatment with droperidol [letter]. Neurology 2003; 61: 1826; author reply, 1826 Ward NG. Akathisia associated with droperidol during epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1989; 71: 786–7 Winkelmann J, Schadrack J, Wetter TC, et al. Opioid and dopamine antagonist drug challenges in untreated restless legs syndrome patients. Sleep Med 2001; 2: 57–61 Young WB, Piovesan EJ, Biglan KM. Restless legs syndrome and drug-induced akathisia in headache patients. CNS Spectr 2003; 8: 450–6 O’Sullivan RL, Greenberg DB. H2 antagonists, restless leg syndrome, and movement disorders. Psychosomatics 1993; 34: 530–2 Heiman EM, Christie M. Lithium-aggravated nocturnal myoclonus and restless legs syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143(9): 1191–2 Terao T. Restless legs syndrome induced by lithium. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 30(11): 1167–70 Walters AS, Henings W. Clinical presentation and neuropharmacology of restless legs syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol 1987; 10(3): 225–37 Ware JC, Brown FW, Moorad PJ. Nocturnal myoclonus and tricyclic antidepressants [letter]. Sleep Res 1984; 13: 72 Schillevoort I, van Puijenbroek EP, de Boer A, et al. Extrapyramidal syndromes associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a case-control study using spontaneous reports. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 17: 75–9 Agargun MY, Kara H, Ozbek H, et al. Restless legs syndrome induced by mirtazapine [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 1179 Bahk WM, Pae CU, Chae JH, et al. Mirtazapine may have the propensity for developing a restless legs syndrome? A case report. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002; 56: 209–10 Bakshi R. Fluoxetine and restless legs syndrome. J Neurol Sci 1996; 142: 151–2 Bonin B, Vandel P, Kantelip JP. Mirtazapine and restless leg syndrome: a case report. Therapie 2000; 55: 655–6 Paik IH, Lee C, Choi BM, et al. Mianserin-induced restless legs syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 155: 415–7 Sanz-Fuentenebro FJ, Huidobro A, Tejadas-Rivas A. Restless legs syndrome and paroxetine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 94: 482–4 Hargrave R, Beckley DJ. Restless leg syndrome exacerbated by sertraline. Psychosomatics 1998; 39: 177–8 Walters AS, Mandelbaum DE, Lewin DS, et al. Dopaminergic therapy in children with restless legs/periodic limb movements in sleep and ADHD. Dopaminergic Therapy Study Group. Pediatr Neurol 2000; 22: 182–6 Chervin RD, Archbold KH, Dillon JE, et al. Associations between symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, restless legs, and periodic leg movements. Sleep 2002; 25: 213–8 Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Bouvard MP, et al. High levels of nocturnal activity in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a video analysis. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 55: 97–103 O’Brien LM, Gozal D. Obtaining a detailed family history for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is important. Paediatr Respir Rev 2002; 3: 90–3 Picchietti DL, England SJ, Walters AS, et al. Periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 1998; 13: 588–94 Picchietti DL, Underwood DJ, Farris WA, et al. Further studies on periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mov Disord 1999; 14: 1000–7 Picchietti DL, Walters AS. Moderate to severe periodic limb movement disorder in childhood and adolescence. Sleep 1999; 22: 297–300 Walters AS, Picchietti DL, Ehrenberg BL, et al. Restless legs syndrome in childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Neurol 1994; 11: 241–5 Ekbom KA. Growing pains and restless legs. Acta Paediatr Scand 1975; 64: 264–6 Rajaram SS, Walters AS, England SJ, et al. Some children with growing pains may actually have restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2004; 27: 767–73 Walters AS. Is there a subpopulation of children with growing pains who really have restless legs syndrome? A review of the literature. Sleep Med 2002; 3: 93–8 Chervin RD, Hedger KM. Clinical prediction of periodic leg movements during sleep in children. Sleep Med 2001; 2: 501–10 Growing pains. BMJ 1972; 3: 365–6 Unruh ML, Levey AS, D’Ambrosio C, et al. Restless legs symptoms among incident dialysis patients: association with lower quality of life and shorter survival. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43: 900–9 Abetz L, Allen R, Follet A, et al. Evaluating the quality of life of patients with restless legs syndrome. Clin Ther 2004; 26: 925–35 Atkinson MJ, Allen RP, DuChane J, et al. Validation of the Restless Legs Syndrome Quality of Life Instrument (RLS-QLI): findings of a consortium of national experts and the RLS Foundation. Qual Life Res 2004; 13: 679–93 Berger K, Luedemann J, Trenkwalder C, et al. Sex and the risk of restless legs syndrome in the general population. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 196–202 Kushida CA, Allen RP, Atkinson MJ. Modeling the causal relationships between symptoms associated with restless legs syndrome and the patient-reported impact of RLS. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 485–8 Reimer MA, Flemons WW. Quality of life in sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev 2003; 7: 335–49 Rijsman R, Neven AK, Graffelman W, et al. Epidemiology of restless legs in the Netherlands. Eur J Neurol 2004; 11: 607–11 The International Restless Leg Syndrome Study Group. Validation of the International Restless Leg Syndrome Study Group rating scale for restless leg syndrome. Sleep Med 2003; 4(2): 121–32 American Sleep Disorders Association, Diagnostic Classification Steering Committee, editors. The international classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. Rochester (MN): ASDA, 1990 Coleman RM, Pollak CP, Weitzman ED. Periodic movements in sleep (nocturnal myoclonus): relation to sleep disorders. Ann Neurol 1980; 8: 416–21 Allen RP, Earley CJ. Restless legs syndrome: a review of clinical and pathophysiologic features. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 18: 128–47 Walters AS, Hening W, Rubinstein M, et al. A clinical and polysomnographic comparison of neuroleptic induced akathisia and the idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Sleep 1991; 14: 339–45 Kotterba S, Clarenbach P, Bömmel W, et al. Periodic leg movements in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome during nCPAP-therapy. Somnologie 2000; 4: 93–5 Silber MH, Ehrenberg BL, Allen RP, et al. An algorithm for the management of restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79: 916–22 Chaudhuri KR, Appiah-Kubi LS, Trenkwalder C. Restless legs syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurgery Psychiatry 2001; 71: 143–6 Trenkwalder C, Wetter TC, Stiasny K, et al. Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements in sleep. Nervenarzt 2001; 72: 425–36 Montplaisir J, Godbout R, Poirier G, et al. Restless legs syndrome and periodic movements in sleep: physiopathology and treatment with L-dopa. Clin Neuropharmacol 1986; 9: 456–63 Sandyk R, Bernick C, Lee SM, et al. L-dopa in uremic patients with the restless legs syndrome. Int J Neurosci 1987; 35: 233–5 Micozkadioglu H, Ozdemir FN, Kut A, et al. Gabapentin versus levodopa for the treatment of restless legs syndrome in hemodialysis patients: an open-label study. Ren Fail 2004; 26: 393–7 Trenkwalder C, Collado Seidel V, et al. One-year treatment with standard and sustained-release levodopa: appropriate long-term treatment of restless legs syndrome? Mov Disord 2003; 18: 1184–9 Saletu M, Anderer P, Hogl B, et al. Acute double-blind, placebo-controlled sleep laboratory and clinical follow-up studies with a combination treatment of rr-L-dopa and sr-L-dopa in restless legs syndrome. J Neural Transm 2003; 110: 611–26 Benes H, Kurella B, Kummer J, et al. Rapid onset of action of levodopa in restless legs syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, multicenter, crossover trial. Sleep 1999; 22: 1073–81 Collado-Seidel V, Kazenwadel J, Wetter TC, et al. A controlled study of additional sr-L-dopa in L-dopa-responsive restless legs syndrome with late-night symptoms. Neurology 1999; 52: 285–90 Eisensehr I, Ehrenberg BL, Rogge Solti S, et al. Treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS) with slow-release valproic acid compared with slow-release levodopa/benserazide. J Neurol 2004; 251: 579–83 von Scheele C. Levodopa in restless legs. Lancet 1986; II: 426–7 Allen RP, Earley CJ. Augmentation of the restless legs syndrome with carbidopa/levodopa. Sleep 1996; 19: 205–13 Garcia-Borreguero D. Augmentation: understanding a key feature of RLS. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 5–6 Santamaria J, Iranzo A, Tolosa E. Development of restless legs syndrome after dopaminergic treatment in a patient with periodic leg movements in sleep. Sleep Med 2003; 4: 153–5 Janzen L, Rich JA, Vercaigne LM. An overview of levodopa in the management of restless legs syndrome in a dialysis population: pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, and complications of therapy. Ann Pharmacother 1999; 33: 86–92 Winkelman JW, Johnston L. Augmentation and tolerance with long-term pramipexole treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep Med 2004; 5: 9–14 Silber MH, Girish M, Izurieta R. Pramipexole in the management of restless legs syndrome: an extended study. Sleep 2003; 26: 819–21 Haba-Rubio J, Staner L, Cornette F, et al. Acute low single dose of apomorphine reduces periodic limb movements but has no significant effect on sleep arousals: a preliminary report. Neurophysiol Clin 2003; 33: 180–4 Reuter I, Ellis CM, Ray Chaudhuri K. Nocturnal subcutaneous apomorphine infusion in Parkinson’s disease and restless legs syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 1999; 100: 163–7 Tings T, Stiens G, Paulus W, et al. Treatment of restless legs syndrome with subcutaneous apomorphine in a patient with short bowel syndrome. J Neurol 2005; 252: 361–3 Del Dotto P, Gambaccini G, Caneparo D, et al. Bedtime cabergoline in Parkinson’s disease patients with excessive daytime sleepiness induced by dopamine agonists. Neurol Sci 2003; 24: 170–1 Stiasny K, Robbecke J, Schuler P, et al. Treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS) with the D2-agonist cabergoline: an open clinical trial. Sleep 2000; 23: 349–54 Frauscher B, Hogl B, Maret S, et al. Association of daytime sleepiness with COMT polymorphism in patients with Parkinson disease: a pilot study. Sleep 2004; 27: 733–6 Razmy A, Lang AE, Shapiro CM. Predictors of impaired daytime sleep and wakefulness in patients with Parkinson disease treated with older (ergot) vs newer (nonergot) dopamine agonists. Arch Neurol 2004; 61: 97–102 Paus S, Brecht HM, Koster J, et al. Sleep attacks, daytime sleepiness, and dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2003; 18: 659–67 Arnulf I, Konofal E, Merino-Andreu M, et al. Parkinson’s disease and sleepiness: an integral part of PD. Neurology 2002; 58: 1019–24 Pal S, Bhattacharya KF, Agapito C, et al. A study of excessive daytime sleepiness and its clinical significance in three groups of Parkinson’s disease patients taking pramipexole, cabergoline and levodopa mono and combination therapy. J Neural Transm 2001; 108: 71–7 Häuser RA, Gauger L, Anderson WM, et al. Pramipexole-induced somnolence and episodes of daytime sleep. Mov Disord 2000; 15: 658–63 Ryan M, Slevin JT, Wells A. Non-ergot dopamine agonist-induced sleep attacks. Pharmacotherapy 2000; 20: 724–6 Schlesinger I, Ravin PD. Dopamine agonists induce episodes of irresistible daytime sleepiness. Eur Neurol 2003; 49: 30–3 Comella CL. Daytime sleepiness, agonist therapy, and driving in Parkinson disease. Jama 2002; 287: 509–11 Lachenmayer L. Parkinson’s disease and the ability to drive. J Neurol 2000; 247Suppl. 4: 28–30 Frucht S, Rogers JD, Greene PE, et al. Falling asleep at the wheel: motor vehicle mishaps in persons taking pramipexole and ropinirole. Neurology 1999; 52: 1908–10 Bassetti C, Clavadetscher S, Gugger M, et al. Pergolide-associated ‘sleep attacks’ in a patient with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2002; 3: 275–7 Galvez-Jimenez N, Khan T. Ropinirole and restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 1999; 14: 890–2 Bliwise DL, Freeman A, Ingram CD, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, short-term trial of ropinirole in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2005; 6: 141–7 Estivill E, de la Fuente V. The efficacy of ropinirole in the treatment of chronic insomnia secondary to restless legs syndrome: polysomnography data. Rev Neurol 1999; 29: 805–7 Saletu M, Anderer P, Saletu B, et al. Sleep laboratory studies in restless legs syndrome patients as compared with normals and acute effects of ropinirole: II. Findings on periodic leg movements, arousals and respiratory variables. Neuropsychobiology 2000; 41: 190–9 Saletu B, Gruber G, Saletu M, et al. Sleep laboratory studies in restless legs syndrome patients as compared with normals and acute effects of ropinirole: I. Findings on objective and subjective sleep and awakening quality. Neuropsychobiology 2000; 41: 181–9 Pellecchia MT, Vitale C, Sabatini M, et al. Ropinirole as a treatment of restless legs syndrome in patients on chronic hemodialysis: an open randomized crossover trial versus levodopa sustained release. Clin Neuropharmacol 2004; 27: 178–81 Garcia-Borreguero D, Lee D, Ball E. Ropinirole is well tolerated and effective for the long term treatment of RLS [abstract]. Neurology 2005; 64Suppl. 1: A42 Becker PM, Ondo W, Sharon D. Encouraging initial response of restless legs syndrome to pramipexole. Neurology 1998; 51: 1221–3 Ferini-Strambi L. Restless legs syndrome augmentation and pramipexole treatment. Sleep Med 2002; 3 Suppl.: S23–5 Stiasny K, Moller JC, Oertel WH. Safety of pramipexole in patients with restless legs syndrome. Neurology 2000; 55: 1589–90 Saletu M, Anderer P, Saletu-Zyhlarz G, et al. Acute placebo-controlled sleep laboratory studies and clinical follow-up with pramipexole in restless legs syndrome. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002; 252: 185–94 Walters AS, Hening WA, Kavey N, et al. A double-blind randomized crossover trial of bromocriptine and placebo in restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol 1988; 24: 455–8 Staedt J, Hunerjager H, Ruther E, et al. Pergolide: treatment of choice in restless legs syndrome (RLS) and nocturnal myoclonus syndrome (NMS). Longterm follow-up on pergolide [short communication]. J Neural Transm 1998; 105: 265–8 Pieta J, Millar T, Zacharias J, et al. Effect of pergolide on restless legs and leg movements in sleep in uremic patients. Sleep 1998; 21: 617–22 Hu J. Acupuncture treatment of restless leg syndrome. J Tradit Chin Med 2001; 21: 312–6 Pritchett AM, Morrison JF, Edwards WD, et al. Valvular heart disease in patients taking pergolide. Mayo Clin Proc 2002; 77: 1280–6 Rascol O, Pathak A, Bagheri H, et al. New concerns about old drugs: valvular heart disease on ergot derivative dopamine agonists as an exemplary situation of pharmacovigilance. Mov Disord 2004; 19: 611–3 Montastruc JL, Pathak A, Bagheri H. Pergolide treatment and cardiac valve pathology: the continuing saga of ergotamine-induced fibrosis. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2004; 160: 19–21 Calomne V, Dupuis MJ, Muller T, et al. Reversible cardiac valve abnormalities with pergolide treatment. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2004; 160: 81–2 Baseman DG, O’Suilleabhain PE, Reimold SC, et al. Pergolide use in Parkinson disease is associated with cardiac valve regurgitation. Neurology 2004; 63: 301–4 Van Camp G, Flamez A, Cosyns B, et al. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease with pergolide and relation to restrictive valvular heart disease. Lancet 2004; 363: 1179–83 Horvath J, Fross RD, Kleiner-Fisman G, et al. Severe multivalvular heart disease: a new complication of the ergot derivative dopamine agonists. Mov Disord 2004; 19: 656–62 Leibowitz M, Lieberman A, Goldstein M, et al. Cardiac effects of pergolide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 30: 718–23 Leibowitz M, Lieberman AN, Neophytides A, et al. The effects of pergolide on the cardiovascular system of 40 patients with Parkinson’s disease. Adv Neurol 1983; 37: 121–30 Kavey N, Walters AS, Hening W, et al. Opioid treatment of periodic movements in sleep in patients without restless legs. Neuropeptides 1988; 11: 181–4 Trzepacz PT, Violette EJ, Sateia MJ. Response to opioids in three patients with restless legs syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141: 993–5 Ondo WG. Methadone for refractory restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2005; 20: 345–8 Jakobsson B, Ruuth K. Successful treatment of restless legs syndrome with an implanted pump for intrathecal drug delivery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46: 114–7 Lauerma H, Markkula J. Treatment of restless legs syndrome with tramadol: an open study. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60: 241–4 Walters AS, Winkelmann J, Trenkwalder C, et al. Long-term follow-up on restless legs syndrome patients treated with opioids. Mov Disord 2001; 16: 1105–9 Adler CH. Treatment of restless legs syndrome with gabapentin. Clin Neuropharmacol 1997; 20: 148–51 Albanese A, Filippini G. Gabapentin improved sensory and motor symptoms in the restless legs syndrome [letter]. ACP J Club 2003; 139: 17 Burchell BJ. Treatment of restless legs syndrome with gabapentin: a double-blind, cross-over study. Neurology 2003; 60: 1558 Foreman BH, Chambliss L. Does gabapentin improve restless legs syndrome? J Fam Pract 2003; 52: 276–9 Garcia-Borreguero D, Larrosa O, de la Llave Y, et al. Treatment of restless legs syndrome with gabapentin: a double-blind, cross-over study. Neurology 2002; 59: 1573–9 Happe S, Klosch G, Saletu B, et al. Treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS) with gabapentin. Neurology 2001; 57: 1717–9 Mellick GA, Mellick LB. Management of restless legs syndrome with gabapentin (neurontin). Sleep 1996; 19: 224–6 Thorp ML, Morris CD, Bagby SP. A crossover study of gabapentin in treatment of restless legs syndrome among hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38: 104–8 Xenoport [online]. Available from URL: http://www.xenoport.com [Accessed 2008 Apr 28] Telstad W, Sørensen O, Larsen S, et al. Treatment of the restless legs syndrome with carbamazepine: a double blind study. BMJ 1984; 288: 444–6 Larsen S, Telstad W, Sorensen O, et al. Carbamazepine therapy in restless legs. Discrimination between responders and non-responders. Acta Med Scand 1985; 218: 223–7 Lundvall O, Abom PE, Holm R. Carbamazepine in restless legs: a controlled pilot study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 25: 323–4 Sorensen O, Telstad W. Carbamazepine (Tegretol) in restless legs. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1984; 104: 2093–5 Zucconi M, Coccagna G, Petronelli R, et al. Nocturnal myoclonus in restless legs syndrome effect of carbamazepine treatment. Funct Neurol 1989; 4: 263–71 Braude W, Barnes T. Clonazepam: effective treatment for restless legs syndrome in uraemia [letter]. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 284: 510 Boghen D, Lamothe L, Elie R, et al. The treatment of the restless legs syndrome with clonazepam: a prospective controlled study. Can J Neurol Sci 1986; 13: 245–7 Boghen D. Successful treatment of restless legs with clonazepam [letter]. Ann Neurol 1980; 8: 341 Joy MS. Clonazepam: benzodiazepine therapy for the restless legs syndrome. Anna J 1997; 24: 686–9 Montagna P, Sassoli de Bianchi L, Zucconi M, et al. Clonazepam and vibration in restless legs syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 1984; 69: 428–30 Mitler MM, Browman CP, Menn SJ, et al. Nocturnal myoclonus: treatment efficacy of clonazepam and temazepam. Sleep 1986; 9: 385–92 Matthews WB. Treatment of the restless legs syndrome with clonazepam [letter]. BMJ 1979; 1: 751 Read DJ, Feest TG, Nassim MA. Clonazepam: effective treatment for restless legs syndrome in uraemia. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 283: 885–6 Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Long-term, nightly benzodiazepine treatment of injurious parasomnias and other disorders of disrupted nocturnal sleep in 170 adults. Am J Med 1996; 100: 333–7 Earley CJ, Heckler D, Allen RP. Repeated IV doses of iron provide effective supplemental treatment of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2005; 6: 301–5 O’Keeffe ST. Iron deficiency with normal ferritin levels in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2005; 6: 281–2 Zoe A, Wagner ML, Walters AS. High-dose clonidine in a case of restless legs syndrome. Ann Pharmacother 1994; 28: 878–81 Wagner ML, Walters AS, Coleman RG, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of clonidine in restless legs syndrome. Sleep 1996; 19: 52–8 Handwerker Jr JV, Palmer RF. Clonidine in the treatment of “restless leg” syndrome. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1228–9 Ausserwinkler M, Schmidt P. Successful clonidine treatment of restless leg syndrome in chronic kidney insufficiency. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1989; 119: 184–6 Bamford CR, Sandyk R. Failure of clonidine to ameliorate the symptoms of restless legs syndrome. Sleep 1987; 10: 398–9 Bastani B, Westervelt FB. Effectiveness of clonidine in alleviating the symptoms of “restless legs” [letter]. Am J Kidney Dis 1987; 10: 326 Cavatorta F, Vagge R, Solari P, et al. Preliminary results with clonidine in the restless legs syndrome in 2 hemodialyzed uremic patients [letter]. Minerva Urol Nefrol 1987; 39: 93 Evidente VG, Adler CH, Caviness JN, et al. Amantadine is beneficial in restless legs syndrome. Mov Dis 2000; 15: 324–7 Manconi M, Ferini-Strambi L, Hening WA. Response to clinical corners case (Sleep Medicine 6/2: 83-4): pregnancy associated with daytime sleepiness and nighttime restlessness. Sleep Med 2005; 6: 477–8