Renal consequences of preterm birth

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 4 - Trang 1-9 - 2017
Amelie Stritzke1, Sumesh Thomas1, Harish Amin2, Christoph Fusch3,4, Abhay Lodha5
1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
2Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
3Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
4Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical School, Nuernberg, Germany
5Department of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

Tóm tắt

The developmental origin of health and disease concept identifies the brain, cardiovascular, liver, and kidney systems as targets of fetal adverse programming with adult consequences. As the limits of viability in premature infants have been pushed to lower gestational ages, the long-term impact of prematurity on kidneys still remains a significant burden during hospital stay and beyond. The purpose of this study is to summarize available evidence, mechanisms, and short- and long-term renal consequences of prematurity and identify nephroprotective strategies and areas of uncertainty. Kidney size and nephron number are known to be reduced in surviving premature infants due to disruption of organogenesis at a crucial developmental time point. Inflammation, hyperoxia, and antiangiogenic factors play a role in epigenetic conditioning with potential life-long consequences. Additional kidney injury from hypoperfusion and nephrotoxicity results in structural and functional changes over time which are often unnoticed. Nephropathy of prematurity and acute kidney injury confound glomerular and tubular maturation of preterm kidneys. Kidney protective strategies may ameliorate growth failure and suboptimal neurodevelopmental outcomes in the short term. In later life, subclinical chronic renal disease may progress, even in asymptomatic survivors. Awareness of renal implications of therapeutic interventions and renal conservation efforts may lead to a variety of short and long-term benefits. Adequate monitoring and supplementation of microelement losses, gathering improved data on renal handling, and exploration of new avenues such as reliable markers of injury and new therapeutic strategies in contemporary populations, as well as long-term follow-up of renal function, is warranted.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Bayman E, Drake AJ, Piyasena C (2014) Prematurity and programming of cardiovascular disease risk: a future challenge for public health? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 99:F510–F514 Mascarenhas M, Kamath MS, Muthukumar K, Mangalaraj AM, Chandy A, Aleyamma T (2014) Obstetric outcomes of monochorionic pregnancies conceived following assisted reproductive technology: a retrospective study. J Hum Reprod Sci 7:119–124 Moore T, Hennessy EM, Myles J, Johnson SJ, Draper ES et al (2012) Neurological and developmental outcome in extremely preterm children born in England in 1995 and 2006: the EPICure studies. BMJ 345:e7961 Luyckx VA, Brenner BM (2015) Birth weight, malnutrition and kidney-associated outcomes—a global concern. Nat Rev Nephrol 11:135–149 White SL, Perkovic V, Cass A, Chang CL, Poulter NR, Spector T, Haysom L, Craig JC, Salmi IA, Chadban SJ, Huxley RR (2009) Is low birth weight an antecedent of CKD in later life? A systematic review of observational studies. Am J Kidney Dis 54:248–261 Parkinson JR, Hyde MJ, Gale C, Santhakumaran S, Modi N (2013) Preterm birth and the metabolic syndrome in adult life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics 131:e1240–e1263 Luu TM, Katz SL, Leeson P, Thebaud B, Nuyt AM (2016) Preterm birth: risk factor for early-onset chronic diseases. CMAJ 188:736–746 Hinchliffe SA, Sargent PH, Howard CV, Chan YF, van Velzen D (1991) Human intrauterine renal growth expressed in absolute number of glomeruli assessed by the disector method and Cavalieri principle. Lab Invest 64:777–784 Mackenzie HS, Brenner BM (1995) Fewer nephrons at birth: a missing link in the etiology of essential hypertension? Am J Kidney Dis 26:91–98 Ross MG, Beall MH (2008) Adult sequelae of intrauterine growth restriction. Semin Perinatol 32:213–218 Konje JC, Okaro CI, Bell SC, de Chazal R, Taylor DJ (1997) A cross-sectional study of changes in fetal renal size with gestation in appropriate- and small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 10:22–26 Stelloh C, Allen KP, Mattson DL, Lerch-Gaggl A, Reddy S, El-Meanawy A (2012) Prematurity in mice leads to reduction in nephron number, hypertension, and proteinuria. Transl Res 159:80–89 Niver D (2014) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: structural challenges and stem cell treatment potential. Adv Neonatal Care 14:E1–E11 Lewandowski AJ, Augustine D, Lamata P, Davis EF, Lazdam M et al (2013) Preterm heart in adult life: cardiovascular magnetic resonance reveals distinct differences in left ventricular mass, geometry, and function. Circulation 127:197–206 Johansson S, Norman M, Legnevall L, Dalmaz Y, Lagercrantz H, Vanpee M (2007) Increased catecholamines and heart rate in children with low birth weight: perinatal contributions to sympathoadrenal overactivity. J Intern Med 261:480–487 Woods LL, Ingelfinger JR, Nyengaard JR, Rasch R (2001) Maternal protein restriction suppresses the newborn renin-angiotensin system and programs adult hypertension in rats. Pediatr Res 49:460–467 Nguyen MU, Wallace MJ, Pepe S, Menheniott TR, Moss TJ, Burgner D (2015) Perinatal inflammation: a common factor in the early origins of cardiovascular disease? Clin Sci (Lond) 129:769–784 Vento M, Moro M, Escrig R, Arruza L, Villar G et al (2009) Preterm resuscitation with low oxygen causes less oxidative stress, inflammation, and chronic lung disease. Pediatrics 124:e439–e449 Sutherland MR, Bertagnolli M, Lukaszewski M, Huyard F, Yzydorczyk C, Luu TM, Nuyt AM (2014) Brief review: preterm birth and hypertension risk. The oxidative stress paradigm. Hypertension 63:12–18 Yzydorczyk C, Comte B, Cambonie G, Lavoie JC, Germain N et al (2008) Neonatal oxygen exposure in rats leads to cardiovascular and renal alterations in adulthood. Hypertension 52:889–895 Rodriguez MM, Gomez AH, Abitbol CL, Chandar JJ, Duara S, Zilleruelo GE (2004) Histomorphometric analysis of postnatal glomerulogenesis in extremely preterm infants. Pediatr Dev Pathol 7:17–25 Gubhaju L, Sutherland MR, Horne RS, Medhurst A, Kent AL et al (2014) Assessment of renal functional maturation and injury in preterm neonates during the first month of life. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 307:F149–F158 Gubhaju L, Sutherland M, Yoder BA, Zulli A, Bertram JF, Black MJ (2009) Is nephrogenesis affected by preterm birth? Studies in a non-human primate model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297:1668–1677 Langley-Evans SC, Sherman RC, Welham SJ, Nwagwu MO, Gardner DS, Jackson AA (1999) Intrauterine programming of hypertension: the role of the renin-angiotensin system. Biochem Soc Trans 27:88–93 Martyn CN, Greenwald SE (1997) Impaired synthesis of elastin in walls of aorta and large conduit arteries during early development as an initiating event in pathogenesis of systemic hypertension. Lancet 350:953–955 Raz S, Newman JB, Debastos AK, Peters BN, Batton DG (2014) Postnatal growth and neuropsychological performance in preterm-birth preschoolers. Neuropsychology 28:188–201 Modi N (1993) Sodium intake and preterm babies. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 69:87–91 Cole TJ, Statnikov Y, Santhakumaran S, Pan H, Modi N et al (2014) Birth weight and longitudinal growth in infants born below 32 weeks’ gestation: a UK population study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 99:F34–F40 Modi N (1998) Hyponatraemia in the newborn. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 78:F81–F84 Zanardo V, Dani C, Trevisanuto D, Meneghetti S, Guglielmi A et al (1995) Methylxanthines increase renal calcium excretion in preterm infants. Biol Neonate 68:169–174 Armstrong LE, Soto JA, Hacker FT Jr, Casa DJ, Kavouras SA, Maresh CM (1998) Urinary indices during dehydration, exercise, and rehydration. Int J Sport Nutr 8:345–355 Mathew OP, Jones AS, James E, Bland H, Groshong T (1980) Neonatal renal failure: usefulness of diagnostic indices. Pediatrics 65:57–60 Martinerie L, Pussard E, Yousef N, Cosson C, Lema I, Husseini K, Mur S, Lombès M, Boileau P (2015) Aldosterone-signaling defect exacerbates sodium wasting in very preterm neonates: the Premaldo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:4074–4081 Vuohelainen T, Ojala R, Virtanen A, Korhonen P, Luukkaala T, Holm P, Tammela O (2011) Decreased free water clearance is associated with worse respiratory outcomes in premature infants. PLoS One 6:1–6 Kojima T, Fukuda Y, Hirata Y, Matsuzaki S, Kobayashi Y (1990) Changes in vasopressin, atrial natriuretic factor, and water homeostasis in the early stage of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Res 27:260–263 Baraton L, Ancel PY, Flamant C, Orsonneau JL, Darmaun D, Roze JC (2009) Impact of changes in serum sodium levels on 2-year neurologic outcomes for very preterm neonates. Pediatrics 124:655–661 Bauer K, Bovermann G, Roithmaier A, Goetz M, Proiss A, Versmold HT (1991) Body composition, nutrition and fluid balance during the first two weeks of life in preterm neonates weighing less than 1500 g. J Pediatr 118:615–620 Fusch C, Jochum F (2014) Water, sodium, potassium and chloride. World Rev Nutr Diet 110:99–120 Aisa MC, Cappucini B, Barbati A, Orlacchio A, Baglioni M, Di Renzo GC (2016) Biochemical parameters of renal impairment/injury and surrogate markers of nephron number in intrauterine growth-restricted and preterm neonates at 30–40 days of postnatal corrected age. Pediatr Nephrol 31(12):2277-87 Selewski DT, Charlton JR, Jetton JG, Guillet R, Mhanna MJ et al (2015) Neonatal acute kidney injury. Pediatrics 136:e463–e473 Hanna MH, Askenazi DJ, Selewski DT (2016) Drug-induced acute kidney injury in neonates. Curr Opin Pediatr 28:180–187 Schmidt B, Roberts RS, Davis P, Doyle LW, Barrington KJ et al (2007) Long-term effects of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity. N Engl J Med 357:1893–1902 Zaffanello M, Bassareo PP, Cataldi L, Antonucci R, Biban P, Fanos V (2010) Long-term effects of neonatal drugs on the kidney. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 23(Suppl 3):87–89 Durkan AM, Alexander RT (2011) Acute kidney injury post neonatal asphyxia. J Pediatr 158:e29–e33 Jetton JG, Askenazi DJ (2014) Acute kidney injury in the neonate. Clin Perinatol 41:487–502 Filler G, Grimmer J, Huang SH, Bariciak E (2012) Cystatin C for the assessment of GFR in neonates with congenital renal anomalies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:3382–3384 Huang SH, Sharma AP, Yasin A, Lindsay RM, Clark WF, Filler G (2011) Hyperfiltration affects accuracy of creatinine eGFR measurement. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6:274–280 Filler G, Boekenkamp A, Hofmann W, Le Bricon T, Martinez-Bru C, Grubb A (2005) Cystatin C as a marker of GFR- history, indications, and future research. Clin Biochem 38:1–8 Abitbol CL, Seeherunvong W, Galarza MG, Katsoufis C, Francoeur D, Defreitas M, Edwards-Richards A, Master Sankar Raj V, Chandar J, Duara S, Yasin S, Zilleruelo G (2014) Neonatal kidney size and function in preterm infants: what is a true estimate of glomerular filtration rate? J Pediatr 164:1026–1031 Contrepois A, Brion N, Garaud JJ, Faurisson F, Delatour F et al (1985) Renal disposition of gentamicin, dibekacin, tobramycin, netilmicin, and amikacin in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 27:520–524 Koralkar R, Ambalavanan N, Levitan EB, McGwin G, Goldstein S, Askenazi D (2011) Acute kidney injury reduces survival in very low birth weight infants. Pediatr Res 69:354–358 Haycock (1993) The influence of sodium on growth in infancy. Pediatr Nephrol 7:871–875 Seifter JL, Aronson PS (1986) Properties and physiologic roles of the plasma membrane sodium-hydrogen exchanger. J Clin Invest 78:859–864 Hartnoll G, Betremieux P, Modi N (2000) Randomized controlled trial of postnatal sodium supplementation on body composition in 25 to 30 week gestational age infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 82:F24–F28 Al-Dahhan J, Haycock GB, Chantler C, Stimmler L (1983) Sodium homeostasis in term and preterm neonates. I. Renal aspects. Arch Dis Child 58:335–342 Ehrenkranz RA, Dusick AM, Vohr BR, Wright LL, Wrage LA, Poole WK (2006) Growth in the neonatal intensive care unit influences neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 117:1253–1261 Bower TR, Pringle KC, Soper RT (1988) Sodium deficit causing decreased weight gain and metabolic acidosis in infants with ileostomy. J Pediatr Surg 23:567–572 Isemann B, Mueller EW, Narendran V, Akinbi H (2016) Impact of early sodium supplementation on hyponatremia and growth in premature infants: a randomized controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 40:342–349 Rochow N, Jochum F, Redlich A, Korinekova Z, Linnemann K, Weitmann K, Boehm G, Mueller H, Kalhoff H, Topp H, Hoffmann W, Fusch C (2011) Fortification of breast milk in VLBW infants: metabolic acidosis is linked to the composition of fortifiers and alters weight gain and bone mineralization. Clin Nutr 30:99–105 Mohamed GB, Ibrahiem MA, Abdel Hameed WM (2014) Nephrocalcinosis in preterm neonates: a study of incidence and risk factors. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 25:326–332 Giapros V, Tsoni C, Challa A, Cholevas V, Argyropoulou M et al (2011) Renal function and kidney length in preterm infants with nephrocalcinosis: a longitudinal study. Pediatr Nephrol 26:1873–1880 Porter E, McKie A, Beattie TJ, McColl JH, Aladangady N et al (2006) Neonatal nephrocalcinosis: long term follow up. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 91:F333–F336 Kist-van Holthe JE, van Zwieten PH, Schell-Feith EA, Zonderland HM, Holscher HC, Wolterbeek R, Veen S, Frolich M, van der Heijden BJ (2007) Is nephrocalcinosis in preterm neonates harmful for long-term blood pressure and renal function? Paediatrics 119:468–475 Starzec K, Klimek M, Grudzion A, Jagla M, Kwinta P (2016) Longitudinal assessment of renal size and function in extremely low birth weight children at 7 and 11 years of age. Pediatr Nephrol 31:2119–2126 Bruel A, Roze J, Quere M, Flamant C, Boivin M, Roussey-Kesler G, Allain-Launay E (2016) Renal outcome in children born pretermwith neonatal acute renal failure: IRENEO—a prospective controlled study. Pediatr Nephrol 31(12):2365-2373. Simonetti GD, Raio L, Surbek D, Nelle M, Frey FJ, Mohaupt MG (2008) Salt sensitivity of children with low birth weight. Hypertension 52:625–630 Luyckx VA, Shukha K, Brenner BM (2011) Low nephron number and its clinical consequences. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2:e0061 Luyckx VA, Brenner BM (2005) Low birth weight, nephron number, and kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 97; S68–77. Review. Filler G, Yasin A, Kesarwani P, Garg AX, Lindsay R, Sharma AP (2011) Big mother or small baby: which predicts hypertension? J Clin Hypertens 13:35–41 Merheb RC, Kruzer K, Mhanna MJ (2014) The effect of bumetanide in extremely low birth weight infants with acute kidney injury during their first weeks of life. J Clin Pediatr Nephrol 2014:53–63 Selewski DT, Cornell TT, Lombel RM, Blatt NB, Han YY et al (2011) Weight-based determination of fluid overload status and mortality in pediatric intensive care unit patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 37:1166–1173 Harshman LA, Muff-Luett M, Neuberger ML, Dagle JM, Shilyansky J et al. (2014) Peritoneal dialysis in an extremely low-birth-weight infant with acute kidney injury. Clin Kidney J 7:582–585 Ronco C, Garzotto F, Brendolan A (2014) Continuous renal replacement therapy in neonates and small infants: development and first-in-human use of a miniaturised machine. Lancet 383:1807–1813 Flynn J (2000) Neonatal hypertension: diagnosis and management. Pediatr Nephrol 14:332–341 Merrikhi AR, Ghaemi S, Gheissari A, Shokrani M, Madihi Y, Mousavinasab F (2012) Effects of aminophyllinein preventing renal failure in premature neonates with asphyxia in Isfahan-Iran. J Pak Med Assoc 62:S48–S51