Relation Between Lung Dysfunction and Blood Cadmium and Lead Levels Among Welders
Tóm tắt
Although welding is an industrial process with well-known health effects, the effects of heavy metal exposure on the respiratory system during welding are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the correlation between blood lead and cadmium levels, and respiratory function among welders. The study investigates 207 male subjects who applied to Occupational Disease Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. These subjects were categorized into three groups: one, non-smoker office workers; and two exposed, non-smoker groups (n = 96) that comprised welders who had history of metal fume exposure for less and more than 4 h a day. Lung function test was performed on all groups. Correlations between blood cadmium and lead levels and lung function test were evaluated statistically. Forced vital capacity (FVC) % and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) % increased, and FEV1/FVC ratio decreased in welders who were exposed to metal fumes for less than 4 h a day (p < 0.0001). The group that was exposed for more than 4 h/day had increased FVC % and decreased FEV1 % and FEV1/FVC ratio (p < 0.0001). Blood cadmium and lead levels were high in both the exposed groups (p < 0.0001). Welders who were exposed for more than 4 h/day had significantly decreased FVC %, FEV1 %, FEV1/FVC ratio, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) values (p < 0.0001). All lung function parameters (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF) decreased in subjects with high blood cadmium levels (p < 0.0001). This study clearly shows the increased working hours of exposure to welding fumes and severity of metal exposure correlate with impaired lung functions.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Al-Otaibi ST (2014) Respiratory health of a population of welders. J Family Community Med 21(3):162–165
Antonini JM (2003) Health effects of welding. Crit Rev Toxicol 33(1):61–103
Bellinger DC (2011) The protean toxicities of lead: new chapters in a familiar story. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8(7):2593–2628
Bertin G, Averbeck D (2006) Cadmium: cellular effects, modifications of biomolecules, modulation of DNA repair and genotoxic consequences (a review). Biochimie 88(11):1549–1559
Bradshaw LM, Fishwick D, Slater T, Pearce N (1998) Chronic bronchitis, work related respiratory symptoms, and pulmonary function in welders in New Zealand. Occup Environ Med 55(3):150–154
Castleman BI, Ziem GE (1994) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: low threshold of credibility. Am J Ind Med 26(1):133–143
Jeffus LF (2012) Welding: principles and applications, 7th edn. Delmar Cengage Learning, Clifton Park
Coccini T, Barni S, Vaccarone R, Mustarelli P, Manzo L, Roda E (2013) Pulmonary toxicity of instilled cadmium-doped silica nanoparticles during acute and subacute stages in rats. Histol Histopathol 28(2):195–209
Corradi M, Mutti A (2011) Metal ions affecting the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems. Met Ions Life Sci 8:81–105
Fu H, Boffetta P (1995) Cancer and occupational exposure to inorganic lead compounds: a meta-analysis of published data. Occup Environ Med 52(2):73–81
Fuortes L, Leo A, Ellerbeck PG, Friell LA (1991) Acute respiratory fatality associated with exposure to sheet metal and cadmium fumes. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 29(2):279–283
Hayes JA, Snider GL, Palmer KC (1976) The evolution of biochemical damage in the rat lung after acute cadmium exposure. Am Rev Respir Dis 113(2):121–130
IWGotEoCRt (2006) Humans, Inorganic and organic lead compounds. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 87:1–471
Staffan Skerfving IA (2015) Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, 4th edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Jafari AJ, Assari MJ (2004) Respiratory effects from work-related exposure to welding fumes in Hamadan. Iran, Arch Environ Health 59(3):116–120
Jakubowski M, Abramowska-Guzik A, Szymczak W, Trzcinka-Ochocka M (2004) Influence of long-term occupational exposure to cadmium on lung function tests results. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 17(3):361–368
Jayawardana P, Abeysena C (2009) Respiratory health of welders in a container yard, Sri Lanka. Occup Med (Lond) 59(4):226–229
Kauppinen T, Riala R, Seitsamo J, Hernberg S (1992) Primary liver cancer and occupational exposure. Scand J Work Environ Health 18(1):18–25
Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Siemiatycki J (1990) Welding Fumes. IARC Monogr 49:40–49
Korczynski RE (2000) Occupational health concerns in the welding industry. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 15(12):936–945
Laszlo G (2006) Standardisation of lung function testing: helpful guidance from the ATS/ERS Task Force. Thorax 61(9):744–746
Liao LM, Friesen MC, Xiang YB, Cai H, Koh DH, Ji BT, Yang G, Li HL, Locke SJ, Rothman N, Zheng W, Gao YT, Shu XO, Purdue MP (2016) Occupational lead exposure and associations with selected cancers: the Shanghai Men’s and Women’s Health Study Cohorts. Environ Health Perspect 124(1):97–103
Loewenson RH (1998) Health impact of occupational risks in the informal sector in Zimbabwe. Int J Occup Environ Health 4(4):264–274
Marsh GM, Esmen NA, Buchanich JM, Youk AO (2009) Mortality patterns among workers exposed to arsenic, cadmium, and other substances in a copper smelter. Am J Ind Med 52(8):633–644
Nawrot TS, Martens DS, Hara A, Plusquin M, Vangronsveld J, Roels HA, Staessen JA (2015) Association of total cancer and lung cancer with environmental exposure to cadmium: the meta-analytical evidence. Cancer Causes Control 26(9):1281–1288
Palmer KC, Snider GL, Hayes JA (1975) Cellular proliferation induced in the lung by cadmium aerosol. Am Rev Respir Dis 112(2):173–179
Pearson CA, Lamar PC, Prozialeck WC (2003) Effects of cadmium on E-cadherin and VE-cadherin in mouse lung. Life Sci 72(11):1303–1320
Rokadia H, Agarwal S (2013) Serum heavy metals and obstructive lung disease: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Chest 143(2):388–397
Rousseau MC, Parent ME, Nadon L, Latrellie B, Siemiatycki J (2007) Occupational exposure to lead compounds and risk of cancer among men: a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 166(9):1005–1014
Schutz A, Bergdahl IA, Ekholm A, Skerfving S (1996) Measurement by ICP-MS of lead in plasma and whole blood of lead workers and controls. Occup Environ Med 53(11):736–740
Sharifian SA, Loukzadeh Z, Shojaoddiny-Ardekani A, Aminian O (2011) Pulmonary adverse effects of welding fume in automobile assembly welders. Acta Med Iran 49(2):98–102
Sharma RP, McKenzie JM, Kjellstrom T (1982) Analysis of submicrogramme levels of cadmium in whole blood, urine and hair by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. J Anal Toxicol 6(3):135–138
Steenland K, Barry V, Anttila A, Sallmen M, McElvenny D, Todd AC, Straif K (2017) A cohort mortality study of lead-exposed workers in the USA, Finland and the UK. Occup Environ Med 74(11):785–791
t Mannetje A, Brennan P, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Rudnai P, Lissowska J, Fabianova E, Cassidy A, Mates D, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Fevotte J, Fletcher T, Boffetta P (2012) Welding and lung cancer in Central and Eastern Europe and the United Kingdom. Am J Epidemiol 175(7):706–714
Teschke K, Morgan MS, Checkoway H, Franklin G, Spinelli JJ, van Belle G, Weiss NS (1997) Surveillance of nasal and bladder cancer to locate sources of exposure to occupational carcinogens. Occup Environ Med 54(6):443–451
Yang T, Sun CS (2006) Stability of blood lead levels in stored specimens: effects of storage time and temperature. J Med Sci 26(6):211–214
Waisberg M, Joseph P, Hale B, Beyersmann D (2003) Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicology 192(2–3):95–117
Yang CF, Shen HM, Shen Y, Zhuang ZX, Ong CN (1997) Cadmium-induced oxidative cellular damage in human fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5 cells). Environ Health Perspect 105(7):712–716