Resistencia a la insulina y aterosclerosis. Impacto del estrés oxidativo en la función endotelial

Alexander, 2003, NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older, Diabetes, 52, 1210, 10.2337/diabetes.52.5.1210 Ceriello, 2004, Is oxidative stress the pathogenic mechanism underlying insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease? The common soil hypothesis revisited, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 24, 816, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000122852.22604.78 van Gaal, 2006, Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease, Nature, 444, 875, 10.1038/nature05487 Ceriello, 2003, New insights on oxidative stress and diabetic complications may lead to a “causal” antioxidant therapy, Diabetes Care, 26, 1589, 10.2337/diacare.26.5.1589 Reif, 1992, Ferritin as a source of iron for oxidative damage, Free Rad Biol Med, 12, 417, 10.1016/0891-5849(92)90091-T Fujimoto, 1995, Nonenzymatic glycation of transferrin: Decrease of Iron-binding capacity and increase of oxygen radical production, Biol Pharm Bull, 18, 396, 10.1248/bpb.18.396 Juckett, 1995, Ferritin protects endothelial cells from oxidized low density lipoprotein in vitro, Am J Pathol, 147, 782 O’Brien, 1990, Usefulness of biochemical screening of diabetic patients for hemochromatosis, Diabetes Care, 13, 532, 10.2337/diacare.13.5.532 Fernández-Real, 1998, Serum ferritin as a component of the insulin resistance syndrome, Diabetes Care, 21, 62, 10.2337/diacare.21.1.62 Bertelsen, 2001, Oxidative stress impairs insulin internalization in endothelial cells in vitro, Diabetologia, 44, 605, 10.1007/s001250051667 Hirayama, 1993, Regulation of iron metabolism in HepG2 cells: a possible role for cytokines in the hepatic deposition of iron, Hepatology, 18, 874, 10.1002/hep.1840180420 Fernandez-Real, 2001, Circulating interleukin 6 levels, blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy men and women, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 1154, 10.1210/jcem.86.3.7305 Samal, 1994, Cloning and characterization of the cDNA encoding a novel human pre-Bcell colony-enhancing factor, Mol Cell Biol, 14, 1431, 10.1128/MCB.14.2.1431 Fukuhara, 2005, Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin, Science, 307, 426, 10.1126/science.1097243 Fernandez-Real, 2002, Cross-talk between iron metabolism and diabetes, Diabetes, 51, 2348, 10.2337/diabetes.51.8.2348 Chen, 2006, Elevated plasma level of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91, 295, 10.1210/jc.2005-1475 Thomas, 1985, Ferritin and superoxide-dependent lipid peroxidation, J Biol Chem, 260, 3275, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)83617-7 Rongvaux, 2002, Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor, whose expression is upregulated in activated lymphocytes, is a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, a cytosolic enzyme involved in NAD biosynthesis, Eur J Immunol, 32, 3225, 10.1002/1521-4141(200211)32:11<3225::AID-IMMU3225>3.0.CO;2-L Fernandez-Real, 2007, Circulating visfatin is associated with parameters of iron metabolism in subjects with altered glucose tolerance, Diabetes Care, 30, 616, 10.2337/dc06-1581 Graier, 1996, High D-glucose-induced changes in endothelial Ca2+/EDRF signaling are due to generation of superoxide anions, Diabetes, 45, 1386, 10.2337/diab.45.10.1386 Yue, 1989, Ascorbic acid status and polyol pathway in diabetes, Diabetes, 38, 257, 10.2337/diab.38.2.257 Abdalla, 1992, Low density lipoprotein oxidation by stimulated neutrophils and ferritin, Atherosclerosis, 97, 149, 10.1016/0021-9150(92)90128-4 Lekakis, 1999, Hemochromatosis associated with endothelial dysfunction: evidence for the role of iron stores in early atherogenesis, Vasc Med, 4, 147, 10.1177/1358836X9900400305 Araujo, 1995, Iron overload augments the development of atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 15, 1172, 10.1161/01.ATV.15.8.1172 Pang, 1996, Increased ferritin gene expression in atherosclerotic lesions, J Clin Invest, 97, 2204, 10.1172/JCI118661 Failla, 2000, Radial artery wall alterations in genetic hemochromatosis before and after iron depletion therapy, Hepatology, 32, 569, 10.1053/jhep.2000.16265 Porreca, 1994, Antiproliferative effect of desferrioxamine on vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 14, 299, 10.1161/01.ATV.14.2.299 Pieper, 1997, Diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction is prevented by long-term treatment with the modified iron chelator, hydroxyethyl starch conjugated-deferoxamine, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 30, 734, 10.1097/00005344-199712000-00006 Nitenberg, 2002, Coronary microvascular adaptation to myocardial metabolic demand can be restored by inhibition of iron-catalyzed formation of oxygen free radicals in type 2 diabetic patients, Diabetes, 51, 813, 10.2337/diabetes.51.3.813 Duffy, 2001, Iron chelation improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease, Circulation, 103, 2799, 10.1161/01.CIR.103.23.2799 Fernandez-Real, 2002, Blood letting in high-ferritin type 2 diabetes mellitus. Effects on vascular reactivity, Diabetes Care, 25, 2249, 10.2337/diacare.25.12.2249 Cameron, 2001, Effects of an extracellular metal chelator on neurovascular function in diabetic rats, Diabetologia, 44, 621, 10.1007/s001250051669 Angulo, 1996, Impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation by increasing percentages of glycosylated human hemoglobin: possible mechanisms involved, Hypertension, 28, 583, 10.1161/01.HYP.28.4.583 Valk Marx, 1999, Iron, atherosclerosis, and ischemic heart disease, Arch Intern Med, 159, 1542, 10.1001/archinte.159.14.1542 Hansson, 2005, Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease, N Engl J Med, 352, 1685, 10.1056/NEJMra043430 Steinberg, 2002, Vascular function, insulin resistance and fatty acids, Diabetologia, 45, 623, 10.1007/s00125-002-0800-2 Natali, 2006, Clustering of insulin resistance with vascular dysfunction and low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes, 55, 1133, 10.2337/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-1076 Widlansky, 2003, The clinical implications of endothelial dysfunction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 42, 1149, 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00994-X Fernandez-Real, 2003, Insulin resistance and chronic cardiovascular inflammatory syndrome, Endocr Rev, 24, 278, 10.1210/er.2002-0010 Vila, 2005, Cytokines and vascular reactivity in resistance arteries, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 288, 1016, 10.1152/ajpheart.00779.2004 Ridker, 1997, Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men, N Engl J Med, 336, 973, 10.1056/NEJM199704033361401 Ridker, 2002, Elevation of tumor necrosis factor- alpha and increased risk of recurrent coronary events after myocardial infarction, Circulation, 101, 2149, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.18.2149 Engstrom, 2004, Fatality of future coronary events is related to inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins: a population-based prospective cohort study, Circulation, 110, 27, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000133277.88655.00 Pradham, 2002, Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women's Health Initiative observational study, JAMA, 288, 980, 10.1001/jama.288.8.980 Ridker, 2000, Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men, Circulation, 101, 1767, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.15.1767 Esteve, 2005, Dyslipidemia and inflammation: an evolutionary mechanism, Clin Nutr, 24, 16, 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.08.004 Yudkin, 2000, Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link?, Atherosclerosis, 148, 209, 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00463-3 Pradhan, 2001, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, JAMA, 286, 327, 10.1001/jama.286.3.327 Akira, 1993, Interleukin-6 in biology and medicine, Adv Immunol, 54, 1, 10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60532-5 Mohamed-Ali, 1997, Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in vivo, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82, 4196 Esteve, 2007, Serum interleukin 6 correlates with endothelial dysfunction in healthy men independently of insulin sensitivity, Diabetes Care, 30, 939, 10.2337/dc06-1793 Loppnow, 1989, Comparative analysis of cytokine induction in human vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, Lymphokine Res, 8, 293 Verma, 2002, A self-fulfilling prophecy: C-reactive protein attenuates nitric oxide production and inhibits angiogenesis, Circulation, 106, 913, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000029802.88087.5E Vita, 2004, Brachial artery vasodilator function and systemic inflammation in the Framingham Offspring Study, Circulation, 110, 3604, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000148821.97162.5E Lee, 2006, Inter-relationships of indices of endothelial damage/dysfunction [circulating endothelial cells, von Willebrand factor and flow-mediated dilatation] to tissue factor and interleukin-6 in acute coronary syndromes, Int J Cardiol, 111, 302, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.10.014 Nawawi, 2003, Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-6 levels reflect endothelial dysfunction in patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia treated with atorvastatin, Atherosclerosis, 169, 283, 10.1016/S0021-9150(03)00193-X Esposito, 2006, Effect of rosiglitazone on endothelial function and inflammatory markers in patients with the metabolic syndrome, Diabetes Care, 29, 1071, 10.2337/dc05-2174 Rask-Madsen, 2003, Tumor necrosis factor-a inhibits insulin’s stimulating effect on glucose uptake and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans, Circulation, 108, 1815, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000091406.72832.11 Chia, 2003, Intra- arterial tumor necrosis factor-a impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and stimulates local tissue plasminogen activator release in humans, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 23, 695, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000065195.22904.FA Matsubara, 1986, Increased superoxide anion release from human endothelial cells in response to cytokines, J Inmunol, 137, 3295 Yoshizumi, 1993, Tumor necrosis factor downregulates an endotelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA by shortening its half-life, Circ Res, 73, 205, 10.1161/01.RES.73.1.205 Baud, 2001, Signal transduction by tumor necrosis factor and its relatives, Trends Cell Biol, 11, 372, 10.1016/S0962-8924(01)02064-5 Aderka, 1992, Stabilization of the bioactivity of tumor necrosis factor by its soluble receptors, J Exp Med, 175, 323, 10.1084/jem.175.2.323 Selinsky, 1998, Multifaceted inhibition of anti-tumor immune mechanisms by soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type I, Inmunology, 94, 88 Sugano, 2004, Local delivery of soluble TNF-alpha receptor 1 gene reduces infarct size following ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats, Mol Cell Biochem, 206, 127, 10.1023/B:MCBI.0000049149.03964.c9 Sugano, 2004, In vivo transfer of soluble TNF-alpha receptor 1 gene improves cardiac function and reduces infarct size after myocardial infarction in rats, FASEB J, 18, 911, 10.1096/fj.03-1148fje Sugano, 2002, Increased proliferation of endothelial cells with overexpression of soluble TNF-alpha receptor I gene, Atherosclerosis, 162, 77, 10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00684-0 Benjafield, 2001, Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 gene(TNFRSF1b) in genetic basis of coronary artery disease, J Mol Med, 79, 109, 10.1007/s001090000168 Dzienis-Straczkowska, 2003, Soluble tumor necrosis factoralpha receptors in young obese subjects with normal and impaired glucose tolerance, Diabetes Care, 26, 875, 10.2337/diacare.26.3.875 Fernandez-Real, 2002, Shedding of TNF-alpha receptors, blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 282, 952, 10.1152/ajpendo.00444.2001 Aderka, 1998, Shedding kinetics of soluble tumor necrosis factor(TNF) receptors after systemic TNF leaking during isolated limb perfusion. Relevance to the pathophysiology of septic shock, J Clin Invest, 101, 650, 10.1172/JCI694 Douni, 1998, A critical role of the p75 tumor necrosis factor receptor (p75TNFR.) in organ inflammation independent of TNF, lymphotoxin a, or the p55TNFR, J Exp Med, 188, 1343, 10.1084/jem.188.7.1343 Esteve, 2006, Divergent relationships among soluble TNF-alpha receptor 1 and 2, insulin resistance and endothelial function, Diabetes Care, 29, 1460, 10.2337/dc06-0423 Schreyer, 1996, Accelerated atherosclerosis in mice lacking tumor necrosis factor receptor p55, J Biol Chem, 271, 26174, 10.1074/jbc.271.42.26174 Kanters, 2003, Inhibition of NF-ÎB activation in macrophages increases atherosclerosis in LDL-receptor-deficient mice, J Clin Invest, 112, 1176, 10.1172/JCI200318580 Semenkovich, 2005, Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, J Clin Invest, 116, 1813, 10.1172/JCI29024