Residual Silicon and Phosphorus Improved the Growth, Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Soil Enzyme Activities of Wheat

Ahmad Z, Waraich EA, Barutçular C, Hossain A, Erman N, Faith, C, Gharib H, Sabagh, AE (2020) Enhancing drought tolerance in wheat through improving morpho- physiological and antioxidants activities of plants by the supplementation of foliar silicon. Phyton-International J Exp Bot 89: 529–539. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2020.09143 FAOSTAT (2020) Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database. http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/esspublications/essyearbook/en/#.U68A8vmSziU/ (accessed on 21 August 2021) Jinger D, Dhar S, Kaur R (2018a) Crop lodging: its causes and management for sustainable crop production. Indian Farm 68:24–27 Jinger D, Dhar S, Vijayakumar S, Pande VC, Kakade V, Jat RA, Dinesh D (2020a) Silicon nutrition of graminaceous crops. Indian Farm 70:18–12 IPNI (2018) International Plant Nutrition Institute. Silicon, Nutri Facts http://www.ipni.net/publication/nutrifactsna.nsf/0/A7B4AB4D35C153BF85257ECE006E0E34/$FILE/NutriFacts-NA-14.pdf (accessed on 27 March 2018) Pati S, Pal B, Badole S, Hazra GC, Mandal B (2016) Effect of silicon fertilization on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of rice. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 47:284–290 Tubana BS, Babu T, Datnoff LE (2016) A review of silicon in soils and plants and its role in US agriculture: history and future perspectives. Soil Sci 181:393–411 Agostinho FB, Tubana BS, Martins MS, Datnoff LE (2017) Effect of different silicon sources on yield and silicon uptake of rice grown under varying phosphorus rates. Plants 6:35 Garg K, Dhar S, Jinger D (2020) Silicon nutrition in rice (Oryza sativa L.) — a review. Ann Agric Res 41:221–229 Jinger D, Devi MT, Dhar S, Dass A, Rajanna GA, Upadhaya P, Raj R (2017) Silicon in mitigating biotic stresses in rice (Oryza sativa L.)–a review. Ann Agric Res 38:1–14 Jinger D, Dhar S, Dass A, Sharma VK, Joshi E, Vijayakumar S, Gupta G (2018b) Effect of silicon and phosphorus fertilization on growth, productivity and profitability of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa). Ind J Agric Sci 88:1600–1605 Jinger D, Devi MT, Dhar S, Dass A, Sharma VK, Vijayakumar S, Joshi E, Singh JHS (2020d) Silicon application mitigates abiotic stresses in rice: a review. Ind J Agric Sci 90:2043–2050 Jeer M, Yele Y, Sharma KC, Prakash NB (2020) Exogenous application of different silicon sources and potassium reduces pink stem borer damage and improves photosynthesis, yield and related parameters in wheat. Silicon. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00481-7 Pooja CR, Sharma SK, Jat G, Choudhary RS, Yadav SK, Jain RK, Neha (2019) Growth, yield and uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as influenced by doses of silicon and its time of application under organic farming. Int J Chem Stud 7:4498–4501 Bukhari MA, Ahmad Z, Ashraf MY, Afzal M, Nawaz F, Nafees M, Jatoi WN, Malghani NA, Shah AN, Manan A (2020) Silicon mitigates drought stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through improving photosynthetic pigments, biochemical and yield characters. Silicon. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00797-4 Jinger D, Dhar S, Dass A, Sharma VK, Vijayakumar S Gupta G (2020c) Influence of residual silicon and phosphorus on growth, productivity, lodging and grain quality of succeeding wheat under rice-wheat cropping system. J Environ Biol 41(6):1676–1684. Meena VD, Dotaniya ML, Coumar V, Rajendiran S, Kundu S, Rao AS (2014) A case for silicon fertilization to improve crop yields in tropical soils. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci 84:505–518 Rafi MM, Epstein E, Falk RH (1997) Silicon deprivation causes physical abnormalities in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). J Plant Physiol 151:497–501 Liang Y, Chen QIN, Liu Q, Zhang W, Ding R (2003) Exogenous silicon (Si) increases antioxidant enzyme activity and reduces lipid peroxidation in roots of salt-stressed barley (Hordeum vulgareL.). J Plant Physiol 160:1157–1164 Hossain MT, Mori R, Soga K, Wakabayashi K, Kamisaka S, Fujii S, Yamamoto R, Hoson T (2002) Growth promotion and an increase in cell wall extensibility by silicon in rice and some other Poaceae seedlings. J Plant Res 115:0023–0027 Suriyaprabha R, Karunakaran G, Yuvakkumar R, Rajendran V, Kannan N (2012) Silica nanoparticles for increased silica availability in maize (Zea mays. L) Seeds under hydroponic conditions. Current Nanosci 8:902–908 International Rice Research Institute (1965) Annual report Los Banos. Laguna, Philippines Indian Agriculture Research Institute (1987) Annual report. New Delhi, India, p 1988 Ma JF, Takahashi E (1990) The effect of silicic acid on rice in a P-deficient soil. Plant Soil 126:121–125 Agostinho FB, Tubana BS, Martins MS, Datnoff LE (2017) Effect of different silicon sources on yield and silicon uptake of rice grown under varying phosphorus rates. Plants 6:35. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants6030035 Kostic L, Nikolic N, Bosnic D, Samardzic J, Nikolic M (2017) Silicon increases phosphorus (P) uptake by wheat under low P acid soil conditions. Plant Soil 419:447–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3364-0 Neu S, Schaller J, Dudel EG (2017) Silicon availability modifies nutrient use efficiency and content, C:N:P stoichiometry, and productivity of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sci Rep 7:40829. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40829 Hu AY, Che J, Shao JF, Yokosho K, Zhao XQ, Shen RF (2018) Silicon accumulated in the shoots results in down-regulation of phosphorus transporter gene expression and decrease of phosphorus uptake in rice. Plant Soil 423:317–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3512-6 Zhang Y, Liang Y, Zhao X, Jin X, Hou L, Shi Y (2019) Silicon compensates phosphorus deficit-induced growth inhibition by improving photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant potential, and nutrient homeostasis in tomato. Agronomy 9:733. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110733 Li M, Wang Q, Liu Z, Pan X, Zhang Y (2019) Silicon application and related changes in soil bacterial community dynamics reduced ginseng black spot incidence in Panax ginseng in a short-term study. BMC Microbiol 19:263. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-019-1627-z Schaller J, Puppe D, Kaczorek D, Ellerbrock R, Sommer M (2021). Silicon cycling in soils revisited Plants 10:295. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020295 Singh A, Singh R, Singh K (2005) Growth, yield and economics of rice as influenced by level and time of silicon application. Ind J Agron 50:190–193 Nichols BA, Hopkins BG, Jolley VD, Bruce L, Greenwood BG, Buck JR (2001) Phosphorus and zinc interactions and their relationships with other nutrients in maize grown in chelator-buffered nutrient solution. J Plant Nutr 35:123–141 Syers JK, Johnston AE, Curtin D (2008) Efficiency of soil and fertilizer phosphorus use. FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin, Rome, Italy Jinger D, Dhar S, Dass A, Sharma VK, Paramesh V, Parihar M, Joshi E, Singhal V, Gupta G, Prasad D, Vijayakumar S (2021) Co-fertilization of silicon and phosphorus influenced influences the dry matter accumulation, grain yield, nutrient uptake, and nutrient-use efficiencies of aerobic rice. Silicon. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-01239-5 Amanullah I (2016) Residual phosphorus and zinc influence wheat productivity under rice–wheat cropping system. Springer Plus 5:2–9 Munir I, Ranjha AM, Sarfraz M, Rehman OU, Mehdi SM, Mahmood K (2004) Effect of residual phosphorus on sorghum fodder in two different textured soils. Int J Agric Biol 6:967–969 Clement HF, Putnam EW, Wilson JR (1967) Eliminating soil toxicities with calcium metasilicate. Hawaiian sugarcane Technol. Annu Rep:43–54 Hagihara HH (1971) Response of ratoons to calcium silicate. Hawaiian sugarcane technol. Annual Rep:88–94 Correa-Victoria FJ, Datnoff LE, Okada K, Friesen DK, Sanz JI, Snyder GH (2001) In: Datnoff LE, Snyder GH, Korndorfer GH (eds) Silicon in agriculture. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam Patel VN, Patel KC, Parmar VP (2019) Residual effect of silicon and Sulphur fertilization on growth and yield of wheat under rice-wheat cropping sequence. Crop Res 54:65–69 Yang L, Zhang Y, Li F (2012) Soil enzyme activities and soil fertility dynamics. In: Srivastava A (ed) Advances in citrus nutrition, Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London Khan I, Awan SA, Rizwan M, Ali S, Hassan MJ, Brestic M, Zhang X, Huang L (2021) Effects of silicon on heavy metal uptake at the soil-plant interphase: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 222:112510 Yang X, Liu J, McGrouther K, Huang H, Lu K, Guo X, He L, Lin X, Che L, Ye Z, Wang H (2016) Effect of biochar on the extractability of heavy metals (Cd,Cu, Pb, and Zn) and enzyme activity in soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:974–984. Ma C, Ci K, Zhu J, Sun Z, Liu Z, Li X, Zhu Y, Tang C, Wang P, Liu Z (2021) Impacts of exogenous mineral silicon on cadmium migration and transformation in the soil-rice system and on soil health. Sci Total Environ 759:143501 Wang L, Ashraf U, Chang C, Abrar M, Cheng X (2019) Effects of silicon and phosphatic fertilization on rice yield and soil fertility. J Soil Sci Pl Nutr 20:557–565 Li Z, Guo F, Cornelis JT, Song Z, Wang X, Delvaux B (2020) Combined silicon-phosphorus fertilization affects the biomass and phytolith stock of rice plants. Front Plant Sci 11:1–11 Kato N, Owa N (2012) Dissolution of slag fertilizers in a paddy soil and Siuptake by rice plant. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 43:329–341 Evans GC (1972) Quantitative analysis of growth. Blackwell, London Watson DJ (1952) The physiological basis of variation in yield. Adv Agron 4:101–145 Vance ED, Brookes PC, Jenkinson DS (1987) An extraction method for measuring microbial biomass C. Soil Biol Biochem 19:703–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(87)90052-6 Klein DA, Loh TC, Goulding RL (1971) A rapid procedure to evaluate dehydrogenase activity of soils low in organic matter. Soil Biol Biochem 3:385–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(71)90049-6 Green VS, Stott DE, Diack M (2006) Assay for fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity: optimization for soil samples. Soil Biol Biochem 38(693–701). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.06.020 Tabatabai MA, Bremner JM (1969) Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biol Biochem 1:301–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(69)90012-1 Lindner RC (1944) Rapid analytical method for some of the more common inorganic constituents of plant tissues. Plant Physiol 19:76–89 Koenig RA, Johnson CR (1942) Colorimetric determination of P in biological materials. Ind Eng Chem Anal 14:155–156 Elliot CL, Snyder GH (1991) Autoclave induced digestion for the colorimetric determination of silicon in rice straw. J Agric Food Chem 39:1118–1119 Gomez KA, Gomez AA (1984) Statistical procedures for agricultural research2nd edn. Willey, New York Subbarao A, Sammi Reddy K, Takkar PN (1996) Residual effects of phosphorus applied to soybean or wheat in a soybean-wheat cropping system on a typic haplustert. J Agric Sci Cambridge 127:325–330 Majeed MA, Ahmad R, Tahir M, Tanveer A, Ahmad M (2014) Effect of phosphorus fertilizer sources and rates on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Asi J Agric Biol 2:14–19 Singh AK, Singh R, Singh K (2005a) Growth, yield and economics of rice (Oryza sativa) as influenced by level and time of silicon application. Ind J Agron 50:190–193 Malik MD (1990) Management of phosphorus for wheat production in Punjab. Proc symposium on the role of phosphorus in crop production. 15–17 July 1990, Islamabad, Pakistan Sahrawat KL, Jones MP, Diatta S, Adam A (2001) Response of upland rice to fertilizer phosphorus and its residual value in an ultisols. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 32:2457–2468. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120000384 Takahashi S (2007) Residual effect of phosphorus fertilizer in a low-humic andosol with low extractable phosphorus. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 38:1479–1485. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620701378433 Prakash NB, Chandrashekhar N, Mahendra C, Thippeshappa GN, Laane HM (2011) Effect of foliar spray of soluble silicic acid on growth and yield parameters of wetland rice in hilly and coastal zone soils of Karnataka, South India. J Plant Nutr 34:1883–1893 Rehman OU, Ranjha AM, Mehdi SM, Ahmad B, Afzal S, Hannan A (2007) Residual effect and level of phosphorus decline under cereal based cropping system. Pak J Agri Sci 44:547–550 Harapiak JT, Beaton JD (1986) Review of phosphorus fertilizer, considerations for maximum yields in the great plain. J Fert 3:113–123 Jinger D, Dhar S, Dass A, Sharma VK, Parihar M, Rana K, Gupta G, Jatav HS (2020b) Crop productivity, grain quality, water use efficiency, and soil enzyme activity as influenced by silicon and phosphorus application in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa). Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 51:2147–2162 Kumari MS, Chandrasekhar Rao P, Padmaja G, Ramulu V, Saritha JD (2018) Effect of different sources of phosphorus on soil enzymes activity in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L). Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 7:340–349 Hafez EM, Osman HS, El-Razek UAA, Elbagory M, Omara AED, Eid MA, Gowayed SM (2021) Foliar-applied potassium silicate coupled with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improves growth, physiology, nutrient uptake and productivity of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) irrigated with saline water in salt-affected soil. Plants 10(894). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050894 Hasanuzzaman M, Bhuyan MHMB, Nahar K, Hossain S, Al Mahmud J, Hossen S, Masud AAC, Moumita M, Fujita M (2018) Potassium: a vital regulator of plant responses and tolerance to abiotic stresses. Agronomy 8:31. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8030031 Youssif NEE, Osman HSM, Salama YAM, Zaghlool SAM (2018) Effect of rice straw and applications of potassium silicate, potassium humate and seaweed extract on growth and some macronutrients of sweet pepper plants under irrigation deficit. Arab Univ J Agric Sci 26:755–773 Samaddar S, Truu J, Chatterjee P, Truu M, Kim K, Kim S, Seshadri S, Sa T (2019) Long-term silicate fertilization increases the abundance of Actinobacterial population in paddy soils. Biol Fertil Soils 55:109–120 Ding Z, Kheir AMS, Ali OAM, Hafez EM, ElShamey EA, Zhou Z, Wang B, Lin X, Ge Y, Fahmy AE, Seleiman MF (2021) A vermicompost and deep tillage system to improve saline-sodic soil quality and wheat productivity. J Environ Manag 277:111388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111388 Jenkinson DS, Ladd JN (1981) Microbial biomass in soil: measurement and turnover. Soil Biochem 5:415–417 Liang B, Yang X, He X, Zhou J (2011) Effects of 17-year fertilization on soil microbial biomass C and N and soluble organic C and N in loessial soil during maize growth. Biol Fertil Soils 47:121–128 Jedidi N, Hassen A, Van CO, Hiri A (2004) Microbial biomass in a soil amended with different types of organic wastes. Waste Manag Res 22:93–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X04043930 Das S, SukGwon H, Khan MI, Jeong ST, Kim PJ (2020) Steel slag amendment impacts on soil microbial communities and activities of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sci Rep 10(6746). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63783-1 Sarapatka B, Dudova L, Krskova M (2004) Effect of pH and phosphate supply on acid phosphatase activity in cereal roots. Biologia Bratislava 59:127–131 Tran HT, Hurley BA, Plaxtona WC (2010) Feeding hungry plants: the role of purple acid phosphatases in phosphate nutrition. Plant Sci 179:14–27 Guo ZG, Liu HX, Tian FP, Zhang ZH, Wang SM (2006) Effect of silicon on the morphology of shoots and roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Aus J Exp Agric 46:1161–1166 Pati S, Saha S, Saha S, Pal B, Saha B, Hazra GC (2018) Soil application of silicon: effects on economic yield and nutrition of phosphorus, zinc and iron in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Ind Soc Soil Sci 66:329–335. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-0228.2018.00041.5 Kumawat C, Sharma VK, Meena MC, Kumar S, Barman M, Chobhe KA, Yadav R (2017) Fluorescein Diacetate activity as affected by residue retention and P fertilization in maize under maize-wheat cropping system. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6:2571–2577. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.289 Yang Y, Wu L, Lin Q, Yuan M, Xu D, Yu H, Xue K (2013) Responses of the functional structure of soil microbial community to livestock grazing in the Tibetan alpine grassland. Glob Change Biol 19:637–648 Kukreti B, Sharma A, Chaudhary P, Agri U, Maithani D (2020) Influence of nano-silicon dioxide along with bio-inoculants on Zea mays and its rhizospheric soil. 3 Biotech 10:345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02329-8 Singh T, Rai RK (2003) Growth parameters, nutrient uptake and soil fertility under wheat (Triticum aestivum) as influenced by levels of phosphorus and phosphate-solubilizing micro-organisms. Indian J Agron 48:182–185 Singh U, Ahlawat IPS (2006) Productivity, nutrient uptake and soil fertility as influenced by phosphorus management in pigeon pea-wheat cropping system. Ind J Agric Sci 76:538–543 Soratto RP, Crusciol CAC, Castro GSA, De Costa CHM, Neto JF (2012) Leaf application of silicic acid to white oat and wheat. Braz J Soil Sci 36:1538–1544. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832012000500018 Carvalho-pupatto JG, Bull LT, Crusciol CAC, Mauad M, Silva RH (2003) Effect of blast furnace slag on root growth and yield of rice. Braz Agric Res 38:938–943. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2003001100011 Mehdi SM, Muhammad A, Muhammad S, Mudassar H, Farhan H (2007) Wheat response to applied phosphorus in light textured soil. J Biol Sci 7:1535–1538 Roy AC, Ali MY, Fox RL, Silva JA (1971) Influence of calcium silicate on phosphate solubility and availability in Hawaiian latosols. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Soil Fertility and Evaluation. Indian Society of Soil Science, New Delhi, India pp. 757–765. Owino-Gerroh C, Gascho GJ (2004) Effect of silicon on low pH soil phosphorus sorption and on uptake and growth of maize. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 35:2369–2378 Subramanian S, Gopalswamy A (1990) Effect of moisture, organic matter, phosphate, and silicate on availability of silicon and phosphorus in rice soils. J Ind Soc Soil Sci 39:99–103 Tavakkoli E, English P, Guppy CN (2011) Interaction of silicon and phosphorus mitigate manganese toxicity in rice in a highly weathered soil. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 42:503–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2011.546931 Sharma A, Rawat US, Yadav BK (2012) Influence of phosphorus levels and phosphorus solubilizing fungi on yield and nutrient uptake by wheat under sub-humid region of Rajasthan. International Scholarly Research Network, India. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/234656 Chanchareonsook J, Suwannnarat C, Thongpae S, Chanchareonsook S, Thinyai P (2002) Effects of application of chemical fertilizer in combination with silicon on yield and nutrient uptake of rice in an acid sulfate soil. In proceedings of the Symposium on 17th World Congress of Soil Science, 14–21 August 2002, Bangkok, Thailand, p. 1894 Wang D, Wang X, Li S, Xu J (2010) Effects of silicon-phosphorus interactions on soil enzyme activities. J Northeast Agric Univ 41:70–77 Walsh OS, Sanaz-Shafian ID, McClintick-Chess JR, Belmont KM, Blanscet SM (2018) Potential of silicon amendment for improved wheat production. Plants 7:26. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants7020026 Sirisuntornlak N, Ullah H, Sonjaroon W, Anusontpornperm S, Arirob W, Datta A (2020) Interactive effects of silicon and soil ph on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of maize. Silicon. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00427-z Verma KK, Song XP, Lin B, Guo DJ, Singh M, Rajput VD, Singh RK, Singh P, Sharma A, Malviya MK, Chen GL, Li YR (2021) Silicon induced drought tolerance in crop plants: physiological adaptation strategies. Silicon. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-01071-x