Research on speech motor control and its disorders

Abwender, 1998, Features resembling Tourettes-syndrome in developmental stutterers, Brain & Language, 62, 455, 10.1006/brln.1998.1948

Ambrose, 1997, The genetic basis of persistence and recovery in stuttering, Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 40, 567, 10.1044/jslhr.4003.567

Ambrose, 1993, Genetic aspects of early childhood stuttering, Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 36, 701, 10.1044/jshr.3604.701

Anderson, 1999, Developmental stuttering and Parkinson's disease, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 66, 776, 10.1136/jnnp.66.6.776

Auzou, 1998, Clinical assessment of dysarthria, Revue Neurologique, 154, 523

Baddeley, 1998, The phonological loop as a language learning device, Psychological Review, 105, 158, 10.1037/0033-295X.105.1.158

Bailly, 1997, Learning to speak—sensori-motor control of speech movements, Speech Communication, 22, 251, 10.1016/S0167-6393(97)00025-3

Barlow, 1999

Baumgartner, 1997, Psychogenic stuttering in adults with and without neurologic disease, Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 2, 75

Bishop, 1996, Nonword repetition as a behavioural marker for inherited language impairment, Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 37, 391, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01420.x

Boliek, 1996, Vocalization and breathing during the first year of life, Journal of Voice, 10, 1, 10.1016/S0892-1997(96)80015-4

Boliek, 1997, Vocalization and breathing during the second and third years of life, Journal of Voice, 11, 373, 10.1016/S0892-1997(97)80033-1

Bosshardt, 1999, Effects of concurrent mental calculation on stuttering, inhalation and speech timing, Journal of Fluency Disorders, 24, 43, 10.1016/S0094-730X(98)00022-9

de Boysson-Bardies, 1999

Brady, 1998, Drug-induced stuttering, Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18, 50, 10.1097/00004714-199802000-00008

Braun, 1997, Altered patterns of cerebral activity during speech and language production in developmental stuttering—an H20-15 positron emission tomography study, Brain, 120, 761, 10.1093/brain/120.5.761

Browman, 1986, Towards an articulatory phonology, Phonology Yearbook, 3, 219, 10.1017/S0952675700000658

Browman, 1992, Articulatory phonology, Phonetica, 49, 155, 10.1159/000261913

Callan, 2000, An auditory-feedback-based neural network model of speech production that is robust to developmental changes in the size and shape of the articulatory system, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43, 721, 10.1044/jslhr.4303.721

Canter, 1971, Observations on neural stuttering, British Journal of Communication Disorders, 6, 139, 10.3109/13682827109011539

1999

Chen, 1999, Bilateral cortical representation of the intrinsic lingual muscles, Neurology, 52, 411, 10.1212/WNL.52.2.411

Chi-Fishman, 1998, Lingual action in normal sequential swallowing, Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 41, 771, 10.1044/jslhr.4104.771

Cleary, 1998, 3

Code, 1998, Models, theories and heuristics in apraxia of speech, Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 12, 47, 10.3109/02699209808985212

Conture, 1996, Treatment efficacy, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 39, S18, 10.1044/jshr.3905.s18

Cordes, 1998, Current status of the stuttering treatment literature, 117

Cutler, 1997, Prosody in the comprehension of spoken language, Language & Speech, 40, 141, 10.1177/002383099704000203

Darley, 1969, Differential diagnostic patterns of dysarthria, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 12, 249, 10.1044/jshr.1202.246

Darley, 1969, Cluster of deviant speech dimensions in the dysarthrias, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 12, 462, 10.1044/jshr.1203.462

Davis, 1998, Developmental apraxia of speech—determiners of differential diagnosis, Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 12, 25, 10.3109/02699209808985211

Davis, 1996, Neural control of vocalization, Journal of Voice, 10, 23, 10.1016/S0892-1997(96)80016-6

Demirkol, 1999, Bilateral globus pallidus lesions in a patient with Tourette syndrome and related disorders, Biological Psychiatry, 46, 863, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00087-6

Dewey, 1995, What is developmental dyspraxia?, Brain & Cognition, 29, 254, 10.1006/brcg.1995.1281

Dogil, 1998, Selective phonological impairment, Phonology, 15, 143, 10.1017/S095267579800356X

Dollaghan, 1998, Nonword repetition and child language development, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, 1136, 10.1044/jslhr.4105.1136

Doupe, 1999, Birdsong and human speech, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 22, 567, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.567

Dronkers, 1996, A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation, Nature, 384, 159, 10.1038/384159a0

Duffy, 1994, Emerging and future issues in motor speech disorders, American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, 36, 10.1044/1058-0360.0303.36

Duffy, 1995

Edwards, 1984

Ejiri, 1998, Relationship between rhythmic behavior and canonical babbling in infant development, Phonetica, 55, 226, 10.1159/000028434

Enderby, 1983

Enderby, 1986, Relationships between dysarthric groups, British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 21, 189, 10.3109/13682828609012276

Epstein, 1998, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 15, 325, 10.1097/00004691-199807000-00004

Epstein, 1999, Localization and characterization of speech arrest during transcranial magnetic stimulation, Clinical Neurophysiology, 110, 1073, 10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00047-4

Fell, 1999, Automatic babble recognition for early detection of speech related disorders, Behavior & Information Technology, 18, 56, 10.1080/014492999119255

Felsenfeld, 1996, Progress and needs in the genetics of stuttering, Journal of Fluency Disorders, 21, 77, 10.1016/0094-730X(96)00017-4

Felsenfeld, 1997, Epidemiology and genetics of stuttering, 3

Finan, 1998, Intrinsic dynamics and mechanosensory modulation of non-nutritive sucking in human infants, Early Human Development, 52, 181, 10.1016/S0378-3782(98)00029-2

Fink, 1986, Complexity, Science, 231, 319, 10.1126/science.231.4736.319-b

Finn, 1996, Establishing the validity of recovery from stuttering without treatment, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 39, 1171, 10.1044/jshr.3906.1171

Finn, 1998, Recovery without treatment, 3

Fisher, 1998, Localisation of a gene implicated in a severe speech and language disorder, Nature Genetics, 18, 168, 10.1038/ng0298-168

Fitch, 1999, Morphology and development of the human vocal tract, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106, 1511, 10.1121/1.427148

Fletcher, 1999, Acoustics of the avian vocal tract, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105, 35, 10.1121/1.424620

Forrest, 1999, Feature analysis of segmental errors in children with phonological disorders, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 187, 10.1044/jslhr.4201.187

Fox, 1996, A PET study of the neural systems of stuttering, Nature, 382, 158, 10.1038/382158a0

Fujimura, 1992, Phonology and phonetics–A syllable-based model of articulatory organization, Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan, 13, 39, 10.1250/ast.13.39

Fujimura, 1994, C/D model, DIMACS Series in Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, 17, 1, 10.1090/dimacs/017/01

Gentil, 1998, Effects of levodopa on finger and orofacial movements in Parkinson's disease, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 22, 1261, 10.1016/S0278-5846(98)00081-5

Gerratt, 1991, Use and perceived value of perceptual and instrumental measures in dysarthria management, 77

Ghezzi, 1998, A simple method for recording motor evoked potentials of lingual muscles to transcranial magnetic and peripheral electrical stimulation, Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 109, 114, 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00008-3

Giedd, 1996, Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of human brain development, Cerebral Cortex, 6, 551, 10.1093/cercor/6.4.551

Goffman, 1999, Development and phonetic differentiation of speech movement patterns, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 649

Grant, 1999, Stroke-associated stuttering, Archives of Neurology, 56, 624, 10.1001/archneur.56.5.624

Green, 2000, The physiologic development of speech motor control, Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 43, 239, 10.1044/jslhr.4301.239

Green, 1997, Development of chewing in children from 12–48 months, Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 2704, 10.1152/jn.1997.77.5.2704

Groenen, 1996, The specific relation between perception and production errors for place of articulation in developmental apraxia of speech, Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 39, 468, 10.1044/jshr.3903.468

Guenther, 1995, Speech sound acquisition, coarticulation, and rate effects in a neural network model of speech production, Psychological Review, 102, 594, 10.1037/0033-295X.102.3.594

Guenther, 1998, A theoretical investigation of reference frames for the planning of speech movements, Psychological Review, 105, 611, 10.1037/0033-295X.105.4.611-633

Hall, 1999, Speech disruptions in pre-school children with specific language impairment and phonological impairment, Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 13, 295, 10.1080/026992099299095

Hall, 1993

Hancock, 1998, Two- to six-year controlled-trial stuttering outcomes for children and adolescents, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, 1242, 10.1044/jslhr.4106.1242

Hauser, 1996

Hertrich, 1998, Gender-specific phonatory dysfunctions in disorders of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, 448

Heuer, 1996, Neurogenic stuttering, Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal, 75, 161, 10.1177/014556139607500312

Hodge, 1994, Assessment of children with developmental apraxia of speech, Clinics in Communication Disorders, 4, 91

Hodge, 1994, Assessment of children with developmental apraxia of speech, Clinics in Communication Disorders, 4, 102

Howell, 1999, Exchange of stuttering from function words to content words, Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research, 42, 345, 10.1044/jslhr.4202.345

Hua, 1998, The role of the thalamus and basal ganglia in parkinsonian tremor, Movement Disorders, 13, 40

Huber, 1999, The role of piracetam in the treatment of acute and chronic aphasia, Pharmacopsychiatry, 32, 38, 10.1055/s-2007-979235

Ingham, 1998, Guidelines for documentation of treatment efficacy for young children who stutter, Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research, 41, 753, 10.1044/jslhr.4104.753

Ingham, 1998, On learning from speech-motor control research on stuttering, 67

Jancke, 1997, Timing and stiffness in speech motor control of stuttering and nonstuttering adults, Journal of Fluency Disorders, 22, 309, 10.1016/S0094-730X(97)00022-3

Jarvis, 1997, Motor-driven gene expression, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 4097, 10.1073/pnas.94.8.4097

Johnson, 1997, Infant growth and development, Pediatrics in Review, 18, 224, 10.1542/pir.18-7-224

Kalinowski, 1998, A latent trait approach to the development of persistent stuttering, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87, 1331, 10.2466/pms.1998.87.3f.1331

Kent, 1992, Quantitative description of the dysarthria in women with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 723, 10.1044/jshr.3504.723

Kent, 1996, Models of speech production, 3

Kent, 1998, The dysarthrias, Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 6, 165

Kent, 1999, Acoustic studies of dysarthria, Journal of Communication Disorders, 32, 141, 10.1016/S0021-9924(99)00004-0

Kidd, 1980, Genetic models of stuttering, Journal of Fluency Disorders, 5, 187, 10.1016/0094-730X(80)90028-5

Kono, 1998, A case of acquired stuttering resulting from striatocapsular infarction, Rinsho Shinkegaku-Clinical Neurology, 38, 758

Kuriki, 1999, Motor planning center for speech articulation in the human brain, Neuroreport, 10, 765, 10.1097/00001756-199903170-00019

Lauter, 1995, Visions of speech and language, 277

Lawrence, 1998, Stuttering—a brief review, American Family Physician, 57, 2175

Lee, 1999, Acoustics of children's speech, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105, 1455, 10.1121/1.426686

Leonardo, 1999, Decrystalization of adult birdsong by perturbation of auditory feedback, Nature, 399, 466, 10.1038/20933

Levelt, 1989

Levelt, 1999, A theory of lexical access in speech production, Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 22, 1, 10.1017/S0140525X99001776

Levin, 1999, Babbling in infants with cerebral palsy, Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 13, 249, 10.1080/026992099299077

Linville, 1996, The sound of senescence, Journal of Voice, 10, 190, 10.1016/S0892-1997(96)80046-4

Logan, 1999, Grammatical characteristics of children's conversational utterances that contain disfluency clusters, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 80, 10.1044/jslhr.4201.80

Lucero, 1999, A model of facial biomechanics for speech production, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106, 2834, 10.1121/1.428108

Marion, 1993, The perception and production of rhyme in normal and developmentally apraxic children, Journal of Communication Disorders, 26, 129, 10.1016/0021-9924(93)90005-U

McCabe, 1998, Features of developmental dyspraxia in the general speech-impaired population, Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 12, 105, 10.3109/02699209808985216

McNeil, 1997

Meyer, 1997, Word form generation in language production, 73

Moller, 1999, Analysis of infant cries for the early detection of hearing impairment, Speech Communication, 28, 175, 10.1016/S0167-6393(99)00016-3

Moon, 1993, Air pressure regulation during speech production, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 94, 54, 10.1121/1.407067

Moore, 1996, Does speech emerge from earlier appearing motor behaviors?, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 39, 1034, 10.1044/jshr.3905.1034

Murdoch, 1995, Impaired tongue strength and endurance in developmental verbal apraxia, European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 30, 51, 10.3109/13682829509031322

Muroi, 1999, Cessation of stuttering after bilateral thalamic infarction, Neurology, 53, 890, 10.1212/WNL.53.4.890

Myers, 1996, Annotations of research and clinical perspectives on cluttering since 1964, Journal of Fluency Disorders, 21, 187, 10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00022-8

Nagao, 1999, Apraxia of speech associated with an infarct in the precentral gyrus of the insula, Neuroradiology, 41, 356, 10.1007/s002340050764

Numminen, 1999, Subject's own speech reduces reactivity of the human auditory cortex, Neuroscience Letters, 265, 119, 10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00218-9

Obel, 1998, Smoking during pregnancy and babbling abilities of the 8-month-old infant, Paediatric & Perinatal Epidemiology, 12, 37, 10.1111/j.1365-3016.1998.00094.x

Oller, 1999, Precursors to speech in infancy, Journal of Communication Disorders, 32, 223, 10.1016/S0021-9924(99)00013-1

Ozanne, 1995, The search for developmental verbal dyspraxia, 91

Pannbacker, 1988, Management strategies for developmental apraxia of speech, Journal of Communication Disorders, 21, 363, 10.1016/0021-9924(88)90021-4

Paul, 1999, Assessing speech, language, and communication, Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 8, 297, 10.1016/S1056-4993(18)30182-2

Paus, 1999, Structural maturation of neural pathways in children and adolescents, Science, 283, 1908, 10.1126/science.283.5409.1908

Perkell, 1997, Speech motor control, Speech Communication, 22, 227, 10.1016/S0167-6393(97)00026-5

Perkins, 1994, Repetitiveness in language disorders, Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 8, 321, 10.3109/02699209408985315

Peters, 2000, Recent developments in speech motor research into stuttering, Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 52, 103, 10.1159/000021518

Peters, 1990, The interaction between speech motor coordination and language processes in the development of stuttering, Journal of Fluency Disorders, 15, 115, 10.1016/0094-730X(90)90038-T

Petinou, 1999, The impact of otitis media with effusion on early phonetic inventories, Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 13, 351, 10.1080/026992099299022

Poeck, 1998, Piracetam treatment in post-stroke aphasia, CNS Drugs, 9, 51, 10.2165/00023210-199809001-00006

Poluha, 1998, Handwriting and speech changes across the levodopa cycle in Parkinson's disease, Acta Psychologica, 100, 71, 10.1016/S0001-6918(98)00026-2

Poole, 1997, The mechanisms for adult-onset apraxia and developmental dyspraxia, American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 51, 339, 10.5014/ajot.51.5.339

Postma, 1990, Speech planning and execution in stutterers, Journal of Fluency Disorders, 15, 49, 10.1016/0094-730X(90)90032-N

Rademaker, 1998, Age and volume effects on liquid swallowing function in normal women, Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 41, 275, 10.1044/jslhr.4102.275

Ramig, 1998, Treatment of speech and voice problems associated with Parkinson's disease, Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 14, 28, 10.1097/00013614-199812000-00005

Ramig, 1994, Voice treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease, Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 2, 191

Ratner, 1997, Linguistic behaviors at the onset of stuttering, 585

Ratner, 1997, Stuttering, 99

Rogers, 1999, Planning speech one syllable at a time, Aphasiology, 13, 793, 10.1080/026870399401885

Rvachew, 1999, The impact of early onset otitis media on babbling and early language development, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105, 467, 10.1121/1.424575

Sahlen, 1998, Language comprehension and non-word repetition in children with language impairment, Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 13, 369

Salmelin, 1998, Functional organization of the auditory cortex is different in stutterers and fluent speakers, Neuroreport, 9, 2225, 10.1097/00001756-199807130-00014

Saltzman, 1989, A dynamical approach to gestural patterning in speech production, Ecological Psychology, 1, 333, 10.1207/s15326969eco0104_2

Sanguineti, 1998, A dynamic biomechanical model for neural control of speech production, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 103, 1615, 10.1121/1.421296

Scheffer, 1995, Autosomal dominant rolandic epilepsy and speech dyspraxia, Annals of Neurology, 38, 633, 10.1002/ana.410380412

Schrag, 1999, Unilateral pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 67, 511, 10.1136/jnnp.67.4.511

Scott, 1998, Neuropsychological, neurological and functional outcome following pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease–a consecutive series of eight simultaneous bilateral and twelve unilateral procedures, Brain, 121, 659, 10.1093/brain/121.4.659

Shriberg, 1997, Developmental apraxia of speech, Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 40, 273, 10.1044/jslhr.4002.273

Shriberg, 1997, Developmental apraxia of speech, Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 40, 286, 10.1044/jslhr.4002.286

Shriberg, 1997, Developmental apraxia of speech, Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 40, 313, 10.1044/jslhr.4002.313

Sidtis, 1999, Are brain functions really additive?, Neuroimage, 9, 490, 10.1006/nimg.1999.0423

Simmons, 1997, The use of the Mayo Clinic system for differential diagnosis of dysarthria, Journal of Communication Disorders, 30, 117, 10.1016/S0021-9924(96)00058-5

Skinder, 1999, Perceptual and acoustic analysis of lexical and sentential stress in children with developmental apraxia of speech, Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 7, 133

Smith, 1998, Stability and patterning of movement sequences in children and adults, Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 41, 18, 10.1044/jslhr.4101.18

Solomon, 1998, Speech breathing in able-bodied children and children with cerebral palsy, American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 7, 61, 10.1044/1058-0360.0702.61

Solomon, N.P., McKee, A.S., Larson, K.L., Nawrocki, M.D., Tuite, P.J., Eriksen, S., Low, W.C., & Maxwell, R.E. (2000). Effects of pallidal stimulation on speech in three men with severe Parkinson's disease. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Square, 1994, Treatment approaches for developmental apraxia of speech, Clinics in Communication Disorders, 4, 151

Square, 1999, Treatment of developmental apraxia of speech, 149

Stark, 1997, Oral volitional movements in children with language impairments, Child Neuropsychology, 3, 81, 10.1080/09297049708401370

Strand, 1999, Treatment of developmental apraxia of speech, 109

Strand, 1994, Description and classification of individuals with dysarthria, 37

Suthers, 1999, The neuromuscular control of birdsong, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London—Series B: Biological Sciences, 354, 927, 10.1098/rstb.1999.0444

Syrdal, 1995

Thoonen, 1999, Validity of maximum performance tasks to diagnose motor speech disorders in children, Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 13, 1, 10.1080/026992099299211

Thoonen, 1997, Towards a standardised assessment procedure for developmental apraxia of speech, European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 32, 37, 10.3109/13682829709021455

Trompetto, 1998, Responses of masseter muscles to transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology, 109, 309, 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00025-3

Tsumoto, 1999, Acquired stuttering associated with callosal infarction, No Shinkei Geka—Neurological Surgery, 27, 79

Tyler, 1987, The process of spoken word recognition, 1

Urban, 1998, Corticobulbar tract involvement in amytrophic lateral sclerosis. A transcranial magnetic stimulation study, Brain, 121, 1099, 10.1093/brain/121.6.1099

Van Lieshout, 1996, Speech production in people who stutter—testing the motor plan assembly hypothesis, Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 39, 76, 10.1044/jshr.3901.76

Van Lieshout, 1996, From planning to articulation in speech production—what differentiates a person who stutters from a person who does not stutter, Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 39, 546, 10.1044/jshr.3903.546

Van Mourik, 1997, Acquired childhood dysarthria, Pediatric Neurology, 17, 299, 10.1016/S0887-8994(97)00081-7

Van Mourik, 1998, Dysarthria in children with cerebellar or brainstem tumors, Pediatric Neurology, 18, 411, 10.1016/S0887-8994(97)00232-4

Vargha-Khadem, 1998, Neural basis of an inherited speech and language disorder, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 12695, 10.1073/pnas.95.21.12695

Varley, 1999, Apraxia of speech as a disruption of word-level schemata, Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 7, 127

Vihman, 1996

Vorperian, 1999, MRI procedures to study the concurrent anatomic development of vocal tract structures, International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 49, 197, 10.1016/S0165-5876(99)00208-6

Wambaugh, 1998, Effects of treatment for sound errors in apraxia of speech and aphasia, Journal of Speech Language & Hearing Research, 41, 725, 10.1044/jslhr.4104.725

Ward, 1997, Intrinsic and extrinsic timing in stutterers speech—data and implications, Language & Speech, 40, 289, 10.1177/002383099704000305

Warren, 1986, Compensatory speech behaviors in individuals with cleft palate, Cleft Palate Journal, 23, 251

Warren, 1990, Maintaining speech pressures in the presence of velopharyngeal impairment, Cleft Palate Journal, 27, 53, 10.1597/1545-1569(1990)027<0053:MSPITP>2.3.CO;2

Warren, 1989, The speech regulating system, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 32, 566, 10.1044/jshr.3203.566

Weismer, 1997, Motor speech disorders, 191

Weismer, 1991, Age and speech motor control, 205

Whiteside, 1998, A reconceptualisation of apraxia of speech, Cortex, 34, 221, 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70749-4

Wise, 1999, Brain regions involved in articulation, Lancet, 353, 1057, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07491-1

Wohlert, 1998, Spatiotemporal stability of lip movements in older adult speakers, Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 41, 41, 10.1044/jslhr.4101.41

Wu, 1997, Increased dopamine activity associated with stuttering, Neuroreport, 8, 767, 10.1097/00001756-199702100-00037

Yairi, 1999, Epidemiologic factors and stuttering research, 45

Yairi, 1999, Early childhood stuttering, Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 42, 1097, 10.1044/jslhr.4205.1097

Yaruss, 1999, Utterance length, syntactic complexity, and childhood stuttering, Journal of Speech, Language, & Hearing Research, 42, 329, 10.1044/jslhr.4202.329

Yorkston, 1996, Treatment efficacy, Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 39, S46, 10.1044/jshr.3905.s46

Yoss, 1974, Developmental apraxia of speech in children with defective articulation, Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 17, 399, 10.1044/jshr.1703.399

Zelaznik, 1997, Differences in bimanual coordination associated with stuttering, Acta Psychologica, 96, 229, 10.1016/S0001-6918(97)00014-0