Relationship of arousal to circadian anticipatory behavior: ventromedial hypothalamus: one node in a hunger–arousal network
Tóm tắt
The mechanisms by which animals adapt to an ever‐changing environment have long fascinated scientists. Different forces, conveying information regarding various aspects of the internal and external environment, interact with each other to modulate behavioral arousal. These forces can act in concert or, at times, in opposite directions. These signals eventually converge and are integrated to influence a common arousal pathway which, depending on all the information received from the environment, supports the activation of the most appropriate behavioral response. In this review we propose that the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) is part of the circuitry that controls food anticipation. It is the first nucleus activated when there is a change in the time of food availability, silencing of VMN ghrelin receptors decreases food‐anticipatory activity (FAA) and, although lesions of the VMN do not abolish FAA, parts of the response are often altered. In proposing this model it is not our intention to exclude parallel, redundant and possibly interacting pathways that may ultimately communicate with, or work in concert with, the proposed network, but rather to describe the neuroanatomical requirements for this circuit and to illustrate how the VMN is strategically placed and connected to mediate this complex behavioral adaptation.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Borbely A.A., 1982, A two process model of sleep regulation, Hum Neurobiol, 1, 195
Choi S., 1998, Hypothalamic ventromedial nuclei amplify circadian rhythms: do they contain a food‐entrained endogenous oscillator?, J. Neurosci., 18, 3843, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-10-03843.1998
Honma K.I., 1984, Feeding‐associated corticosterone peak in rats under various feeding cycles, Am. J. Physiol., 246, R721
Ibuka N., 1980, Sleep‐wakefulness rhythms in mice after suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions, Waking Sleeping, 4, 167
Jones B.E., 2004, Paradoxical REM sleep promoting and permitting neuronal networks, Arch. Ital. Biol., 142, 379
Morris J.S., 2001, Involvement of human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in hunger‐enhanced memory for food stimuli, J. Neurosci., 21, 5304, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-14-05304.2001
Pfaff D., 2005, Brain Arousal and Information Theory: Neural and Genetic Mechanisms
Saito M.&Shimazu T.(1982)Effects of hypothalamic lesions on an anticipatory response to feeding. InHoebel B.G.&Novin D.(Eds) The Neural Basis of Feeding and Reward.Haer Institute Brunswick pp.115–121.
Sakuma Y., 1976, [Antidromic identification of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells which participate in the anterior pituitary control (author’s transl)], Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi, 52, 1