Relevance of KFLC quantification to differentiate clinically isolated syndrome from multiple sclerosis at clinical onset

Miller, 2008, Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: a consensus approach, Mult. Scler., 14, 1157, 10.1177/1352458508096878 Senel, 2014, Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin kappa light chain in clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis, PLoS One, 9 Miller, 2012, Clinically isolated syndromes, Lancet Neurol., 11, 157, 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70274-5 Weiner, 2004, Multiple Sclerosis is an inflammatory T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease, Arch. Neurol., 61, 1613, 10.1001/archneur.61.10.1613 Gonsette, 2012, Self-tolerance in multiple sclerosis, Acta Neurol. Belg., 112, 133, 10.1007/s13760-012-0061-x Presslauer, 2008, Elevated levels of kappa free light chains in CSF support the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, J. Neurol., 255, 1508, 10.1007/s00415-008-0954-z Filippi, 2004, Interferon beta-1a for brain tissue loss in patients at presentation with syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 364, 1489, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17271-1 Jacobs, 2000, Intramuscular interferon beta- 1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis, New Engl. J. Med., 343, 898, 10.1056/NEJM200009283431301 Kinkel, 2006, IM interferon beta-1a delays definite multiple sclerosis 5 years after a first demyelinating event, Neurology, 66, 678, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000200778.65597.ae Goodin, 2009, Treatment of early multiple sclerosis: the value of treatment initiation after a first clinical episode, Mult. Scler., 15, 1175, 10.1177/1352458509107007 Montalban, 2010, MRI criteria for MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes, Neurology, 74, 427, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181cec45c Thompson, 2018, Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria, Lancet Neurol., 17, 162, 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30470-2 Giovannoni, 2006, Multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, DisMarkers, 22, 187 Tumani, 2009, Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis, Neurobiol. Dis., 35, 117, 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.04.010 Stangel, 2013, The utility of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in patients with multiple sclerosis, Nat. Rev. Neurol., 9, 267, 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.41 Teunissen, 2015, Body fluid biomarkers for multiple sclerosis - the long road to clinical application, Nat. Rev. Neurol., 110, 585, 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.173 Tselis, 2011, Evidence for viral etiology of multiple sclerosis, Semin. Neurol., 31, 307, 10.1055/s-0031-1287656 Jarius, 2009, The intrathecal, polyspecific antiviral immune response: specific for MS or a general marker of CNS autoimmunity?, J. Neurol. Sci., 280, 98, 10.1016/j.jns.2008.08.002 Jarius, 2008, Polyspecific, antiviral immune response distinguishes multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 79, 1134, 10.1136/jnnp.2007.133330 Freedman, 2005, Recommended standard of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement, Arch. Neurol., 62, 865, 10.1001/archneur.62.6.865 Zeman, 2016, Assessment of intrathecal free light chain synthesis: comparison of different quantitative methods with the detection of oligoclonal free light chains by isoelectric focusing and affinity-mediated immunoblotting, PLoS One, 11 Te Velthuis, 2011, N Latex FLC - new monoclonal high-performance assays for the determination of free light chain kappa and lambda, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 49, 1323, 10.1515/CCLM.2011.624 Presslauer, 2014, Kappa free light chains: diagnostic and prognostic relevance in MS and CIS, PLoS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0089945 Desplat-Jégo, 2005, Quantification of immunoglobulin free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid by nephelometry, J. Clin. Immunol., 25, 338, 10.1007/s10875-005-5371-9 Kaplan, 2010, Free light chain monomers in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, J. Neuroimmunol., 229, 263, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.09.002 Duranti, 2013, Determination of κFLC and κ Index in cerebrospinal fluid: a valid alternative to assess intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis, J. Neuroimmunol., 263, 116, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.07.006 Vasilj, 2017, Kappa free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with identified oligoclonal immunoglobulin G, Psychiat Danub., 29, 124 Krakauer, 1998, Intrathecal synthesis of free immunoglobulin light chains in multiple sclerosis, Acta Neurol. Scand., 98, 161, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1998.tb07287.x Hoedemakers, 2011, Clinical comparison of new monoclonal antibody-based nephelometric assays for free light chain kappa and lambda to polyclonal antibody-based assays and immunofixation electrophoresis, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 50, 489 Villar, 2012, High levels of cerebrospinal fluid free kappa chains predict conversion to multiple sclerosis, Clin. Chim. Acta, 413, 1813, 10.1016/j.cca.2012.07.007 Andersson, 1994, Cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus report, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 57, 897, 10.1136/jnnp.57.8.897 Reiber, 2001, Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: disease-related data patterns and evaluation programs, J. Neurol. Sci., 184, 101, 10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00501-3 Hottenrott, 2017, The MRZ reaction in primary progressive multiple sclerosis, Fluids Barriers CNS, 14, 2, 10.1186/s12987-016-0049-7 Kamath DJ, Xavier D, Sigamani A, Pais P. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) & cardiovascular disease: An Indian perspective. Indian J Med Res. 201;142(3):261–8. Goffette, 2004, Detection of oligoclonal free kappa chains in the absence of oligoclonal IgG in the CSF of patients with suspected multiple sclerosis, Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 75, 308, 10.1136/jnnp.2003.010710 Sindic, 1991, Oligoclonal free kappa and lambda bands in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. An immunoaffinity-mediated capillary blot study, J. Neuroimmunol., 33, 63, 10.1016/0165-5728(91)90035-6 Petzold, 2013, Intrathecal oligoclonal IgG synthesis in multiple sclerosis, J. Neuroimmunol., 262, 1, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.06.014 Filippi, 2018, Prediction of a multiple sclerosis diagnosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome using the 2016 MAGNIMS and 2010 McDonald criteria: a retrospective study, Lancet Neurol., 17, 133, 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30469-6 Polman, 2011, Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald Criteria, Ann. Neurol., 69, 292, 10.1002/ana.22366 Presslauer, 2016, Validation of kappa free light chains as a diagnostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome: a multicenter study, Mult. Scler., 22, 502, 10.1177/1352458515594044 Comabella, 2014, Body fluid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis, Lancet Neurol., 13, 113, 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70233-3 Rinker, 2006, Elevated CSF free kappa light chains correlate with disability prognosis in multiple sclerosis, Neurology, 67, 1288, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000238107.31364.21 Menéndez-Valladares, 2015, Free kappa light chains in cerebrospinal fluid as a biomarker to assess risk conversion to multiple sclerosis, Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin., 16, 1 Kuhle, 2015, Conversion from clinically isolated syndrome to multiple sclerosis: a large multicentre study, Mult. Scler., 21, 1013, 10.1177/1352458514568827 Mares, 2008, Correlation of the IgGindex and oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis, Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czech. Repub., 152, 247, 10.5507/bp.2008.038 Brecht, 2012, Intrathecal, polyspecific antiviral immune response in oligoclonal band negative multiple sclerosis, PLoS One, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0040431 Brettschneider, 2009, IgG antibodies against measles, rubella, and varicella zoster virus predict conversion to multiple sclerosis in clinically isolated syndrome, PLoS One, 4, e7638, 10.1371/journal.pone.0007638 Jacobs, 2018, Evaluation of a new free light chain ELISA assay: bringing coherence with electrophoretic methods, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 56, 312, 10.1515/cclm-2017-0339 Dobson, 2013, Cerebrosinal fluid oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndromes: a meta-analysis of prevalence, prognosis and effect of latitude, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 84, 909, 10.1136/jnnp-2012-304695 Pieri, 2017, KFLC Index utility in multiple sclerosis diagnosis: further confirmation, J. Neuroimmunol., 309, 31, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.05.007 Passerini, 2016, Free light chains and intrathecal B cells activity in multiple sclerosis: a prospective study and meta-analysis, Mult. Scler. Int. Zeman, 2016, Quantitation of free light chains in the cerebrospinal fluid reliably predicts their intrathecal synthesis, Ann. Clin. Biochem., 53, 174, 10.1177/0004563215579110 Compston, 2008, Multiple sclerosis, Lancet, 372, 1502, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7 Valencia-Vera, 2018, Application of κ free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid as a biomarker in multiple sclerosis diagnosis: development of a diagnosis algorithm, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 56, 609, 10.1515/cclm-2017-0285 Gurtner, 2018, CSF free light chain identification of demyelinating disease: comparison with oligoclonal banding and other CSF indexes, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 56, 1071, 10.1515/cclm-2017-0901 Puthenparampil, 2018, Intrathecal K free light chain synthesis in multiple sclerosis at clinical onset associates with local IgG production and improves the diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid examination, Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord., 25, 241, 10.1016/j.msard.2018.08.002 Christiansen, 2018, Cerebrospinal fluid free kappa light chains and kappa index perform equal to oligoclonal bands in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 10.1515/cclm-2018-0400