Requirements engineering for e-business advantage
Tóm tắt
As a means of contributing to the achievement of business advantage for companies engaging in e-business, we propose a requirements engineering framework that incorporates a business strategy dimension. We employ Jackson’s Problem Frames approach, goal modeling, and business process modeling (BPM) to achieve this. Jackson’s context diagrams, used to represent business model context, are integrated with goal models to describe the requirements of the business strategy. We leverage the paradigm of projection in both approaches as a means of simultaneously decomposing both the requirement and context parts, from an abstract business level to concrete system requirements. Our approach maintains traceability to high-level business objectives via contribution relationship links in the goal model. We integrate use of role activity diagrams to describe business processes in detail where needed. The feasibility of our approach is shown by a well-known case study taken from the literature.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Stratopoulos T, Dehning B (2000) Does successful investment in information technology solve the productivity paradox? Inform Manage 38:103–117
Andersen TJ (2001) Information technology, strategic decision making approaches and organizational performance in different industrial settings. J Strateg Inform Systems 10:101–119
Bharadwaj A (2000) A resource-based perspective on information technology capability and firm performance: an empirical investigation. MIS Quart 24:169–96
Feeney D, Ives B. (1990) In search of sustainability: reaping long-term advantage from investment in information technology. J Manage Inform Systems 7:27–46
Kosynski B, McFarlan W (1990) Information partnerships—shared data, shared scales. Harvard Bus Rev 52:90–102
Mata F, Fuerst W, Barney J (1995) Information technology and sustainable competitive advantage: a resource-based analysis. MIS Quart 19:387–401
McFarlan FW (1984) Information technology changes the way you compete. Harvard Bus Rev 62:98–103
Porter M, Millar V (1985) How information gives you competitive advantage. Harvard Bus Rev 63:149–160
Dehning B, Stratopoulos T (2003) Determinants of a sustainable competitive advantage due to an IT-enabled strategy. J Strateg Inform Systems 12:7–28
Sambamurthy V (2000) Business strategy in hypercompetitive environments: rethinking the logic of it differentiation. In: Zmud RW (eds) Framing the domains of IT management. Pinnaflex Educational Resources, Cincinnati, OH, pp 245–61
McKeen JD, Smith H (2003) Making IT happen: critical issues in IT management. Wiley, Chichester
Weill P, Vitale M (2001) Place to space: moving to ebusiness models. Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation, Boston
Oliver RW (2001) What is strategy, anyway? J Bus Strateg, pp 7–10
Porter M (1996) What is strategy? Harvard Bus Rev 74:61–78
Yu E (1993) Modeling organizations for information systems requirements engineering. In: Presented at IEEE international symposium on requirements engineering
Giunchiglia F, Mylopoulos J, Perini A (2002) The Tropos software development methodology: processes, models and diagrams. Agent-Oriented Softw Eng Iii 2585:162–173
Gordijn J, Akkermans J (2003) Value-based requirements engineering: exploring innovative ecommerce ideas. Requirement Eng J 8:114–135
Loucopoulos P (2001) The S3 (strategy-service-support) framework for business process modelling. In: Presented at 3rd international conference on enterprise information systems (ICEIS 2001), Setubal, Portugal
Loucopoulos P, Kavakli E (1995) Enterprise modeling and the teleological approach to requirements engineering. Int J Cooperat Inform Systems 4:45–79
Bubenko JA, Rolland C, Loucopoulos P, DeAntonellis (1994) Faciliating fuzzy to formal requirements modelling. In: Presented at first international conference on requirements engineering, Colorado Springs
Rolland C, Souveyet C, Ben Achour C (1998) Guiding goal modeling using scenarios. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 24:1055–1071
Feather MS, Cornford SL, Dunphy J (2002) A risk-centric model for value maximization. In: Presented at 4th international workshop on economics-driven software research, Orlando
Feather MS, Cornford SL, Hicks KA (2002) Descoping. In: Presented at 27th NASA/IEEE software engineering workshop, Greenbelt
Kiper JD, Feather MS (2005) A risk-based approach to strategic decision-making for software development. In: Presented at 38th annual Hawaii international conference on system sciences (HICSS’05), Big Island
Giorgini P, Mylopoulos J, Pistore M (2004) The Tropos methdology: an overview. In: Bergenti F, Gleizes M-P, Zambonelli F (eds) Methodologies and software engineering for agent systems: the agent-oriented software engineering handbook. Kluwer, Boston, pp. xxx, 505 p
Garzetti M, Giorgini P, Mylopoulos J, Sannicolo F (2002) Applying Tropos methdology to a real case study. In: Presented at joint workshop from objects to agents: from information to knowledge (WOA 2002), Milan, Italy
Bleistein SJ, Cox K, Verner J (2004) RE approach for e-business advantage. In: Presented at 10th anniversary international workshop on requirements engineering: foundation of software quality (REFSQ), Riga, Latvia
Bleistein SJ, Cox K, Verner J (2004) Requirements engineering for e-business systems: integrating Jackson problem diagrams with goal modeling and BPM. In: Presented at 11th Asia Pacific software engineering conference, Busan, Korea
Jackson M (2001) Problem frames: analyzing and structuring software development problem, 1st edn. Addison-Wesley, Reading
Feather MS, Fickas S, Finkelstein A, van Lamsweerde A (1997) Requirements and specification exemplars. Automat Softw Eng 4:419–438
Bensaou M (1997) Seven-Eleven Japan: managing a networked organization. INSEAD Euro-Asia Centre, Case study
Whang S, Koshijima C, Saito H, Ueda T, Horne SV (1997) Seven Eleven Japan (GS18). Stanford University Graduate School of Business
Rapp WV (2002) Retailing: Ito-Yokado Seven-Eleven Japan. In: Information technology strategies: how leading firms use IT to gain an advantage. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 163–186
Makino N, Suzuki T (1997) Convenience stores and the information revolution. Japan Echo 44:44–49
Kunitomo R (1997) Seven-Eleven is revolutionising grocery distribution in Japan. Long Range Plann 30:887–889
The Economist Newspaper Limited (2001) Over the counter e-commerce; e-strategy brief: Seven-Eleven; Japan’s Seven-Eleven. Economist (US), vol 359, pp 77
Lowe D (2003) Web system requirements: an overview. Requirements Eng J 8:102–113
Overmeyer S (2000) What’s different about requirements engineering for web sites. Requirements Eng J 5:62–65
Standing C (2001) Methodologies for developing web applications. Inform Softw Technol 44:151–159
Zowghi D, Gervasi V (2001) Why is RE for web-based software development easier. In: Presented at seventh international workshop on requirements engineering: foundation for software quality (REFSQ’01), Interlaken, Switzerland
Hahn J, Kauffman RJ, Park J (2002) Designing for ROI: toward a value-driven discipline for e-commerce systems design, In: Presented at 35th Hawaii international conference on system sciences, Hawaii
Castro J, Kolp M, Mylopoulos J (2002) Towards requirements-driven information systems engineering: the Tropos project. Inform Syst J 27:365–389
Gamma E, Helm R, Johnson R, Vlissides J (1995) Design patterns: elements of reusable object-oriented software. First edn. Addison-Wesley, Reading
Hall J, Jackson M, Nuseibeh B, Rapanotti L (2002) Relating software requirements architectures using problem frames. In: Presented at RE’02 – 10th international conference on requirements engineering. Essen, Germany
I. Bray (2002) An introduction to requirements engineering, 1st edn. Pearson Addison Wesley, Reading
Kovitz BL (1999) Practical software requirements: a manual of content and style. Manning, Greenwich
Cox K, Phalp K (2003) From process model to problem frame. In: Presented at 9th international workshop on requirements engineering: foundation for software quality - REFSQ’03, Velden, Austria
Bleistein S, Cox K, Verner J (2004) Problem frames approach for e-business systems. In: Presented at the 1st international workshop on advances and applications of problem frames (IWAAPF) at the international conference on software engineering (ICSE’04), Edinburgh
Bleistein SJ, Cox K, Verner J (2004) Modeling business strategy in e-business systems requirements engineering. In: Presented at fifth international workshop on conceptual modeling approaches for e-business (eCOMO 2004), Shanghai, China
Bleistein SJ, Cox K, Verner J (2005) Strategic alignment in requirements analysis for organizational IT: an integrated approach. In: Presented at 20th ACM symposium on applied computing (SAC’05), Santa Fe, NM, USA
Bleistein SJ, Cox K, Verner J (2005) Validating strategic alignment of organizational IT requirements using goal modeling and problem diagrams. J Softw Systems (in press)
Cox K, Bleistein SJ, Verner J (2004) Connecting role activity diagrams to the problem frames approach. In: Presented at 9th Australian workshop on requirements engineering (AWRE’04), Adelaide, Australia
Cox K, Phalp K, Bleistein SJ, Verner J (2005) Deriving requirements from process models via the problem frames approach. Inform Softw Technol 47:319–337
Cox K, Hall J, Rapanotti L (2005) Editorial: a roadmap of problem frames research. J Inform Softw Technol (in press)
van Lamsweerde A (2001) Goal-oriented requirements engineering: a guided tour. In: Presented at 5th IEEE international symposium on requirements engineering, Toronto
Gross D, Yu E (2001) From non-functional requirements to design through patterns. Requirements Eng J 6:18–36
Yu E, Liu L (2001) Modelling strategic actor relationships to support intellectual property management. In: Presented at 20th international conference on conceptual modelling, ER-2001, Yokohama, Japan
Liu L, Yu E (2001) From requirements to architectural design - using goals and scenarios. In: Presented at ICSE-2001 (STRAW 2001), Toronto, Canada
Anton AI, Potts C (1998) The use of goals to surface requirements for evolving systems. In: Presented at ICSE-98: 20th international conference on software engineering, Kyoto
Kolber AB, Estep C, Hay D, Struck D, Lam G, Healy J, Hall J, Zachman JA, Healy K, Eulenberg M, Fishman N, Ross R, Moriarty T, Selkow W (2000) Organizing business plans: the standard model for business rule motivation. The Business Rule Group November 15
Bleistein SJ, Aurum A, Cox K, Ray P (2004) Strategy-oriented alignment in requirements engineering: linking business strategy to requirements of e-business systems using the SOARE approach. J Res Pract Inform Technol 36:259–276
Chung LE, Nixon B, Yu E, Mylopoulos J (1999) Non-functional requirements in software engineering, vol. 5, 1st edn. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Zave P, Jackson M (1997) Four dark corners of requirements engineering. ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol 6:1–30
Hammer M, Champy J (1993) Reengineering the corporation: a manifesto for business revolution, 1st edn. HarperBusiness, New York
DeMarco T (1979) Structured analysis and system specification. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Yourdon E (1989) Modern structured analysis. Yourdon Press, Englewood Cliffs
Jackson MJ (1995) Software requirements and specifications: a lexicon of practice, principles, and prejudices. ACM Press; Addison-Wesley, New York; Reading
Jacobson I, Ericsson M, Jacobson A (1995) The object advantage: business process reengineering with object technology. Addison-Wesley, Wokingham
Arlow J (1998) Use cases, UML, visual modelling, and the trivialisation of business requirements. Requirements Eng J 3:150–152
Buhr RJA (1998) Use case maps as architectural entities for complex systems. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 24:1131–1155
Buhr RJA, Casselman RSO (1996) Use case maps for object-oriented systems. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Eriksson HE., Penker M, Lyons B, Fado D (2004) UML 2 toolkit. Wiley, Indianapolis
Ould MA (1995) Business processes: modelling and analysis for re-engineering and improvement. Wiley, Chichester
University of Toronto (2003) Goal-oriented requirements language, University of Toronto
Yu E (1997) Towards modelling and reasoning support for early-phase requirements engineering. In; Presented at 3rd IEEE international symposium on requirements engineering (RE’97), Washington