Representative rainfall thresholds for landslides in the Nepal Himalaya
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adhikari, 2005, Debris flow disaster at Larcha, upper Bhotekoshi Valley, central Nepal, Island Arc, 14, 410, 10.1111/j.1440-1738.2005.00495.x
Aleotti, 2004, A warning system of rainfall-induced shallow failure, Engineering Geology, 73, 247, 10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.01.007
Alford, 1992
Amao, 1993, Preliminary results of the study on two landslide model sites along the Kathmandu–Trishuli road, central Nepal, Bulletin of the Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, 3, 71
Amatya, 1994
Bacchini, 2003, Relations between rainfall and triggering of debris-flow: a case study of Cancia (Dolomites, Northeastern Italy), Natural Hazards of Earth System Science, 3, 71, 10.5194/nhess-3-71-2003
Brunsden, 1981, The geomorphological character of part of the Low Himalaya of Eastern Nepal, Zeitschrift fuÉr Geomorphologie. N.F. Supplementband, 37, 25
Caine, 1980, The rainfall intensity–duration control of shallow landslides and debris flows, Geografiska Annaler, 62A, 23, 10.2307/520449
Caine, 1982, Landslides in the Kolpu Khola Drainage, Middle Mountain, Nepal, Mountain Research and Development, 2, 157, 10.2307/3672961
Campbell, 1975, Soil slips, debris flows, and rainstorms in the Santa Monica Mountains and vicinity, Southern California, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 851, 1
Cancelli, 1985, Landslides in soil debris cover triggered by rainstorms in Valtellina (Central Alps —Italy), 267
Cannon, 1988, Regional rainfall-threshold conditions for abundant debris-flow activity, vol. 1434, 27
Cannon, 1985, Rainfall conditions for abundant debris avalanches, San Francisco Bay region, California, Geology, 38, 267
Cardinali, 2006, Rainfall induced landslides in December 2004 in Southwestern Umbria, Central Italy, Natural Hazards of Earth System Science, 6, 237, 10.5194/nhess-6-237-2006
Ceriani, 1992, vol. 2, 9
Chalise, 2001, Rainfall and related natural disasters in Nepal, 63
Chleborad, 2000, Preliminary method for anticipating the occurrence of precipitation-induced landslides in Seattle, Washington, USGS Open-File, 00-469, 10.3133/ofr00469
Cotecchia, 1978, Systematic reconnaissance mapping and registration of slope movements, Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 17, 5, 10.1007/BF02634670
Crosta, 1998, Regionalization of rainfall threshold: an aid to landslide hazard evaluation, Environmental Geology, 35, 131, 10.1007/s002540050300
Crosta, 2001, Rainfall thresholds for triggering soil slips and debris flow, 463
Crozier, 1997, The climate–landslide couple: a southern hemisphere perspective, 333
Crozier, 1999, Prediction of rainfall-triggered landslides: a test of the antecedent water status model, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 24, 825, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199908)24:9<825::AID-ESP14>3.0.CO;2-M
Dahal, R.K., 1997. Engineering and environmental geological study of Kharidhunga–Tokarpa–Balephi area in the Lesser Himalaya, Central Nepal, M.Sc. Dissertation, Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, unpublished, 120 pp.
Dahal, 2006
Dahal, 2006, vol. 2, 503
Dahal, 2006, Rainfall triggered flow-like landslides: understanding from southern hills of Kathmandu, Nepal and northern Shikoku, Japan, 1
Dangol, 1993, A landslide inventory study (after the disaster of July, 1993) along the Tribhuvan Highway, central Nepal, Bulletin of the Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, 3, 59
Dangol, 1993, Engineering geological study of a proposed road corridor in eastern Nepal, Bulletin of the Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, 3, 91
Dangol, 1996, Landslide and debris flows of July 1993 in the upper East Rapti River Basin, Bulletin of Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, 5, 61
Das, 1995
Deganutti, 2000, Rainfall and debris flow occurrence in the Moscardo basin (Italian Alps), 67
DFID, Scott Wilson, 2003. Landslide risk assessment in the rural access sector, Report on project activities undertaken in Nepal (Nov 2000–March 2003), Landslide Risk Assessment in the Rural Access Sector DoLIDAR/Scott Wilson/DFID, R7815, unpublished, 170 pp.
Dhakal, 1999, Landslide hazard mapping and application of GIS in the Kulekhani Watershed, Nepal, Mountain Research and Development, 19, 3, 10.2307/3674109
Dhital, 2003, Causes and consequences of the 1993 debris flows and landslides in the Kulekhani watershed, central Nepal, vol. 2, 931
Dhital, 1993, The role of extreme weather events, mass movements, and land use changes in increasing natural hazards
DHM, 2000
DHM, 2003
DPTC, TU, 1994a. Preliminary survey of debris flows and landslides in the Palung Khola and the Manohari Khola (Makwanpur district, Central Nepal), Disaster Prevention Technical Centre and Tribhuvan University, Nepal, unpublished, 132 pp.
DPTC, TU, 1994b. Preliminary survey of debris flows and landslides in the Agra Khola, Belkhu Khola, and Malekhu Khola, Disaster Prevention Technical Centre and Tribhuvan University, Nepal, unpublished, 85 pp.
DWIDP Bulletin, 1984
Froehlich, 1987, vol. 21, 129
Froehlich, 1993, The effects of deforestation on slope and channel evolution in the tectonically active Darjeeling Himalaya, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 18, 285, 10.1002/esp.3290180309
Froehlich, 1990, Thresholds in the transformation of slopes and river channels in the Darjeeling Himalaya, India, Mountain Research and Development, 10, 301, 10.2307/3673492
Gabet, 2004, Rainfall thresholds for landsliding in the Himalayas of Nepal, Geomorphology, 63, 131, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.03.011
Gerrard, 2000, Relationships between rainfall and landsliding in the Middle Hills, Nepal, Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 54, 74, 10.1080/002919500423807
Giannecchini, 2006, Relationship between rainfall and shallow landslides in the southern Apuan Alps (Italy), Natural Hazards of Earth System Science, 6, 357, 10.5194/nhess-6-357-2006
Glade, 2000, Applying probability determination to refine landslide-triggering rainfall thresholds using an empirical Antecedent Daily Rainfall Model, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 157, 1059, 10.1007/s000240050017
Gorakhapatra, 1951–2006. “Gorakhapatra”, national daily newspaper of Nepal. Gorakhapatra Sansthan. Kathmandu, Nepal.
Guidicini, 1977, Tentative correlation between rainfall and landslides in a humid tropical environment, Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 16, 13, 10.1007/BF02591434
Guzzetti, 2004, Landslides triggered by the 23 November 2000 rainfall event in the Imperia Province, Western Liguria, Italy, Engineering Geology, 73, 229, 10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.01.006
Guzzetti, 2007, Rainfall thresholds for the initiation of landslides in central and southern Europe, Meterology and Atmospheric Physics, 10.1007/s00703-007-0262-7
Hagen, 1969, Report on the geological survey of Nepal preliminary reconnaissance
Hiura, 2005, Sediment related disasters generated by typhoons in 2004, 157
Hong, 2005, The influence of intense rainfall on the activity of large-scale crystalline schist landslides in Shikoku Island, Japan, Landslides, 2, 97, 10.1007/s10346-004-0043-z
Jakob, 2003, A hydroclimatic threshold for landslide initiation on the North Shore Mountains of Vancouver, British Columbia, Geomorphology, 54, 137, 10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00339-2
Jibson, 1989, Debris flow in southern Porto Rico, vol. 236, 29
JICA, 1993. Report of Japan Disaster Relief Team (Expert Team) on heavy rainfall and floods in Nepal. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), JR1JDC/93-03, unpublished, 125 pp.
Kantipur, 1993–2006. “Kantipur”, national daily newspaper of Nepal. Kantipur Publication Pvt. (Ltd.), Kathmandu, Nepal.
Karmacharya, M., 1989. Landslide in Nepal in the period 1970–1980. M.Sc. Dissertation, Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, unpublished, 55 pp.
Keefer, 1987, Real-time warning during heavy rainfall, Science, 238, 921, 10.1126/science.238.4829.921
Khanal, R.K., 1991. Historic landslides of Nepal during 1902–1990 A.D., extent and economic significance. M.Sc. Dissertation, Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, unpublished, 94 pp.
Khanal, 2005, Landslide and debris flow hazards induced by heavy precipitation in Nepal, 111
Kim, 1991, Prediction of rainfall triggered landslides in Korea, vol. 2, 989
Laban, 1979, Landslide Occurrence in Nepal
Larsen, 1993, A rainfall intensity–duration threshold for landslides in a humid-tropical environment, Puerto Rico, Geografiska Annaler, 75, 13, 10.2307/521049
Li, 1990
Li, 1992
Manandhar, S., 2000. Engineering geological studies of the landslides in the Kulekhani catchment. central Nepal, Lesser Himalaya, M.Sc. Dissertation, Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, unpublished, 130 pp.
Manandhar, I.N., Khanal, N.R., 1988. Study on Landscape Process with Special Reference to Landslides in Lele Watershed, Central Nepal. Report submitted to Research Division, Tribhuvan University, unpublished, 53 pp.
MoHA, 2004
Montgomery, 1994, A physically based model for the topographic control on shallow landsliding, Water Resources Research, 30, 1153, 10.1029/93WR02979
Moser, 1983, Geotechnical aspects of soil slips in Alpine regions, Engineering Geology, 185, 10.1016/0013-7952(83)90003-0
Neary, 1987, Rainfall thresholds for triggering a debris avalanching event in the southern Appalachian Mountains, 7, 81
NRCS, 2007
Pasuto, 1998, Rainfall as a triggering factor of shallow mass movements, a case study in the Dolomites, Italy, Environmental Geology, 35, 184, 10.1007/s002540050304
Paudel, T.R., 1995. Engineering geological and geophysical investigation in the Agra Khola basin. central Nepal, A case study of the landslide disaster of Julv 19–21. 1993. M.Sc. Dissertation, Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, unpublished, 89 pp.
Paudel, K.P., 2001. Landslide and its consequences in Nepal (1971–2000). M.A. Dissertation, Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, unpublished, 75 pp.
Polloni, 1992, vol. 1, 183
Polloni, 1996, vol. 3, 1955
Pomeroy, 1984, Storm-induced slope movements at East Brady, northwestern Pennsylvania, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1618
Rahardjo, 2001, The effect of antecedent rainfall on slope stability, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 19, 371, 10.1023/A:1013129725263
Reichenbach, 1998, Regional hydrological thresholds for landslides and floods in the Tiber River Basin (central Italy), Environmental Geology, 35, 146, 10.1007/s002540050301
Sandersen, 1996, vol. 1, 97
Schelling, 1992, The tectonostratigraphy and structure of the eastern Nepal Himalaya, Tectonics, 11, 925, 10.1029/92TC00213
Shakya, 2002, A new approach within hydrometeorological technique for the estimation of average depth of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) over Nepal, 599
Shroder, 1998, Mass movement in the Himalaya: new insights and research directions, Geomorphology, 26, 13, 10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00049-X
Starkel, 1972, The role of catastrophic rainfall in the shaping of the relief of the Lower Himalaya (Darjeeling Hills), Geographia Polonica, 21, 103
Terlien, 1997, Hydrological landslide triggering in ash covered slopes of Manizales (Columbia), Geomorphology, 20, 165, 10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00022-6
Terlien, 1998, The determination of statistical and deterministic hydrological landslide-triggering thresholds, Environmental Geology, 35, 124, 10.1007/s002540050299
Thanju, R., 1994. Engineering geological studies of the Butwal landside (1978) and its adjacent area, west central Nepal, Sub-Himalaya. M.Sc. Dissertation, Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, unpublished, 67 pp.
Thapa, 2001, Water-induced disaster in the Himalaya: case study of an extreme weather event in central Nepal, 71
Thapa, P.B., 1995. Engineering geological studies of landslides induced by disaster of July 19–21, 1993, the Agra Khola basin, central Nepal, Lesser Himalaya. M.Sc. Dissertation, Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, unpublished, 135 pp.
Thapa, 2000, Landslides and debris flows of 19–21 July 1993 in the Agra Khola watershed of Central Nepal, Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 21, 5, 10.3126/jngs.v21i0.32143
Upreti, 1999, An overview of the stratigraphy and tectonics of the Nepal Himalaya, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 17, 577, 10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00047-4
Upreti, 1996
Varnes, D.J., 1978. Slope movement types and process. In Schuster, R.L., Krizek, R.J. (Eds.), Landslides Analysis and Control. Special Report 176, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C., pp. 12–33.
Wagner, A., 1983. The Principal Geological Factors Leading to Landslides in the Foothills of Nepal: A Statistical Study of 100 Landslides — Steps for Mapping the Risk of Landslides. HELVETAS–Swiss Technical Cooperation and ITECO–Company for International Cooperation and Development, unpublished, 58 pp.
White, 1996
Wieczorek, 1987, Effect of rainfall intensity and duration on debris flows in central Santa Cruz Mountains, California, vol. 7, 23
Wieczorek, G.F., 1996. Landslide triggering mechanisms. In: Turner, A.K., Schuster, R.L. (Eds.), Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation, Transportation Research Board, Special Report 247. National Research Council, Washington, pp. 76–79.
Wieczorek, 2000, Debris flow hazards in the Blue Ridge of Central Virginia, Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 6, 3, 10.2113/gseegeosci.6.1.3
Wilson, 1997, Normalizing rainfall/debris-flow thresholds along the U.S. Pacific coast for long-term variations in precipitation climate, 32
Wilson, 1995, Rainfall threshold for the initiation of debris flow at La Honda, California, Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 1, 11, 10.2113/gseegeosci.I.1.11
Wilson, 1992, Development of rainfall warning thresholds for debris flows in the Honolulu District, Oahu, USGS Open-File, 92–521, 45 pp
Woli, C.B., 1996. Geological and engineering geological studies of the Agra Khola basin with a special reference to landslides induced by disaster of July 19–21, 1993 (central Nepal, Lesser Himalaya). M.Sc. Dissertation, Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Nepal, unpublished, 139 pp.
Yagi, 1995, Landslide mapping on large scale and slide in lower Nepal Himalayas, 160
Yagi, 1990, The September 1988 large landslide in the vicinity of MCT, Darbang, Nepal, Journal of the Japan Geological Society, 26, 45
Yano, 1990, Studies on deciding rainfall threshold from warning and evacuating from debris flow disaster by improving the decision method of preceding rainfall, Journal of Japan Erosion Control Society, 43, 3
Yatabe, 1986, Prediction of slope failure based on the amount of rainfall, Japanese Society of Civil Engineers, 376, 297
Yoshino, 1971, Some aspects of the intertropical convergence zones and the polar frontal zones over monsoon Asia, 87