Research on retention forestry in Northern Europe

Abrahamsson M, Jonsell M, Niklasson M, Lindbladh M (2009) Saproxylic beetle assemblages in artificially created high-stumps of spruce (Picea abies) and birch (Betula pendula/pubescens) - does the surrounding landscape matter? Insect Conserv Divers 2:284–294

Abrahamsson M, Lindbladh M (2006) A comparison of saproxylic beetle occurrence between man-made high- and low-stumps of spruce (Picea abies). For Ecol Manag 226:230–237

Abrahamsson M, Lindbladh M, Rönnberg J (2008) Influence of butt rot on beetle diversity in artificially created high-stumps of Norway spruce. For Ecol Manag 255:3396–3403

Ahti T, Hämet-Ahti L, Jalas J (1968) Vegetation zones and their sections in north-western Europe. Ann Zool Fenn 5:169–211

Andersson L, Alekseeva N, Kuznetsova E (2009) Survey of biologically valuable forests in the northwestern European Russia. Volume 2. Guidebook for identification of species in the forest stand level of survey. StP, Pobeda Publ. 238 p. (in Russian)

Beese WJ, Deal J, Dunsworth BG, Mitchell SJ, Philpott TJ (2019) Two decades of variable retention in British Columbia: a review of its implementation and effectiveness for biodiversity conservation. Ecol Process 8:33

Cherubini F, Santaniello F, Hu X, Sonesson J, Hammer Strømman A, Weslien J, Djupström LB, Ranius T (2018) Climate impacts of retention forestry in a Swedish boreal pine forest. J Land Use Sci 13:301–318

Collaboration for Environmental Evidence. 2018. Guidelines and Standards for Evidence synthesis in Environmental Management. Version 5.0 (AS Pullin, GK Frampton, B Livoreil & G Petrokofsky, Eds)

Djupström L, Weslien J (2019) Forest management and biological conservation in old pine forests A long-term field experiment at Effaråsen in Sweden Part 1 2012-2018. Skogforsk, Uppsala

Djupström LB, Weslien J, ten Hoopen J, Schroeder LM (2012) Restoration of habitats for a threatened saproxylic beetle species in a boreal landscape by retaining dead wood on clear-cuts. Biol Conserv 155:44–49

Dynesius M, Hylander K (2007) Resilience of bryophyte communities to clear-cutting of boreal stream-side forests. Biol Conserv 135:423–434

Ekbom B, Schroeder LM, Larsson S (2006) Stand specific occurrence of coarse woody debris in a managed boreal forest landscape in central Sweden. For Ecol Manag 221:2–12

Elfving B, Jakobsson R (2006) Effects of retained trees on tree growth and field vegetation in Pinus sylvestris stands in Sweden. Scand J For Res 21:29–36

Esseen PA (1994) Tree mortality patterns after experimental fragmentation of an old-growth conifer forest. Biol Conserv 68:19–28

Fadeeva M, Kravchenko A (2018) Lichens of clear cut areas in the southern Karelian forests. In: Fungal communities in forest ecosystems. Vol. 5. Moscow – Petrozavodsk. Pp: 122-135. (in Russian)

Fedrowitz K, Koricheva J, Baker SC, Lindenmayer DB, Palik B, Rosenvald R, Beese W, Franklin JF, Kouki J, Macdonald E, Messier C, Sverdrup-Thygeson A, Gustafsson L (2014) Can retention forestry help conserve biodiversity? A meta-analysis. J Appl Ecol 51:1669–1679

Fossestøl KO, Sverdrup-Thygeson A (2009) Saproxylic beetles in high stumps and residual downed wood on clear-cuts and in forest edges. Scand J For Res 24:403–416

Gibb H, Pettersson RB, Hjältén J, Hilszczański J, Ball JP, Johansson T, Atlegrim O, Danell K (2006) Conservation-oriented forestry and early successional saproxylic beetles: Responses of functional groups to manipulated dead wood substrates. Biol Conserv 129:437–450

Glushkovskaya N (2010) Lichenized fungi of Pskov model forest. In: The results of biodiversity survey in Pskov model forest. Ed. by Zagidullina AT and Romanyuk BD. Pp: 39-44 (in Russian)

Gromtsev A, Kravchenko A, Kurhinen Y, Sazonov S (2010) Dynamics of forest communities, flora and fauna in the European taiga under natural conditions and after anthropogenic influence: an attempt of research and generalization. Proc. Karelian Res. Centre RAS 1:16–33 (in Russian)

Gustafsson L, Baker SC, Bauhus J, Beese WJ, Brodie A, Kouki J, Lindenmayer DB, Lõhmus A, Martínez Pastur G, Messier C, Neyland M, Palik B, Sverdrup-Thygeson A, Volney JA, Wayne A, F ranklin JF (2012) Retention forestry to maintain multifunctional forests: A World Perspective. BioScience 62:633–645

Gustafsson L, Bauhus J, Asbeck T, Augustynczik ALD, Basile M, Frey J, Gutzat F, Hanewinkel M, Helbach J, Jonker M, Knuff A, Messier C, Penner J, Pyttel P, Reif A, Storch F, Winiger N, Winke G, Yousefpour R, Storch I (2019) Retention as an integrated biodiversity conservation approach for continuous-cover forestry in Europe. Ambio 49:85–97

Gustafsson L, Fedrowitz K, Hazell P (2013) Survival and vitality of a macrolichen 14 years after transplantation on aspen trees retained at clearcutting. For Ecol Manag 291:436–441

Gustafsson L, Kouki J, Sverdrup-Thygeson A (2010) Tree retention as a conservation measure in clear-cut forests of northern Europe: a review of ecological consequences. Scand J For Res 25:295–308

Hågvar S, Nygaard P, Baekken BT (2004) Retention of forest strips for bird-life adjacent to water and bogs in Norway: Effect of different widths and habitat variables. Scand J For Res 19:452–465

Hallinger M, Johansson V, Schmalholz M, Sjöberg S, Ranius T (2016) Factors driving tree mortality in retained forest fragments. For Ecol Manag 368:163–172

Hämäläinen A (2016) Retention forestry and intensified biomass harvest: epiphytic lichen assemblages under opposing ecological effects in pine-dominated boreal forests. Diss For 218. School of Forest Sciences Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland. Joensuu.

Hämäläinen A, Hujo M, Heikkala O, Junninen K, Kouki J (2016) Retention tree characteristics have major influence on the post-harvest tree mortality and availability of coarse woody debris in clear-cut areas. For Ecol Manag 369:66–73

Hämäläinen A, Kouki J, Lõhmus P (2014) The value of retained Scots pines and their dead wood legacies for lichen diversity in clear-cut forests: The effects of retention level and prescribed burning. For Ecol Manag 324:89–100

Hautala H, Jalonen J, Laaka-Lindberg S, Vanha-Majamaa I (2004) Impacts of retention felling on coarse woody debris (CWD) in mature boreal spruce forests in Finland. Biodivers Conserv 13:1541–1554

Hautala H, Laaka-Lindberg S, Vanha-Majamaa I (2011) Effects of retention felling on epixylic species in boreal spruce forests in southern Finland. Restor Ecol 19:418–429

Hautala H, Vanha-Majamaa I (2006) Immediate tree uprooting after retention-felling in a coniferous boreal forest in Fennoscandia. Can J For Res 36:3167–3172

Hedenås H, Ericson L (2000) Epiphytic macrolichens as conservation indicators: successional sequence in Populus tremula stands. Biol Conserv 93:43–53

Hedgren PO (2007) Early arriving saproxylic beetles (Coleoptera) and parasitoids (Hymenoptera) in low and high stumps of Norway spruce. For Ecol Manag 241:155–161

Heikkala O, Martikainen P, Kouki J (2016) Decadal effects of emulating natural disturbances in forest management on saproxylic beetle assemblages. Biol Conserv 194:39–47

Heikkala O, Martikainen P, Kouki J (2017) Prescribed burning is an effective and quick method to conserve rare pyrophilous forest-dwelling flat bugs. Insect Conserv Divers 10:32–41

Hilszczański J, Gibb H, Hjältén J, Atlegrim O, Johansson T, Pettersson RB, Ball JP, Danell K (2005) Parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea) of saproxylic beetles are affected by forest successional stage and dead wood characteristics in boreal spruce forest. Biol Conserv 126:456–464

Hjältén J, Johansson T, Alinvi O, Danell K, Ball JP, Pettersson R, Gibb H, Hilszczański J (2007) The importance of substrate type, shading and scorching for the attractiveness of dead wood to saproxylic beetles. Basic Appl Ecol 8:364–376

Hjältén J, Stenbacka F, Andersson J (2010) Saproxylic beetle assemblages on low stumps, high stumps and logs: Implications for environmental effects of stump harvesting. For Ecol Manag 260:1149–1155

Hylander K, Nilsson C, Gothner T (2004) Effects of buffer-strip retention and clearcutting on land snails in boreal riparian forests. Conserv Biol 18:1052–1062

Hylander K, Weibull H (2012) Do time-lagged extinctions and colonizations change the interpretation of buffer strip effectiveness? - a study of riparian bryophytes in the first decade after logging. J Appl Ecol 49:1316–1324

Hyvärinen E, Kouki J, Martikainen P, Lappalainen H (2005) Short-term effects of controlled burning and green-tree retention on beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages in managed boreal forests. For Ecol Manag 212:315–332

Hyvärinen E, Kouki J, Martikninen P (2006) Fire and green-tree retention in conservation of red-listed and rare deadwood-dependent beetles in Finnish boreal forests. Conserv Biol 20:1711–1719

Ivanter E, Kurhinen Y (2016) Impact of commercial forest logging on the boreal fauna communities (small mammals of the Eastern Fennoscandia as an example). Bull Russ Acad Sci Biol Series 4:412–421 (in Russian)

Jacobsen RM, Birkemoe T, Sverdrup-Thygeson A (2015) Priority effects of early successional insects influence late successional fungi in dead wood. Ecol Evol 5:4896–4905

Jakobsson R, Elfving B (2004) Development of an 80-year-old mixed stand with retained Pinus sylvestris in Northern Sweden. For Ecol Manag 194:249–258

Jalonen J, Vanha-Majamaa I (2001) Immediate effects of four different felling methods on mature boreal spruce forest understorey vegetation in southern Finland. For Ecol Manag 146:25–34

Johansson T, Gibb H, Hilszczański J, Pettersson RB, Hjältén J, Atlegrim O, Ball JP, Danell K (2006) Conservation-oriented manipulations of coarse woody debris affect its value as habitat for spruce-infesting bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in northern Sweden. Can J For Res 36:174–185

Johansson V, Wikström C-J, Hylander K (2018) Time-lagged lichen extinction in retained buffer strips 16.5 years after clear-cutting. Biol Conserv 225:53–65

Johnson S, Strengbom J, Kouki J (2014) Low levels of tree retention do not mitigate the effects of clearcutting on ground vegetation dynamics. For Ecol Manag 330:67–74

Jokela J, Siitonen J, Koivula M (2019) Short-term effects of selection, gap, patch and clear cutting on the beetle fauna in boreal spruce-dominated forests. For Ecol Manag 446:29–37

Jonsell M, Abrahamsson M, Widenfalk L, Lindbladh M (2019) Increasing influence of the surrounding landscape on saproxylic beetle communities over 10 years succession in dead wood. For Ecol Manag 440:267–284

Jonsell M, Nitterus K, Stighäll K (2004) Saproxylic beetles in natural and man-made deciduous high stumps retained for conservation. Biol Conserv 118:163–173

Jonsell M, Schroeder M, Weslien J (2005) Saproxylic beetles in high stumps of spruce: Fungal flora important for determining the species composition. Scand J For Res 20:54–62

Jonsell M, Weslien J (2003) Felled or standing retained wood - it makes a difference for saproxylic beetles. For Ecol Manag 175:425–435

Jonsson M, Ranius T, Ekvall H, Bostedt G (2010) Cost-effectiveness of silvicultural measures to increase substrate availability for wood-dwelling species: A comparison among boreal tree species. Scand J For Res 25:46–60

Jonsson M, Ranius T, Ekvall H, Bostedt G, Dahlberg A, Ehnström B, Nordén B, Stokland JN (2006) Cost-effectiveness of silvicultural measures to increase substrate availability for red-listed wood-living organisms in Norway spruce forests. Biol Conserv 127:443–462

Jönsson MT, Fraver S, Jonsson BG, Dynesius M, Rydgård M, Esseen PA (2007) Eighteen years of tree mortality and structural change in an experimentally fragmented Norway spruce forest. For Ecol Manag 242:306–313

Junninen K, Penttila R, Martikainen P (2007) Fallen retention aspen trees on clear-cuts can be important habitats for red-listed polypores: a case study in Finland. Biodivers Conserv 16:475–490

Kaila L, Martikainen P, Punttila P (1997) Dead trees left in clear-cuts benefit saproxylic Coleoptera adapted to natural disturbances in boreal forests. Biodivers Conserv 6:1–18

Koivula M (2002a) Alternative harvesting methods and boreal carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). For Ecol Manag 167:103–121

Koivula M (2002b) Boreal carabid-beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) assemblages in thinned uneven-aged and clear-cut spruce stands. Ann Zool Fenn 131–149

Koivula M, Kuuluvainen T, Hallman E, Kouki J, Siitonen J, Valkonen S (2014) Forest management inspired by natural disturbance dynamics (DISTDYN) - a long-term research and development project in Finland. Scand J For Res 29:579–592

Koivula M, Niemelä J (2003) Gap felling as a forest harvesting method in boreal forests: responses of carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Ecography 26:179–187

Koivula M, Vanha-Majamaa I (2020) Experimental evidence on biodiversity impacts of variable retention forestry, prescribed burning and deadwood manipulation in Fennoscandia. Ecol Process (in press).

Koivula MJ, Venn S, Hakola P, Niemela J (2019) Responses of boreal ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) to different logging regimes ten years post harvest. For Ecol Manag 436:27–38

Komonen A, Penttilä R, Lindgren M, Hanski I (2000) Forest fragmentation truncates a food chain based on an old-growth forest bracket fungus. Oikos 90:119–126

Kotkova V (2010) Aphylophoralles fungi in different forest habitats of Pskov model forest. In: The results of biodiversity survey in Pskov model forest. Ed. by Zagidullina AT and Romanyuk BD. Pp: 32-39 (in Russian)

Kouki J, Arnold K, Martikainen P (2004) Long-term persistence of aspen - a key host for many threatened species - is endangered in old-growth conservation areas in Finland. J Nat Conserv 12:41–52

Kravchenko A (1999) The role of uncut forest patches in preserving biodiversity in boreal forests after commercial harvesting. In: Proc. Int. Conf. ”Biological basis for study, use and preserve animals, plants and soils in the Eastern Fennoscandia” Petrozavodsk, 6-10 Sept. P. 190-191 (in Russian)

Kravchenko A, Gnatyuk E, Kryshen A (2004) Anthropogenic transformation of flora in the regions with intensive forest use. In: Anthropogenic transformation of European boreal forest ecosystems: ecological, resource and economic aspects. Proc. Int. Conf. Petrozavodsk, 23-25 of Dec. Pp. 82-93. (in Russian)

Kruys N, Fridman J, Götmark F, Simonsson P, Gustafsson L (2013) Retaining trees for conservation at clearcutting has increased structural diversity in young Swedish production forests. For Ecol Manag 304:312–321

Kryshen A (2006) Plant communities on the harvesting areas in Karelia. Nauka publ, Moskow (in Russian)

Kuglerová L, Ågren A, Jansson R, Laudon H (2014) Towards optimizing riparian buffer zones: Ecological and biogeochemical implications for forest management. For Ecol Manag 334:74–84

Kushnevskaya E (2010) Bryophytes of Pskov model forest. In: The results of biodiversity survey in Pskov model forest. Ed. by Zagidullina AT and Romanyuk BD. Pp: 44-49 (in Russian)

Kuuluvainen T, Lindberg H, Vanha-Majamaa I, Keto-Tokoi P, Punttila P (2019) Low-level retention forestry, certification, and biodiversity: case Finland. Ecol Process 8:47

Lindbladh M, Abrahamsson M (2008) Beetle diversity in high-stumps from Norway spruce thinnings. Scand J For Res 23:339–347

Lindbladh M, Abrahamsson M, Seedre M, Jonsell M (2007) Saproxylic beetles in artificially created high-stumps of spruce and birch within and outside hotspot areas. Biodivers Conserv 16:3213–3226

Lindenmayer D, Blair D, McBurney L (2019) Variable retention harvesting in Victoria’s Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests (southeastern Australia). Ecol Process 8:2

Lindenmayer DB, Franklin JF, Lõhmus A, Baker SC, Bauhus J, Beese W, Brodie A, Kiehl B, Kouki J, Martínez Pastur G, Messier C, Neyland M, Palik B, Sverdrup-Thygeson A, Volney J, Wayne A, Gustafsson L (2012) A major shift to the retention approach for forestry can help resolve some global forest sustainability issues. Conserv Lett 5:421–431

Lindhe A, Åsenblad N, Toresson HG (2004) Cut logs and high stumps of spruce, birch, aspen and oak - nine years of saproxylic fungi succession. Biol Conserv 119:443–454

Lindhe A, Lindelöw Å (2004) Cut high stumps of spruce, birch, aspen and oak as breeding substrates for saproxylic beetles. For Ecol Manag 203:1–20

Lindhe A, Lindelöw A, Åsenblad N (2005) Saproxylic beetles in standing dead wood density in relation to substrate sun-exposure and diameter. Biodivers Conserv 14:3033–3053

Lõhmus A, Lõhmus P (2010) Epiphyte communities on the trunks of retention trees stabilise in 5 years after timber harvesting, but remain threatened due to tree loss. Biol Conserv 143:891–898

Lundström J, Jonsson F, Perhans K, Gustafsson L (2013) Lichen species richness on retained aspens increases with time since clear-cutting. For Ecol Manag 293:49–56

Markovsky A, Iljina O (2014) Methodological recommendations for preserving biological diversity during timber harvesting in the Vologda region. WWF. (in Russian)

Martikainen P (2001) Conservation of threatened saproxylic beetles: significance of retained aspen Populus tremula on clearcut. Ecol Bull 49:205–218

Martikainen P, Kouki J, Heikkala O (2006) The effects of green tree retention and subsequent prescribed burning on ground beetles (Coleoptera : Carabidae) in boreal pine-dominated forests. Ecography 29:659–670

Martínez Pastur GJ, Lencinas MV, Cellini JM, Peri PL, Esteban RS (2009) Timber management with variable retention in Nothofagus pumilio forests of Southern Patagonia. For Ecol Manag 258:436–443

Martínez Pastur GJ, Rosas YM, Manríquez MT, Toro Manríquez M, Huertas Herrera A, Miller JA, Cellini JM, Barrera MD, Peri PL, Lencinas MV (2019) Knowledge arising from long-term research of variable retention harvesting in Tierra del Fuego: where do we go from here? Ecol Process 8:24

Matveinen-Huju K, Koivula M (2008) Effects of alternative harvesting methods on boreal forest spider assemblages. Can J For Res 38:782–794

Matveinen-Huju K, Koivula M, Niemela J, Rauha AM (2009) Short-term effects of retention felling at mire sites on boreal spiders and carabid beetles. For Ecol Manag 258:2388–2398

Matveinen-Huju K, Niemela J, Rita H, O’Hara RB (2006) Retention-tree groups in clear-cuts: Do they constitute “life-boats” for spiders and carabids? For Ecol Manag 230:119–135

Mönkkönen M, Mutanen M (2003) Occurrence of moths in boreal forest corridors. Conserv Biol 17:468–475

Mönkkönen M, Reunanen P, Kotiaho JS, Juutinen A, Tikkanen OP, Kouki J (2011) Cost-effective strategies to conserve boreal forest biodiversity and long-term landscape-level maintenance of habitats. Eur J For Res 130:717–727

Mori AS, Kitagawa R (2014) Retention forestry as a major paradigm for safeguarding forest biodiversity in productive landscapes: A global meta-analysis. Biol Conserv 175:65–73

Oldén A, Ovaskainen O, Kotiaho JS, Laaka-Lindberg S, Halme P (2014) Bryophyte species richness on retention aspens recovers in time but community structure does not. PLoS One 9(4):e93786

Oldén A, Selonen VAO, Lehkonen E, Kotiaho JS (2019) The effect of buffer strip width and selective logging on streamside plant communities. BMC Ecol 19:9

Palik BJ, D’Amato AW (2019) Variable retention harvesting in Great Lakes mixed-pine forests: emulating a natural model in managed ecosystems. Ecol Process 8:16

Perhans K, Appelgren L, Jonsson F, Nordin U, Söderström B, Gustafsson L (2009) Retention patches as potential refugia for bryophytes and lichens in managed forest landscapes. Biol Conserv 142:1125–1133

Perhans K, Glöde D, Gilbertsson J, Persson A, Gustafsson L (2011) Fine-scale conservation planning outside of reserves: Cost-effective selection of retention patches at final harvest. Ecol Econ 70:771–777

Perhans K, Haight RG, Gustafsson L (2014) The value of information in conservation planning: Selecting retention trees for lichen conservation. For Ecol Manag 318:175–182

Ranius T (2002) Influence of stand size and quality of tree hollows on saproxylic beetles in Sweden. Biol Conserv 103:85–91

Ranius T, Ekvall H, Jonsson M, Bostedt G (2005) Cost-efficiency of measures to increase the amount of coarse woody debris in managed Norway spruce forests. For Ecol Manag 206:119–133

Ranius T, Kindvall O (2004) Modelling the amount of coarse woody debris produced by the new biodiversity-oriented silvicultural practices in Sweden. Biol Conserv 119:51–59

Ranius T, Martikainen P, Kouki J (2011) Colonisation of ephemeral forest habitats by specialised species: beetles and bugs associated with recently dead aspen wood. Biodivers Conserv 20:2903–2915

Ranius T, Mestre L, Bouget C, Schroeder M (2017) Fragmentation effects on dead wood-dependent species associated with disturbed forest habitats: implications for stump harvesting. Scand J For Res 32:260–267

Ring E, Johansson J, Sandström C, Bjarnadóttir B, Finér L, Lîbiete Z, Lode E, Stupak I, Sætersdal M (2017) Mapping policies for surface water protection zones on forest land in the Nordic–Baltic region: Large differences in prescriptiveness and zone width. Ambio 46:878–893

Roberge J-M, Lämås T, Lundmark T, Ranius T, Felton A, Nordin A (2015) Relative contributions of set-asides and tree retention to the long-term availability of key forest biodiversity structures at the landscape scale. J Environ Manage 154:284–292

Rodríguez A, Kouki J (2015) Emulating natural disturbance in forest management enhances pollination services for dominant Vaccinium shrubs in boreal pine-dominated forests. For Ecol Manag 350:1–12

Romanyuk B, Zagidullina A, Knize A (2009) Planning forestry on a nature conservation basis WWF. Forest, Pskov Model (in Russian)

Rosenvald R, Lõhmus A (2008) For what, when, and where is green-tree retention better than clear-cutting? A review of the biodiversity aspects. For Ecol Manag 255:1–15

Rosenvald R, Lõhmus A, Kiviste A (2008) Preadaptation and spatial effects on retention-tree survival in cut areas in Estonia. Can J For Res 38:2616–2625

Rubene D, Wikars LO, Ranius T (2014) Importance of high quality early-successional habitats in managed forest landscapes to rare beetle species. Biodivers Conserv 23:449–466

Rudolphi J, Gustafsson L (2005) Effects of forest-fuel harvesting on the amount of deadwood on clear-cuts. Scand J For Res 20:235–242

Rudolphi J, Jonsson MT, Gustafsson L (2014) Biological legacies buffer local species extinction after logging. J Appl Ecol 51:53–62

Runnel K, Rosenvald R, Lõhmus A (2013) The dying legacy of green-tree retention: Different habitat values for polypores and wood-inhabiting lichens. Biol Conserv 159:187–196

Sahlin E, Ranius T (2009) Habitat availability in forests and clearcuts for saproxylic beetles associated with aspen. Biodivers Conserv 18:621–638

Sahlin E, Schroeder LM (2010) Importance of habitat patch size for occupancy and density of aspen-associated saproxylic beetles. Biodivers Conserv 19:1325–1339

Santaniello F, Djupström LB, Ranius T, Weslien J, Rudolphi J, Sonesson J (2017b) Simulated long-term effects of varying tree retention on wood production, dead wood and carbon stock changes. J Environ Manage 201:37–44

Santaniello F, Djupström LB, Ranius T, Weslien J, Rudolphi J, Thor G (2017a) Large proportion of wood dependent lichens in boreal pine forest are confined to old hard wood. Biodivers Conserv 26:1295–1310

Santaniello F, Line DB, Ranius T, Rudolphi J, Widenfalk O, Weslien J (2016) Effects of partial cutting on logging productivity, economic returns and dead wood in boreal pine forest. For Ecol Manag 365:152–158

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Schroeder LM, Ranius T, Ekbom B, Larsson S (2006) Recruitment of saproxylic beetles in high stumps created for maintaining biodiversity in a boreal forest landscape. Can J For Res 36:2168–2178

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Shorohova E, Sinkevich S, Kryshen A, Vanha-Majamaa I (2019) Variable retention forestry in European boreal forests in Russia. Ecol Process 8:34

Siira-Pietikainen A, Haimi J (2009) Changes in soil fauna 10 years after forest harvestings: Comparison between clear felling and green-tree retention methods. For Ecol Manag 258:332–338

Simonsson P, Gustafsson L, Östlund L (2015) Retention forestry in Sweden: driving forces, debate and implementation 1968–2003. Scand J For Res 30:154–173

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Suominen M, Junninen K, Heikkala O, Kouki J (2015) Combined effects of retention forestry and prescribed burning on polypore fungi. J Appl Ecol 52:1001–1008

Suominen M, Junninen K, Kouki J (2019) Diversity of fungi in harvested forests 10 years after logging and burning: Polypore assemblages on different woody substrates. For Ecol Manag 446:63–70

Sverdrup-Thygeson A, Birkemoe T (2009) What window traps can tell us: effect of placement, forest openness and beetle reproduction in retention trees. J Insect Conserv 13:183–191

Sverdrup-Thygeson A, Ims RA (2002) The effect of forest clearcutting in Norway on the community of saproxylic beetles on aspen. Biol Conserv 106:347–357

Sveriges Officiella Statistik (2019) Statistiska Meddelanden. JO1403 SM 1901. Miljöhänsyn vid föryngringsavverkning Environmental consideration in regeneration felling. (in Swedish with English summary)

Toivanen T, Heikkilä T, Koivula MJ (2014) Emulating natural disturbances in boreal Norway spruce forests: Effects on ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). For Ecol Manag 314:64–74

Toivanen T, Kotiaho J (2007) Burning of logged sites to protect beetles in managed boreal forests. Conserv Biol 21:1562–1572

Toivanen T, Kotiaho JS (2010) The preferences of saproxylic beetle species for different dead wood types created in forest restoration treatments. Can J For Res 40:445–464

Vanha-Majamaa I, Lilja S, Ryömä R, Kotiaho JS, Laaka-Lindberg S, Lindberg H, Puttonen P, Tamminen P, Toivanen T, Kuuluvainen T (2007) Rehabilitating boreal forest structure and species composition in Finland through logging, dead wood creation and fire: The EVO experiment. For Ecol Manag 250:77–88

Vanha-Majamaa I, Shorohova E, Kushnevskaya H, Jalonen J (2017) Resilience of understory vegetation after variable retention felling in boreal Norway spruce forests - A ten-year perspective. For Ecol Manag 393:12–28

Weslien J, Djupström LB, Schroeder M, Widenfalk O (2011) Long-term priority effects among insects and fungi colonizing decaying wood. J Anim Ecol 80:1155–1162

Westerfelt P, Weslien J, Widenfalk O (2018) Population patterns in relation to food and nesting resource for two cavity-nesting bee species in young boreal forest stands. For Ecol Manag 430:629–638

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