Rehabilitation of the Throwing Athlete—How to Get Them Back to Sport

Lynch, 2008, Medial collateral ligament injury in the overhand-throwing athlete, J Hand Surg Am, 33, 430, 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.12.015 Konishi, 2013, Tactile stimulation with Kinesiology tape alleviates muscle weakness attributable to attenuation of Ia afferents, J Sci Med Sport, 16, 45, 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.04.007 Laudner, 2019, The influence of lumbopelvic control on shoulder and elbow kinetics in elite baseball pitchers, J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 28, 330, 10.1016/j.jse.2018.07.015 Wasserberger, 2019, Using the single leg squat as an assessment of stride leg knee mechanics in adolescent baseball pitchers, J Sci Med Sport, 22, 1254, 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.06.011 Labott, 2018, Understanding the medial ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow: Review of native ligament anatomy and function, World J Orthop, 9, 78, 10.5312/wjo.v9.i6.78 Wilk, 2016, Rehabilitation of the overhead throwing athlete: There is more to it than just external rotation/internal rotation strengthening, PM R, 8, S78, 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.12.005 Wilk, 2015, Rehabilitation of the throwing athlete. Where we are in 2014, Clin Sports Med, 34, 247, 10.1016/j.csm.2014.12.010 Vitale, 2008, The outcome of elbow ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in overhead athletes: A systematic review, Am. J. Sports Med, 36, 1193, 10.1177/0363546508319053 Carson, 1989, Rehabilitation of the throwing shoulder, Clin Sports Med, 8, 657, 10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30780-8 Reinold, 2009, Current concepts in the scientific and clinical rationale behind exercises for glenohumeral and scapulothoracic musculature, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 39, 105, 10.2519/jospt.2009.2835 Cools, 2007, Rehabilitation of scapular muscle balance: Which exercises to prescribe?, Am J Sports Med, 35, 1744, 10.1177/0363546507303560 Wilk, 1997, Current concepts: The stabilizing structures of the glenohumeral joint, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 25, 364, 10.2519/jospt.1997.25.6.364 Lephart, 1994, Proprioception of the shoulder joint in healthy, unstable, and surgically repaired shoulders, J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 3, 371, 10.1016/S1058-2746(09)80022-0 Lephart, 1997, The role of proprioception in the management and rehabilitation of athletic injuries, Am J Sports Med, 25, 130, 10.1177/036354659702500126 Wilk, 2009, Shoulder injuries in the overhead athlete, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 39, 38, 10.2519/jospt.2009.2929 Wilk, 2000, Restoration of functional motor patterns and functional testing in the throwing athlete Wilk, 1993, Stretch-shortening drills for the upper extremities: Theory and clinical application, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 17, 225, 10.2519/jospt.1993.17.5.225 Dillman, 1993, Biomechanics of pitching with emphasis upon shoulder kinematics, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 18, 402, 10.2519/jospt.1993.18.2.402 Toyoshima, 1974, Contribution of the body parts to throwing performance Sgroi, 2015, Predictors of throwing velocity in youth and adolescent pitchers, J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 24, 1339, 10.1016/j.jse.2015.02.015 Chu, 2016, The kinetic chain revisited: New concepts on throwing mechanics and injury, PM R, 8, S69, 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.11.015 Montgomery, 2002, A method to determine the stride length for baseball pitching, Appl Res Coach Athl Annu, 75 Thompson, 2018, Youth baseball pitching mechanics: A systematic review, Sports Health, 10, 133, 10.1177/1941738117738189 Davis, 2009, The effect of pitching biomechanics on the upper extremity in youth and adolescent baseball pitchers, Am J Sports Med, 37, 1484, 10.1177/0363546509340226 Hodges, 1996, Inefficient muscular stabilization of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain: A motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 21, 2640, 10.1097/00007632-199611150-00014 2002 Chalmers, 2014, Postoperative restoration of upper extremity motion and neuromuscular control during the overhand pitch: Evaluation of tenodesis and repair for superior labral anterior-posterior tears, Am J Sports Med, 42, 2825, 10.1177/0363546514551924 Aguinaldo, 2009, Correlation of throwing mechanics with elbow valgus load in adult baseball pitchers, Am J Sports Med, 37, 2043, 10.1177/0363546509336721 Keeley, 2008, A biomechanical analysis of youth pitching mechanics, J Pediatr Orthop, 28, 452, 10.1097/BPO.0b013e31816d7258 Thomas, 2012, Humeral retroversion and its association with posterior capsule thickness in collegiate baseball players, J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 21, 910, 10.1016/j.jse.2011.05.028 Thomas, 2010, Internal rotation and scapular position differences: A comparison of collegiate and high school baseball players, J Athl Train, 45, 44, 10.4085/1062-6050-45.1.44 Reagan, 2002, Humeral retroversion and its relationship to glenohumeral rotation in the shoulder of college baseball players, Am J Sports Med, 30, 354, 10.1177/03635465020300030901 Meister, 2005, Rotational motion changes in the glenohumeral joint of the adolescent/Little League baseball player, Am J Sports Med, 33, 693, 10.1177/0363546504269936 Grossman, 2005, A cadaveric model of the throwing shoulder: A possible etiology of superior labrum anterior-to-posterior lesions, J Bone Joint Surg A, 87, 824 Laughlin, 2014, Deficiencies in pitching biomechanics in baseball players with a history of superior labrum anterior-posterior repair, Am J Sports Med, 4, 2837, 10.1177/0363546514552183 Cramer, 2018, Efficacy of reflexive neuromuscular stabilization during treatment of scapular dyskinesia in an overhead athlete: A case report, Int J Sports Phys Ther, 13, 1073, 10.26603/ijspt20181073 Morris, 2015, The torsional upper crossed syndrome: A multi-planar update to Janda's model, with a case series introduction of the mid-pectoral fascial lesion as an associated etiological factor, J Bodyw Mov Ther, 19, 681, 10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.08.008 Bagheri, 2018, What is the effect and mechanism of kinesiology tape on muscle activity?, J Bodyw Mov Ther, 22, 266, 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.06.018 Kim, 2010, Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on quadriceps strength, function, and patient-oriented outcomes: A systematic review, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 40, 383, 10.2519/jospt.2010.3184 Paillard, 2008, Combined application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and voluntary muscular contractions, Sport Med, 38, 161, 10.2165/00007256-200838020-00005 Liu, 2015, Effectiveness of dry needling for myofascial trigger points associated with neck and shoulder pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 96, 944, 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.12.015 JL, 2016, Inclusion of trigger point dry-needling in a multimodal physical therapy program for postoperative shoulder pain: A randomised controlled trial, New Zeal J Physiother, 38, 179 McGill, 2010, Core training: Evidence translating to better performance and injury prevention, Strength Cond J, 10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181df4521 Oliver, 2010, Pelvis and torso kinematics and their relationship to shoulder kinematics in high-school baseball pitchers, J Strength Cond Res, 24, 3241, 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cc22de Campbell, 2010, Lower extremity muscle activation during baseball pitching, J Strength Cond Res, 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cb241b Burkhart, 2001, SLAP lesions in the overhead athlete. This article was originally published in the July 2000 issue of Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine, Orthop Clin North Am, 32 Oliver, 2015, Gluteus medius and scapula muscle activations in youth baseball pitchers, J Strength Cond Res, 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000797 De Mey, 2013, Kinetic chain influences on upper and lower trapezius muscle activation during eight variations of a scapular retraction exercise in overhead athletes, J Sci Med Sport, 16, 65, 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.04.008 Pezzullo, 1995, Functional plyometric exercises for the throwing athlete, J Athl Train Garrison, 2013, Baseball players diagnosed with ulnar collateral ligament tears demonstrate decreased balance compared to healthy controls, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 43, 752, 10.2519/jospt.2013.4680 Levy, 2008, The role of anterior deltoid reeducation in patients with massive irreparable degenerative rotator cuff tears, J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 17, 863, 10.1016/j.jse.2008.04.005 Escamilla, 2012, Comparison of three baseball-specific 6-week training programs on throwing velocity in high school baseball players, J Strength Cond Res, 26, 1767, 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182578301 Mullaney, 2017, EMG of shoulder muscles during reactive isometric elastic resistance exercises, Int J Sports Phys Ther, 12, 417 Bahr, 2003, Risk factors for sports injuries—A methodological approach, Br J Sports Med, 37, 384, 10.1136/bjsm.37.5.384 Voight, 1996, The effects of muscle fatigue on and the relationship of arm dominance to shoulder proprioception, J Orthop Sport Phys Ther, 23, 348, 10.2519/jospt.1996.23.6.348 Carpenter, 1998, The effects of muscle fatigue on shoulder joint position sense, Am J Sports Med, 26, 262, 10.1177/03635465980260021701 Ahmaidi, 1996, Effects of active recovery on plasma lactate and anaerobic power following repeated intensive exercise, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 28, 450, 10.1097/00005768-199604000-00009 Greenwood, 2008, Intensity of exercise recovery, blood lactate disappearance, and subsequent swimming performance, J Sports Sci, 26, 29, 10.1080/02640410701287263 Limpisvasti, 2007, Understanding shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball, J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 15, 139, 10.5435/00124635-200703000-00003