Removing siloxanes and hydrogen sulfide from landfill gases with biochar and activated carbon filters

Ahmad, M., Rajapaksha, A.U., Lim, J.E., Zhang, M., c, Bolan, N., Mohan, Vithanage, M., Lee, S.S., Ok, Y.S., 2014. Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: A review Chemosphere 99, 19–33. Alhashimi, 2017, Life cycle environmental and economic performance of biochar compared with activated carbon: A meta-analysis, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 118, 13, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.016 Arena, N., Lee, J., Clift, R., 2016. Life Cycle Assessment of activated carbon production from coconut shells. Journal of Cleaner Production. [Online Journal]. 125. 68—77. Available: DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.073. ISSN 0959- 6526. Ayodele, 2020, Effect of collection efficiency and oxidation factor on greenhouse gas emission and life cycle cost of landfill distributed energy generation, Sustain. Cities Soc., 52, 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101821 Baker, 2022, A review of Willow (Salix spp.) as an integrated biorefinery feedstock, Ind. Crop. Prod., 189, 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115823 Bandosz, 1999, Effect of pore structure and surface chemistry of virgin activated carbons on removal of hydrogen sulfide, Carbon, 37, 483, 10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00217-6 Cha, 1999, Removal of organosulphur odour compounds by hiobacillus novellas SRM, sulphur-oxidizing microorganisms, Process Biochem., 34, 659 Chen, 2007, Effect of Heavy Metals on the Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds to Wood Charcoal Environ, Sci. Technol., 41, 2536, 10.1021/es062113+ Conti, 2016, Comparison of chemical and physical indices of thermal stability of biochars from different biomass by analytical pyrolysis and thermogravimetry, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 122, 160, 10.1016/j.jaap.2016.10.003 Dai, 2019, The adsorption, regeneration and engineering applications of biochar for removal organic pollutants: A review, Chemosphere, 223, 12, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.161 Deublein D. and Steinhauser A., 2008. Biogas from waste and renewable sources An introduction. Second, Revised and Expanded Edition. Wiley-VCH, John WileySons. Dewil, 2006, Energy use of biogas hampered by the presence of siloxanes, Energ. Convers. Manag., 47, 1711, 10.1016/j.enconman.2005.10.016 Dolgen, 2005, Energy Potential of Municipal Solid Wastes, Energy Source, 27, 1483, 10.1080/009083190523820 Duan, 2021, Trace gas emissions from municipal solid waste landfills: A review, Waste Manag., 119, 39, 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.015 Dubois, 2020, Potential of Birch (Betula pendula Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh.) for Forestry and Forest-Based Industry Sector within the Changing Climatic and Socio-Economic Context of Western Europe, Forests, 11, 336, 10.3390/f11030336 Gaj, 2020, Adsorptive Biogas Purification from Siloxanes-A Critical Review, Energies, 13, 2065, 10.3390/en13102605 Griffin, P., 2007. Biogas treatment. Presentation at Cranfield University, 18th September. Grumping, 1999, Microbial degradation of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65, 2276, 10.1128/AEM.65.5.2276-2278.1999 Gu, 2018, Life-cycle assessment of activated carbon from woody biomass, Wood Fiber Sci., 50, 229, 10.22382/wfs-2018-024 Hassan, 2019, An assessment of side-stream generation from Finnish forest industry, J Mater Cycles Waste Manag., 21, 265, 10.1007/s10163-018-0787-5 Hjaila, 2013, Environmental impact associated with activated carbon preparation from olive-waste cake via life cycle assessment, J Environ Manage., 30, 242, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.061 Hyttinen, 2007, Odors and volatile organic compounds released from the ventilation filters, Athmospheric Environment, 41, 4029, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.029 Igoe, B.M., Welch, M.J., 2015. Impact of Fuel Contaminants on Gas Turbine peration. In 21st Symposium of the Industrial Application of Gas Turbines Committee, Banaff, Alberta, Canada. Kaal, 2012, Molecular characterization of Ulex europaeus biochar obtained from laboratory heat treatment experiments – A pyrolysis–GC/MS study, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 95, 205, 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.02.008 Kanjanarong, J., Giri, B.S., Jaisi, D.P., Oliveira, F.R., Boonsawang, P., Chaiprapat, Singh, R.S., Balakrishna, A., Khanal, S.K., 2017. Removal of hydrogen sulfide generated during anaerobic treatment of sulfate-laden wastewater using biochar: Evaluation of efficiency and mechanisms. Bioresource Technology 234, 115–121. Karp A. 2014. Willows as a Source of Renewable Fuels and Diverse Products. In: Fenning, T. (eds) Challenges and Opportunities for the World’s Forests in the 21st Century. Forestry Sciences, vol 81. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7076-8_27. Katoh, 1995, Studies of the oxidation mechanism of sulphur-containing gases on wet activated carbon fibre, Appl. Catal. B, 6, 255, 10.1016/0926-3373(95)00021-6 Kim, 1991, Removal of hydrogen sulfide by Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum in immobilized cell and sulfur settling free-cell recycle reactors, Biotechnol. Prog., 7, 495, 10.1021/bp00012a003 Kim, 2006, The Emissions of Major Aromatic VOC as Landfill Gas from Urban Landfill Sites in Korea, Environ. Monit Assess., 118, 407, 10.1007/s10661-006-1507-5 Kim, M.H., Jeong, I.T., Park, S.B., Kim, J.W., 2018. Analysis of environmental impact of activated carbon production from wood waste. Environmental Engineering Research. [Online journal]. Vol. 24:1. pp. 117—126. Available: DOI: 10.4491/eer.2018.104. ISSN 1226-1025. Lehmann, 2009, 405 Manheim, 2021, Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of Global Data, J. Indian Inst. Sci., 101, 625, 10.1007/s41745-021-00234-4 Mao, 2010, Growth Characteristics of Two Promising Tree Species for Afforestation, Birch and Larch in the Northeastern Part of Asia, Eurasian J. For. Res., 13–2, 69 Maziarka, 2021, Do you BET on routine? The reliability of N2 physisorption for the quantitative assessment of biochar’s surface area, Chem. Eng. J., 418, 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129234 Muñoz, 2015, A review on the state-of-the art of physical/chemical and biological technologies for biogas upgrading, Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technology, 14, 727, 10.1007/s11157-015-9379-1 Panza, 2010, Hydrogen sulphide removal from landfill gas, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 88, 420, 10.1016/j.psep.2010.07.003 Rasi, 2007, Trace compounds of biogas from different biogas production plants, Energy, 32, 1357, 10.1016/j.energy.2006.10.018 Rasi, 2008, Landfill gas upgrading with countercurrent water wash, Waste Manage., 28, 1528, 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.03.032 Rücker, 2015, Environmental Chemistry of Organosiloxanes, Chem. Rev., 115, 466, 10.1021/cr500319v Salami, 2020, Complementary chemical characterization of distillates obtained from industrial hemp hurds by thermal processing, Ind. Crops Prod., 155, 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112760 Schweigkofler, 2001, Removal of siloxanes in biogases, J. Hazard. Mater., 83, 183, 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00318-6 Shang, 2015, Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide by biochars derived from pyrolysis of different agricultural/forestry wastes, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 66, 8, 10.1080/10962247.2015.1094429 Shareefdeen, 2002, Biofiltration of nuisance sulfur gaseous odors from a meat rendering plant, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 77, 1296, 10.1002/jctb.709 Sigmund, 2017, Biochar total surface area and total pore volume determined by N2 and CO2 physisorption are strongly influenced by degassing temperature, Sci. Total Environ., 580, 770, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.023 Sun, 2016, An enhanced approach for biochar preparation using fluidized bed and its application for H2S removal Chemical, Eng. Process., 104, 1, 10.1016/j.cep.2016.02.006 Tchobanoglous, 1993 US EPA, 1974, Environmental Hazard Assessment of Liquid Siloxanes (Silicones); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC: http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/9100368J.PDF. Varaprath, 1996, Aqueous solubility of permethylsiloxanes (silicones), Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, 1263, 10.1002/etc.5620150803 Xu, 2014, Comparison of sewage sludge- and pig manure-derived biochars for hydrogen sulfide removal, Chemosphere, 111, 296, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.014