Relations among subduction parameters

Reviews of Geophysics - Tập 24 Số 2 - Trang 217-284 - 1986
Richard D. Jarrard

Tóm tắt

Clues to the dynamics of the subduction process are found in the many measurable parameters of modern subduction zones. Based on a critical appraisal of the geophysical and geological literature, 26 parameters are estimated for each of 39 modern subduction zones. To isolate causal relationships among these parameters, multivariate analysis is applied to this data set. This analysis yields empirical quantitative relations that predict strain regime and strike‐slip faulting in the overriding plate, maximum earthquake magnitude, Benioff zone length, slab dip, arc‐trench gap, and maximum trench depth. Excellent correlation is found between length of the Benioff zone and the product of convergence rate and age of the downgoing slab. This relationship is consistent with the conductive heating model of Molnar et al. (1979), if the model is modified in one respect. The rate of heating of the slab is not constant; it is substantially slower during passage of the slab beneath the accretionary prism and overriding plate. The structural style in the overriding plate is determined by its stress state. Though the stress state of overriding plates cannot be quantified, one can classify each individual subduction zone into one of seven semiquantitative strain classes that form a continuum from strongly extensional (class 1, back‐arc spreading) to strongly compressional (class 7, active folding and thrusting). This analysis indicates that strain class is probably determined by a linear combination of convergence rate, slab age, and shallow slab dip. Interplate coupling, controlled by convergence rate and slab age, is an important control on strain regime and the primary control on earthquake magnitude. Arc‐parallel strike‐slip faulting is a common feature of convergent margins, forming a forearc sliver between the strike‐slip fault and trench. Optimum conditions for the development of forearc slivers are oblique convergence, a compressional environment, and a continental overriding plate. The primary factor controlling presence of strike‐slip faulting is coupling; strongly oblique convergence is not required. The rate of strike‐slip faulting is affected by both convergence obliquity and convergence rate. Maximum trench depth is a response to flexure of the underthrusting plate. The amount of flexural deflection at the trench depends on the vertical component of slab pull force, which is very sensitive to slab age and shallow slab dip. Shallow slab dip conforms to the cross‐sectional shape of the overriding plate, which is controlled by width of the accretionary prism and duration of subduction. Deep slab dip is affected by the mantle trajectory established at shallow depth but may be modified by mantle flow. Much of the structural complexity of convergent margins is probably attributable to terrane juxtaposition associated with temporal changes in both forearc strike‐slip faulting and strain regime. Empirical equations relating subduction parameters can provide both a focus for future theoretical studies and a conceptual and kinematic link between plate tectonics and the geology of subduction zones.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1080/00288306.1977.10431592

10.1029/RG013i002p00383

10.1029/JZ067i012p04795

10.1029/TC002i001p00001

10.1130/0016-7606(1980)91<476:FCLDAS>2.0.CO;2

10.1038/253518a0

Aoki H., 1974, Pressure effects on the deformation of slabs descending below island arcs, J. Seismol. Soc. Jpn., 27, 110

Arabasz W. J. Geological and geophysical studies of the Atacama Fault Zone in northern Chile Ph.D. thesis 275 Calif. Inst. of Technol. Pasadena 1971.

Arthurton R. S., 1979, Geodynamics of Pakistan, 295

Atwater T., 1973, Proceedings of the Conference on Tectonic Problems of the San Andreas Fault System, Publ, 136

Auden J. B., 1974, Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Orogenic Belts, 235

Avdeiko G. P., 1971, Evolution of geosynclines on Kamchatka, Pac. Geol., 3, 1

10.1016/0012-821X(76)90197-7

10.1016/0040-1951(83)90111-7

10.1130/0091-7613(1976)4<686:SDOEAS>2.0.CO;2

10.1111/j.1365-246X.1979.tb06778.x

10.1016/0012-821X(72)90052-0

10.1098/rsta.1972.0005

10.1098/rsta.1981.0063

10.1029/JB085iB12p07115

10.1029/GD011p0091

10.1029/JB089iB07p06153

10.1016/0025-3227(80)90030-4

Biju‐Duval B., 1981, Premiers resultats des forages IPOD implatés lors de la croisiére 78A du Glomar Challenger au NE de la ride de la Barbade (arc des Petites Antilles, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 293, 621

10.1029/JB088iB09p07411

Bowin C., 1980, Arc‐continent collision in Banda Sea region, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 64, 868

Bowland C. L. Seismic stratigraphy and structure of the western Colombian Basin Caribbean Sea M.A. thesis 164 Univ. of Tex. Austin 1984.

10.1111/j.1365-246X.1977.tb06928.x

Buffler R. R., 1979, Anatomy of the Mexican ridges, southwestern Gulf of Mexico, Geological and Geomorphological Investigations of Continental Margins, Mem. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol., 29, 319

10.1029/JB089iB09p07719

10.1038/239387b0

10.1038/245133a0

10.1130/0091-7613(1979)7<341:LPDOTK>2.0.CO;2

10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.43

10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.44

Cande S. C., 1983, Nazca‐South America plate interactions 80 m.y. B.P. to present (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 64, 865

10.1029/JB083iB06p02825

10.1029/GM023p0001

10.1029/GL010i004p00297

10.1016/0040-1951(82)90225-6

10.1016/0012-821X(76)90099-6

10.1029/JB087iB01p00329

10.1016/0012-821X(78)90051-1

10.1029/JB083iB11p05385

Chase C. G., 1984, Proper motion of hotspots: Pacific plate (abstract, Eos Trans. AGU, 65, 1099

Chinn D. Accurate source depths and focal mechanisms of shallow earthquakes in western South America and in the New Hebrides island Arc Ph.D. thesis Cornell Univ. Ithaca N.Y. 1982.

10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<728:LPTPON>2.0.CO;2

Chotin P., 1985, Suminta, and Sumarso, Etude de la fracturation de l'îHe de Java, Indonésie, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr.

10.1098/rsta.1972.0009

Christofferson E., 1983, Plate model of the collapsing Caribbean continental margin of Nicaragua and the adjacent San Andres Island Trough, Caribb. Geol. Conf. Trans. 10th, 32

10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1135:TPPMDF>2.0.CO;2

Cole W. S., 1960, Conflicting age determinations suggested by Foraminifera on Yap, Caroline Islands, Bull. Am. Paleontol., 41, 77

10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.28

10.1029/JB086iB04p02497

10.2475/ajs.272.7.603

10.1038/270403a0

Cormier V. F., 1975, Composite focal mechanism solution of the Near Islands (Aleutian Islands) earthquakes of February 2, 1975 (abstract, Eos Trans. AGU, 56, 393

Cox A., 1984, Change in motion of Pacific plate at 5 Ma (abstract, Eos Trans. AGU, 65, 1099

Creager K. C., 1985, Slab penetration into the lower mantle beneath the Mariana island arc (abstract, Eos Trans. AGU, 66, 298

10.2475/ajs.278.7.865

10.1130/0016-7606(1982)93<545:COSGLO>2.0.CO;2

Crosson R. S., 1975, A note on the Mt. Rainier earthquake of April 20, 1974, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 65, 549, 10.1785/BSSA0650020549

10.1029/JB087iB05p03741

10.1007/978-1-4615-8038-6_9

10.1016/0012-821X(81)90174-6

Dalrymple G. B., 1980, Conventional and 40Ar/39Ar K‐Ar ages of volcanic rocks from Öjin (site 430), Nintoku (site 432), and Suiko (site 433) seamounts and the chronology of volcanic propagation along the Hawaiian‐Emperor chain, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 55, 659

10.1098/rsta.1981.0067

Davies H. L., 1984, Structure and evolution of the southern Solomon Sea region, BMR J. Aust. Geol. Geophys., 9, 49

10.1016/0040-1951(81)90135-9

10.1029/JB088iB02p01153

10.1086/649659

10.1016/0040-1951(74)90117-6

10.1038/240539a0

Dengo G., 1969, Structural development of northern Central America, Mem. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol., 11, 203

10.1029/JB084iB07p03637

Dewey J. F., 1980, Episodicity, sequence and style at convergent plate boundaries, The Continental Crust and Its Mineral Deposits, Spec. Pap. Geol. Assoc. Can., 20, 553

10.1029/JB075i014p02625

Dewey J. W., 1974, Seismicity of the Middle America arc‐trench system near Managua, Nicaragua, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 64, 1033, 10.1785/BSSA0640041033

10.2475/ajs.272.7.551

10.1029/JB078i017p03376

10.1130/MEM151-p355

10.1139/e77-026

10.1139/e78-041

10.1016/0040-1951(81)90126-8

Dykstra J. D., 1979, Geodynamics of Pakistan, 319

10.1029/JB076i005p01101

Engdahl E. R. Seismicity and plate subduction in the central Aleutians Island Arcs Deep Sea Trenches and Back‐Arc Basins Maurice Ewing Ser. 1M.Talwani W. C.PitmanIII 259–271 AGU Washington D.C. 1977.

10.1016/0040-1951(77)90041-5

Engebretson D. C. Relative motions between oceanic and continental plates in the Pacific Basin Ph.D. thesis Stanford Univ. Stanford Calif. 1982.

10.1016/0012-821X(80)90028-X

Enslein K., 1977, Statistical Methods for Digital Computers

10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[3281:PAGOTI]2.0.CO;2

10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<664:MOIAPA>2.0.CO;2

10.1038/273292a0

Fisher M. A., 1979, Structure and tectonic setting of the continental shelf southwest of Kodiak Island, Alaska, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 63, 301

10.1029/JB077i023p04432

10.1093/petrology/24.1.98

Forbes R. B. T. E.Smith D. L.Turner A solution to the Denali Fault offset problem Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Survey Annual Report 25–27College 1974.

10.1029/JB080i011p01429

10.1111/j.1365-246X.1975.tb00631.x

10.1029/TC004i005p00477

10.1038/220363a0

10.1029/JB087iB03p01786

Gill J. B., 1981, Orogenic Andesires and Plate Tectonics, 10.1007/978-3-642-68012-0

10.1016/0012-821X(82)90078-4

10.1016/0025-3227(82)90138-4

10.1029/JB089iB07p06139

10.1016/0040-1951(80)90121-3

10.1016/0040-1951(82)90087-7

Hager B. H., 1983, Slab dip and length and the dynamics of back‐arc opening or closing (abstract, Eos Trans. AGU, 64, 845

10.1016/0040-1951(78)90130-0

Hamilton W., 1979, Tectonics of the Indonesian region, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1078, 345

Hammond P. E., 1979, A tectonic model for the evolution of the Cascade Range, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral., Pac. Sect., 3, 219

Hanus V., 1978, Tonga‐Lau system: Deep collision of subducted lithospheric plates, J. Geophys., 44, 473

10.1029/JB086iB06p04971

10.1016/0040-1951(78)90150-6

Hegarty K. A., 1982, The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands, Part 2, Geophys. Monogr. Ser, 326

Herman B. M., 1979, Extensional tectonics in the Okinawa Trough, Geological and Geophysical Investigations of Continental Margins, Mere. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol., 29, 199

Hervé F. J.Fuenzaleda E.Araya A.Solano Edades radiometricas y tectonica Neogena en el sector Costero de Chiloe ContinentalXa region in Acta II Congreso Geológico Chileno Aug. 1979 pp. F1‐F18Arica Chile 1979.

10.1016/0040-1951(83)90114-2

10.1029/GD011p0075

10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.24

10.1029/JB088iB11p09347

10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<668:SSACSF>2.0.CO;2

Hussong D. M., 1982, Tectonic processes and the history of the Mariana Arc: A synthesis of the results of Deep Sea Drilling leg 60, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 60, 909

10.1038/238263b0

10.2467/mripapers1950.16.3-4_201

Ichikawa M., 1980, Some problems in the focal mechanism in and near Japan, Geophys. Mag., 39, 1

IHO/IOC/CHS, 1984, GEBCO—General bathymetric chart of the oceans

Isacks B. L., 1985, Topography and tectonics of the central Andes (abstract, Eos Trans. AGU, 66, 375

10.1029/ME001p0099

10.1029/RG009i001p00103

10.1029/JB073i018p05855

10.1029/JB088iB11p09375

Jacob K. H., 1979, Geodynamics of Pakistan, 305

10.1029/ME001p0243

10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3325:PTMFTE]2.0.CO;2

Jarrard R. D., 1984, Prediction of continental structural style from plate tectonic parameters (abstract, Eos Trans. AGU, 65, 1095

10.1029/GM023p0293

10.1029/JB080i035p04809

10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<341:ATRTGO>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/JB080i032p04433

Jung D., 1976, Afar Between Continental and Oceanic Rifting, 173

10.1029/JB084iB12p06796

10.1016/0040-1951(83)90102-6

Kaizuka S., 1975, A tectonic model for the morphology of arc‐trench systems, especially for the echelon ridge and mid‐arc faults, Jpn. J. Geol. Geogr., 45, 9

10.1016/0040-1951(84)90238-5

10.1016/0031-9201(72)90082-9

Kappel E. S. Plate convergence in the Sunda and Banda arcs B.A. thesis Cornell Univ. Ithaca N.Y.1980.

10.1029/JB076i011p02542

10.1016/0025-3227(73)90025-X

Karig D. E., 1975, Basin genesis in the Philippine Sea, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj, 31, 857

10.1016/0025-3227(72)90039-4

10.1016/0040-1951(75)90101-8

10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<377:SAAIT>2.0.CO;2

Karig D. E. et al. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 31 927 U.S. Government Printing Office Washington D.C. 1975.

10.1029/JB081i035p06281

10.1144/gsjgs.137.1.0077

10.1007/BF01823809

Katili J. A., 1973, The Western Pacific, Island Arcs, Marginal Seas, Geochemistry, 287

Katili J. A., 1974, Sumatra, 317

Katili J. A., 1967, On the occurrence of large transcurrent faults in Sumatra, Indonesia, J. Geosci. Osaka City Univ., 10, 1

10.1029/JB074i025p05923

10.1016/0040-1951(82)90221-9

10.1029/JB080i002p00244

10.1016/0040-1951(67)90016-9

Kazmi A. H., 1979, Geodynamics of Pakistan, 285

10.1130/0091-7613(1978)6<516:PGIFCA>2.0.CO;2

10.1130/0016-7606(1982)93<524:PRDFSR>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/JB081i026p04885

10.1029/JB087iB08p06725

10.1029/GM019p0235

Kroenke L. W., 1978, Old questions answered—And new ones asked, Geotimes, 23, 20

Lahr J. Detailed seismic investigation of Pacific‐North America plate interaction in southern Alaska Ph.D. thesis 141 Columbia Univ. New York 1975.

10.1130/0091-7613(1975)3<484:GALSOS>2.0.CO;2

Larson R. L., 1985, The Bedrock Geology of the World

10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.35

10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.36

Lawyer L. A., 1981, Evolution of the Andaman Sea (abstract, Eos Trans. AGU, 62, 1044

10.1016/0025-3227(80)90032-8

10.1029/JB073i012p03661

10.1098/rsta.1981.0069

10.1016/0264-8172(85)90002-9

10.1098/rsta.1972.0008

10.1038/250298a0

Lohmann H. H., 1970, Outline of tectonic history of Bolivian Andes, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 54, 735

10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<54:ARISMM>2.0.CO;2

10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3411:DODLPB]2.0.CO;2

Maki T., 1983, Spatial variation of earthquake‐generating stress in and around the Kanto District, central Japan, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo, 58, 591

10.1029/JB087iB05p04109

10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[251:CTAIAA]2.0.CO;2

10.1016/0012-821X(84)90118-3

Markhinin E. K., 1968, The Crust and Upper Mantle of the Pacific Area, Geophys. Monogr. Ser, 412

Martin S., 1976, A review of oil exploration and stratigraphy of sedimentary basins of the Philippines, CCOP Tech. Bull., 10, 55

10.1016/0040-1951(84)90057-X

10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.34

10.1016/0040-1951(67)90004-2

10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.33

Mattson P. H., 1976, Mesozoic and Tertiary lithosphere plate interactions in the northern Caribbean, Trans. Caribb. Geol. Conf., 7, 79

10.1086/628418

McBirney A. R., 1965, Volcanic history of Nicaragua, Univ. Calif. Berkeley Publ. Geol. Sci., 55, 73

10.1029/JB089iB06p04493

10.1029/GD001p0099

10.1111/j.1365-246X.1969.tb00259.x

10.1111/j.1365-246X.1978.tb04759.x

10.1029/JB089iB13p11180

10.1016/0012-821X(76)90229-6

10.1029/GL005i005p00321

10.1098/rsta.1981.0068

10.1029/JB083iB11p05331

10.1111/j.1365-246X.1974.tb00613.x

Mizoue M., 1982, High angle reverse faultings in the interaxial zone of active folds in the inner belt of northeast Japan, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo, 57, 359

10.1130/MEM132-p35

10.1038/246288a0

10.1016/0012-821X(78)90187-5

10.1111/j.1365-246X.1975.tb06194.x

10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1639:TOTCAM]2.0.CO;2

10.1126/science.189.4201.419

10.1111/j.1365-246X.1979.tb04766.x

10.1130/MEM132-p7

Morgan W. J. Hotspot tracks and the opening of the Atlantic and Indian oceans The Sea 7C.Emiliani 443–487 John Wiley New York 1980.

10.1016/0012-821X(79)90065-7

10.1016/0040-1951(82)90085-3

10.1016/0040-1951(84)90237-3

10.1016/0377-0273(77)90012-9

10.1029/JB085iB11p06419

Nakamura K., 1980, A tectonic stress trajectory map of Alaska using information from volcanoes and faults, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo, 55, 89

Ness G., 1976, Subduction geometry of the Nazca‐South American convergence (abstract, Eos Trans. AGU, 57, 334

10.1016/0040-1951(82)90218-9

10.5575/geosoc.74.485

10.1029/RG021i008p01779

Okada A., 1971, Active faulting of the median tectonic line (in Japanese), 41,666

Okayama T. The relations between the geomorphic and geologic structure of the Japanese Islands Geographical Papers in Commemoration of Professor T. Tsujimura's 70th Birthday 50–67 1961.

10.1038/267816a0

10.1016/0040-1951(71)90058-8

10.1144/gsjgs.136.5.0569

Page R. W., 1977, K‐Ar ages and geological relations of intrusive rocks in New Britain, Pac. Geol., 12, 99

10.1029/JB086iB04p02661

10.1016/0040-1951(84)90062-3

10.1029/TC002i006p00601

10.1016/0040-1951(79)90099-4

10.1029/JB086iB11p10753

10.1016/0040-1951(77)90214-1

10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<448:PRARAL>2.0.CO;2

Quittmeyer R. C., 1979, Geodynamics of Pakistan, 271

10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[23:AACOMA]2.0.CO;2

10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<1883:OPAHOM>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/RG017i005p00981

Richter F. M., 1978, Simple plate models of mantle convection, J. Geophys., 44, 441

Richter I., 1978, Alps, Apennines, Hellenides, 410

10.1016/0040-1951(82)90233-5

10.2475/ajs.275.3.252

10.1016/0031-9201(80)90117-X

10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.45

10.1029/JB088iB04p03355

10.1130/SPE151-p1

Sebrier M., 1982, Observaciones acerca de la neotectonica del Peru, Contrib. IGP‐LGDI

10.1016/0040-1951(77)90168-8

10.1130/MEM154-p351

10.1029/GM023p0049

10.1029/JB083iB04p01681

10.1029/JB088iB11p09407

10.1029/JB088iB09p07429

10.1029/JB085iB02p00853

10.1016/0377-0273(79)90044-1

10.1016/0040-1951(76)90148-7

10.1016/0040-1951(84)90106-9

Smith S. W., 1980, The northern termination of the San Andreas Fault, Studies of the Sea Andreas Fault Zone in Northern California, Spec. Rep. Calif. Div. Mines Geol., 140, 153

10.1029/JB079i017p02557

St. Amand P., 1960, Strike‐slip faulting in northern Chile, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 71, 1965

10.1029/JB080i008p01053

10.1029/JB081i002p00297

10.1016/0012-821X(84)90198-5

10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<373:WBZSA>2.0.CO;2

10.1016/0040-1951(85)90187-8

10.1007/BF02597631

10.1029/JB087iB05p03697

10.1029/JB088iB12p10403

10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-XXVI.2.245

10.1029/JZ070i020p05065

10.1038/245298a0

10.1029/JB087iB13p10656

10.1130/0091-7613(1979)7<171:BSEOAB>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/RG021i008p01727

Taylor B., 1984, Rifting of the Bonin Arc (abstract, Eos Trans. AGU, 65, 1006

Tharp T. M., 1985, Mechanical analysis of the Mexican Ridges foldbelt (abstract, Eos Trans. AGU, 66, 376

10.1130/MEM154-p393

10.1029/JB086iB04p02763

Times, 1975, Atlas of the World, Times Books

Tjia H. D., 1968, The Lembang Fault, West Java, Geol. Mijnbouw, 47, 126

10.1016/0040-1951(78)90134-8

10.1111/j.1365-246X.1973.tb02429.x

10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.40

10.1029/GL005i005p00329

10.1029/JB083iB12p05892

Udias A., 1964, Application of numerical method for S‐wave focal mechanism determinations to earthquakes of Kamchatka‐Kurile Islands region, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 54, 2049, 10.1785/BSSA05406A2049

Utsu T., 1974, Distribution of earthquakes in and around Japan, Kagaku Tokyo, 44, 739

10.1007/BF00185938

10.1038/physci240176a0

10.1029/JZ069i010p02121

10.1029/JB084iB03p01049

10.1007/978-94-009-7102-8_20

Uyeda S., 1980, Stress field, metallogenesis and mode of subduction, The Continental Crust and Its Mineral Deposits, Spec. Pap. Geol. Assoc. Can., 20, 323

Viniegra F., 1971, Age and evolution of salt basins of southeastern Mexico, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 55, 478

10.1029/JB089iB12p10072

10.1016/0040-1951(76)90068-8

10.1146/annurev.ea.12.050184.002043

10.1130/0016-7606(1980)91<421:LTDSDP>2.0.CO;2

Huene R., 1982, Summary of Cenozoic tectonic history along the IPOD Japan Trench transect, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 93, 829, 10.1130/0016-7606(1982)93<829:ASOCTH>2.0.CO;2

Ward P. L., 1974, Aftershocks of the Managua, Nicaragua, earthquake and the tectonic significance of the Tiscapa Fault, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 64, 1017

10.1016/0040-1951(77)90046-4

Weaver C. S., 1981, The St. Helens seismic zone: A major crustal fault zone in western Washington (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 62, 966

10.1029/GM023p0037

Weissel J. K., 1980, Island Arcs, Deep Sea Trenches, and Back‐Arc Basins, Maurice Ewing Ser, 429

10.1098/rsta.1981.0062

10.1016/0012-821X(78)90004-3

10.1016/0040-1951(82)90229-3

Wellman H. W., 1964, Age of Alpine Fault, New Zealand, Int. Geol. Congr. 22nd, Part IV, 148

White R. S., 1979, Geodynamics of Pakistan, 295

Wilson D. S., 1984, Propagation as a mechanism of ridge reorientation in the Juan de Fuca area (abstract, Eos Trans. AGU, 65, 330

10.1038/239448a0

10.1016/0031-9201(78)90037-7

10.1016/0040-1951(79)90183-5

10.1029/JB085iB11p06113

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Reviews of Geophysics

Tập 24 Số 2

217-284

Thông tin tác giả