Resolving the internal structure of individual atmospheric aerosol particle by the combination of Atomic Force Microscopy, ESEM–EDX, Raman and ToF–SIMS imaging

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 2007, Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing

Mahowald, 2011, Aerosol impacts on climate and biogeochemistry, vol. 36, 45

Raivonen, 2009, Atmospheric composition change: ecosystems–atmosphere interactions, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5193, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.068

Kolb, 2010, An overview of current issues in the uptake of atmospheric trace gases by aerosols and clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10561, 10.5194/acp-10-10561-2010

2009

Csavina, 2012, A review on the importance of metals and metalloids in atmospheric dust and aerosol from mining operations, Sci. Total Environ., 433, 58, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.013

Nel, 2005, Air pollution-related illness: effects of particles, Science, 308, 804, 10.1126/science.1108752

Prather, 2008, Analysis of atmospheric aerosols, Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem., 1, 485, 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.113030

Stefaniak, 2009, Combined SEM/EDX and micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis of uranium minerals from a former uranium mine, J. Hazard. Mater., 168, 416, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.057

Laskin, 2010, Electron Beam analysis and microscopy of individual particles, 463

Moffet, 2010, Scanning X-ray transmission microscopy: applications in atmospheric, aerosol research, 419

Posfai, 2010, Nature and climate effects of individual tropospheric aerosol particles, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 38, 17, 10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100032

Freedman, 2010, Characterizing the morphology of organic aerosols at ambient temperature and pressure, Anal. Chem., 82, 7965, 10.1021/ac101437w

Sobanska, 2012, Investigation of the chemical mixing state of individual Asian dust particles by the combined use of electron probe X-ray microanalysis and Raman microspectrometry, Anal. Chem., 84, 3145, 10.1021/ac2029584

Ramachandran, 2013, Influences of external vs. core–shell mixing on aerosol optical properties at various relative humidities, Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts, 15, 1070, 10.1039/c3em30975d

De Bock, 1999, 243

Fletcher, 2001, 295

Ghorai, 2010, Hygroscopic behavior of individual submicrometer particles studied by X-ray spectromicroscopy, Anal. Chem., 82, 9289, 10.1021/ac101797k

Choël, 2005, Quantitative determination of low-Z elements in single atmospheric particles on boron substrates by automated scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 77, 5686, 10.1021/ac050739x

Ro, 2004, An expert system for chemical speciation of individual particles using low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis data, Anal. Chem., 76, 1322, 10.1021/ac035149i

Ro, 2003, Anal. Chem., 75, 851, 10.1021/ac025973r

Ro, 1999, Determination of low-Z elements in individual environmental particles using windowless EPMA, Anal. Chem., 71, 1521, 10.1021/ac981070f

Geng, 2009, Elevated nitrogen-containing particles observed in Asian dust aerosol samples collected at the marine boundary layer of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6933, 10.5194/acp-9-6933-2009

Geng, 2010, Single-particle characterization of summertime arctic aerosols collected at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 2348, 10.1021/es903268j

Kang, 2009, Quantitative ED-EPMA combined with morphological information for the characterization of individual aerosol particles collected in Incheon, Korea, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3445, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.05.008

Krueger, 2003, Probing heterogeneous chemistry of individual atmospheric particles using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, Anal. Chem., 75, 5170, 10.1021/ac034455t

Worobiec, 2007, Characterisation of concentrates of heavy mineral sands by micro-Raman spectrometry and CC-SEM/EDX with HCA, Appl. Geochem., 22, 2078, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.05.003

Chan, 2003, Hygroscopic properties of two model humic-like substances and their mixtures with inorganics of atmospheric importance, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 5109, 10.1021/es034272o

Treuel, 2011, Spatial separation of individual substances in effloresced crystals of ternary ammonium sulphate/dicarboxylic acid/water aerosols, ChemPhysChem, 12, 1109, 10.1002/cphc.201000738

Laskina, 2013, Infrared extinction spectroscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy of select components of mineral dust mixed with organic compounds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 6593, 10.1002/jgrd.50494

Bruns, 2010, Comparison of FTIR and particle mass spectrometry for the measurement of particulate organic nitrates, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 1056, 10.1021/es9029864

Coury, 2009, ATR–FTIR characterization of organic functional groups and inorganic ions in ambient aerosols at a rural site, Atmos. Environ., 43, 940, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.056

Liu, 2008, Hygroscopic behavior of substrate-deposited particles studied by micro-FT-IR spectroscopy and complementary methods of particle analysis, Anal. Chem., 80, 633, 10.1021/ac701638r

Escribano, 2001, Raman spectroscopy of carbon-containing particles, Vib. Spectrosc., 26, 179, 10.1016/S0924-2031(01)00106-0

Popovicheva, 2012, Microscopic characterization of individual particles from multicomponent ship exhaust, J. Environ. Monit., 14, 3101, 10.1039/c2em30338h

Batonneau, 2006, Confocal microprobe Raman imaging of urban tropospheric aerosol particles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 1300, 10.1021/es051294x

Sobanska, 2006, Chemistry at level of individual aerosol particle using multivariate curve resolution of confocal Raman image, Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 64, 1102, 10.1016/j.saa.2005.11.038

Falgayrac, 2006, Heterogeneous chemistry between PbSO4 and calcite microparticles using Raman microimaging, Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 64, 1095, 10.1016/j.saa.2005.11.032

Uzu, 2011, Characterization of lead-recycling facility emissions at various workplaces: major insights for sanitary risks assessment, J. Hazard. Mater., 186, 1018, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.086

Falgayrac, 2013, Heterogeneous microchemistry between CdSO4 and CaCO3 particles under humidity and liquid water, J. Hazard. Mater., 248–249, 415, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.01.029

Eom, 2013, Iron speciation of airborne subway particles by the combined use of energy dispersive electron probe X-ray microanalysis and Raman microspectrometry, Anal. Chem., 85, 10424, 10.1021/ac402406n

Windig, 2002, Combined use of conventional and second-derivative data in the SIMPLISMA self-modeling mixture analysis approach, Anal. Chem., 74, 1371, 10.1021/ac0110911

de Juan, 2005, Local rank analysis for exploratory spectroscopic image analysis. Fixed size image window-evolving factor analysis, Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 77, 64, 10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.11.006

de Juan, 2006, Multivariate curve resolution (MCR) from 2000: progress in concepts and applications, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 36, 163, 10.1080/10408340600970005

Gaspar, 2004, TOF–SIMS analysis of sea salt particles: imaging and depth profiling in the discovery of an unrecognized mechanism for pH buffering, Appl. Surf. Sci., 231–232, 520, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.03.046

Van Ham, 2006, Static secondary ion mass spectrometry (S-SIMS) for the characterization of surface components in mineral particulates, Talanta, 69, 91, 10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.012

Van Ham, 2006, The use of time-of-flight static secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging for the molecular characterization of single aerosol surfaces, Anal. Chim. Acta., 558, 115, 10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.041

Choel, 2006, Fast evolution of tropospheric Pb- and Zn-rich particles in the vicinity of a lead smelter, Atmos. Environ., 40, 4439, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.027

Stefaniak, 2009, Determination of chemical composition of individual airborne particles by SEM/EDX and micro-Raman spectrometry: a review

Worobiec, 2010, Interfaced SEM/EDX and micro-Raman spectrometry for characterisation of heterogeneous environmental particles—fundamental and practical challenges, Microchem. J., 94, 65, 10.1016/j.microc.2009.09.003

Ryu, 2009, Attenuated total reflectance FT-IR imaging and quantitative energy dispersive-electron probe X-ray microanalysis techniques for single particle analysis of atmospheric aerosol particles, Anal. Chem., 81, 6695, 10.1021/ac9007545

Song, 2013, Investigation of aged Asian dust particles by the combined use of quantitative ED-EPMA and ATR–FTIR imaging, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3463, 10.5194/acp-13-3463-2013

Malek, 2011, Single-particle mineralogy of Chinese soil particles by the combined use of low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis and attenuated total reflectance-FT-IR imaging techniques, Anal. Chem., 83, 7970, 10.1021/ac201956h

Song, 2010, Chemical speciation of individual airborne particles by the combined use of quantitative energy-dispersive electron probe X-ray microanalysis and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform-infrared imaging techniques†, Anal. Chem., 82, 7987, 10.1021/ac1014113

Friedbacher, 1995, Investigation of environmental aerosol by atomic force microscopy, Anal. Chem., 67, 1749, 10.1021/ac00106a016

Gwaze, 2007, Comparison of particle sizes determined with impactor, AFM and SEM, Atmos. Res., 86, 93, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.02.009

Rimetz-Planchon, 2008, PM10 air quality variations in an urbanized and industrialized harbor, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7274, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.005

de Juan, 2004, Spectroscopic imaging and chemometrics: a powerful combination for global and local sample analysis, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 23, 70, 10.1016/S0165-9936(04)00101-3

Jaumot, 2005, A graphical user-friendly interface for MCR-ALS: a new tool for multivariate curve resolution in MATLAB, Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 76, 101, 10.1016/j.chemolab.2004.12.007

Ivleva, 2007, Raman microspectroscopic analysis of size-resolved atmospheric aerosol particle samples collected with an ELPI: soot, humic-like substances, and inorganic compounds, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41, 655, 10.1080/02786820701376391

Bersani, 1999, Micro-Raman investigation of iron oxide films and powders produced by sol–gel syntheses, J. Raman Spectrosc., 30, 355, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4555(199905)30:5<355::AID-JRS398>3.0.CO;2-C

Chernyshova, 2007, Size-dependent structural transformations of hematite nanoparticles. 1. Phase transition, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 9, 1736, 10.1039/b618790k

Katoshevski, 1999, A study of processes that govern the maintenance of aerosols in the marine boundary layer, J. Aerosol Sci., 30, 503, 10.1016/S0021-8502(98)00740-X

Ro, 2000, Determination of chemical species in individual aerosol particles using ultrathin window EPMA, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3023, 10.1021/es9910661

Choel, 2010, Development of time-resolved description of aerosol properties at the particle scale during an episode of industrial pollution plume, Water Air Soil Pollut., 209, 93, 10.1007/s11270-009-0183-9

Marris, 2012, Fast changes in chemical composition and size distribution of fine particles during the near-field transport of industrial plumes, Sci. Total Environ., 427, 126, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.068

Marris, 2013, Fe and Mn oxidation states by TEM-EELS in fine-particle emissions from a Fe–Mn alloy making plant, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 10832, 10.1021/es400368s

Xiao, 2008, Spatially resolved micro-Raman observation on the phase separation of effloresced sea salt droplets, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8698, 10.1021/es801181f

Finlayson-Pitts, 2003, The tropospheric chemistry of sea salt: a molecular-level view of the chemistry of NaCl and NaBr, Chem. Rev., 103, 4801, 10.1021/cr020653t

Rossi, 2003, Heterogeneous reactions on salts, Chem. Rev., 103, 4823, 10.1021/cr020507n

Scolaro, 2009, Confocal Raman imaging and atomic force microscopy of the surface reaction of NO2 and NaCl(100) under humidity, J. Raman Spectrosc., 40, 157, 10.1002/jrs.2098

Sullivan, 2009, Effect of chemical mixing state on the hygroscopicity and cloud nucleation properties of calcium mineral dust particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3303, 10.5194/acp-9-3303-2009

Laskin, 2002, Quantitative time-resolved monitoring of nitrate formation in sea salt particles using a CCSEM/EDX single particle analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 4948, 10.1021/es020551k

Peterson, 2002, Analysis of organic and inorganic species on the surface of atmospheric aerosol using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF–SIMS), Atmos. Environ., 36, 6041, 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00686-6

Randles, 2004, Hygroscopic and optical properties of organic sea salt aerosol and consequences for climate forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 10.1029/2004GL020628

Peterson, 2003, Surface composition of atmospheric aerosol: individual particle characterization by TOF–SIMS, Appl. Surf. Sci., 203, 751, 10.1016/S0169-4332(02)00812-7

Tervahattu, 2002, Identification of an organic coating on marine aerosol particles by TOF–SIMS, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 10.1029/2001JD001403

Seidl, 2000, Model for a surface film of fatty acids on rain water and aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4917, 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00198-9

Tervahattu, 2002, New evidence of an organic layer on marine aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4053, 10.1029/2000JD000282

Russell, 2002, Mapping organic coatings on atmospheric particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 101029, 10.1029/2002GL014874

Mochida, 2002, Fatty acids in the marine atmosphere: factors governing their concentrations and evaluation of organic films on sea-salt particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4325, 10.1029/2001JD001278

Zelenyuk, 2010, Characterization of organic coatings on hygroscopic salt particles and their atmospheric impacts, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1209, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.11.047

Smoydzin, 2007, Do organic surface films on sea salt aerosols influence atmospheric chemistry? a model study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5555, 10.5194/acp-7-5555-2007

Stemmler, 2008, The effect of fatty acid surfactants on the uptake of nitric acid to deliquesced NaCl aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5127, 10.5194/acp-8-5127-2008

Falgayrac, 2012, Particle–particle chemistry between micrometer-sized PbSO4 and CaCO3 particles in turbulent flow initiated by liquid water, J. Phys. Chem. A, 116, 7386, 10.1021/jp302874j