Regulatory aspects of ectoine biosynthesis in halophilic bacteria

Zhilina, T.N. and Zavarzin, G.A., Extremely Halophilic, Methylotrophic, Anaerobic Bacteria, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 1990, vol. 87, nos. 3–4, pp. 315–322. Caumette, P., Cohen, Y., and Matheron, R., Isolation and Characterization of Desulfovibrio halophilus sp. nov., a Halophilic Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Isolated from Solar Lake (Sinai), Syst. Appl. Microbiol, 1991, vol. 14, pp. 33–38. Galinski, E.A. and Trüper, H.G., Microbial Behaviour in Salt-Stressed Ecosystems, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 1994, vol. 15, nos. 2–3, pp. 95–108. da Costa, M.S., Santos, H., and Galinski, E.A., An Overview of the Role and Diversity of Compatible Solutes in Bacteria and Archaea, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol., 1998, vol. 61, pp. 117–153. Galinski, E.A., Osmoadaptation in Bacteria, Adv. Microb. Physiol., 1995, vol. 37, pp. 273–328. Roberts, M.F., Osmoadaptation and Osmoregulation in Archaea: Update, Front. Biosci., 2004, vol. 9, pp. 1999–2019. Roberts, M.F., Organic Compatible Solutes of Halotolerant and Halophilic Microorganisms, Saline Systems, 2005, vol. 1, p. 5. Galinski, E.A., Pfeiffer, H.P., and Trüper, H.G., 1,4,5,6,-Tetrahydro-2-Methyl-4-Pyrimidinecarboxylic Acid, a Novel Cyclic Acid from Halophilic Phototrophic Bacteria of the Genus Ectothiorhodospira, Eur. J. Biochem., 1985, vol. 149, no. 1, pp. 135–139. Jebbar, M., Talibart, R., Gloux, K., Bernard, T., and Blanco, C., Osmoprotection of Escherichia coli by Ectoine: Uptake and Accumulation Characteristics, J. Bacteriol., 1992, vol. 174, no. 15, pp. 5027–5035. Jebbar, M., Champion, C., Blanco, C., and Bonnassie, S., Carnitine Acts as a Compatible Solute in Brevibacterium linens, Res. Microbiol., 1998, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 211–219. Peter, H., Weil, B., Burkovski, A., Krämer, R., and Morbach, S., Corynebacterium glutamicum Is Equipped with Four Secondary Carriers for Compatible Solutes: Identification, Sequencing, and Characterization of the Proline/Ectoine Uptake System, ProP, and the Ectoine/Proline/Glycine Betaine Carrier, EctP, J. Bacteriol., 1998, vol. 180, no. 22, pp. 6005–6012. Malin, G. and Lapidot, A., Induction of Synthesis Tetrahydropyrimidine Derivatives in Streptomyces Strain and Their Effect on Escherichia coli in Response to Osmotic and Heat Stress, J. Bacteriol., 1996, vol. 178, no. 2, pp. 385–395. Peters, R., Galinski, E.A., and Trüper, H.G., The Biosynthesis of Ectoine, FEMS Microbiol. Letts., 1990, vol. 71, nos. 1–2, pp. 157–162. Canovas, D., Vargas, C., Calderon, M.I., Ventosa, A., and Nieto, J.J., Characterization of the Genes for the Biosynthesis of the Compatible Solute Ectoine in the Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Halomonas elongata DSM 3043, Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 1998, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 487–497. Zhao, B., Lu, W., Yang, L., Zhang, B., Wang, L., and Yang, S.S., Cloning and Characterization of the Genes for Biosynthesis of the Compatible Solute Ectoine in the Moderately Halophilic Bacterium Halobacillus dabanensis D-8T, Curr. Microbiol., 2006, vol. 53, pp. 183–188. Kuhlmann, A.U. and Bremer, E., Osmotically Regulated Synthesis of the Compatible Solute Ectoine in Bacillus pasteurii and Related Bacillus spp., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2002, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 772–783. Reshetnikov, A.S., Khmelenina, V.N., and Trotsenko, Y.A., Characterization of the Ectoine Biosynthesis Genes of Haloalkalotolerant Obligate Methanotroph “Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z”, Arch. Microbiol., 2006, vol. 184, pp. 286–297. Louis, P. and Galinski, E.A., Characterization of Genes for the Biosynthesis of the Compatible Solute Ectoine from Marinococcus halophilus and Osmoregulated Expression in Escherichia coli, Microbiology (UK), 1997, vol. 143, no. 4, pp. 1141–1149. Bernard, T., Jebbar, M., Rassouli, Y., Himidi-Kabbab, S., Hamelin, J., and Blanco, C., Ectoine Accumulation and Osmotic Regulation in Brevibacterium linens, J. Gen. Microbiol., 1993, vol. 139, no. 1, pp. 129–136. Onraedt, A., De Muynck, C., Walcarius, B., Soetaert, W., and Vandamme, E., Ectoine Accumulation in Brevibacterium epidermis, Biotechnol. Lett., 2004, vol. 26, pp. 1481–1485. Nagata, S., Adachi, K., and Sano, H., Intracellular Changes in Ions and Organic Solutes in Halotolerant Brevibacterium sp. Strain JCM 6894 After Exposure to Hyperosmotic Shock, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1998, vol. 64, pp. 3641–3647. Inbar, L. and Lapidot, A., The Structure and Biosynthesis of New Tetrahydropyrimidine Derivative in Actinomycin D Producer Streptomyces parvulus. Use of 13C- and 15N-Labeled L-Glutamate and 13C and 15N NMR Spectroscopy, J. Biol. Chem., 1988, vol. 263, no. 31, pp. 16014–16022. Canovas, D., Vargas, C., Iglesias-Guerra, F., Csonka, L.N., Rhodes, D., Ventosa, A., and Nieto, J.J., Isolation and Characterization of Salt-Sensitive Mutants of the Moderate Halophile Halomonas elongata and Cloning of the Ectoine Synthesis Gene, J. Biol. Chem., 1997, vol. 272, no. 41, pp. 25794–25801. Prabhu, J., Schauwecker, F., Grammel, N., Keller, U., and Bernhard, M., Functional Expression of the Ectoine Hydroxylase Gene (thpD) from Streptomyces chrysomallus in Halomonas elongata, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2004, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 3130–3132. García-Estepa, R., Argandona, M., Reina-Bueno, M., Capote, N., Iglesias-Guerra, F., Nieto, J.J., and Vargas, C., The ectD Gene, Which Is Involved in the Synthesis of the Compatible Solute Hydroxyectoine, Is Essential for Thermoprotection of the Halophilic Bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens, J. Bacteriol., 2006, vol. 188, pp. 3774–3784. Bursy, J., Pierik, A.J., Pica, N., and Bremer, E., Osmotically Induced Synthesis of the Compatible Solute Hydroxyectoine Is Mediated by an Evolutionarily Conserved Ectoine Hydroxylase, J. Biol. Chem., 2007, vol. 282, no. 43, pp. 31147–31155. Canovas, D., Borges, N., Vargas, C., Ventosa, A., Nieto, J.J., and Santos, H., Role of N-Acetyldiaminobutyrate as an Enzyme Stabilizer and an Intermediate in the Biosynthesis of Hydroxyectoine, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1999, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 3774–3779. Ono, H., Sawada, K., Khunajakr, N., Toa, T., Yamamoto, M., Hiramoto, M., Shinmyo, A., Takano, M., and Murooka, Y., Characterization of Biosynthetic Enzymes for Ectoine as a Compatible Solute in a Moderately Halophilic Eubacterium, Halomonas elongata, J. Bacteriol., 1999, vol. 181, no. 1, pp. 91–99. Reshetnikov, A.S., Mustakhimov, I.I., Khmelenina, V.N., and Trotsenko, Yu.A., Cloning, Purification, and Characterization of Diaminobutyrate Acetyltransferase from the Halotolerant Methanotroph Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z, Biokhimiya, 2005, vol. 70, no. 8, pp. 1063–1069 [Biochemistry (Moscow) (Engl. Transl.), vol. 70, no. 8, pp. 878–883. Mustakhimov, I.I., Rozova, O.N., Reshetnikov, A.S., Khmelenina, V.N., Murrell, J.C., and Trotsenko, Y., A Characterization of the Recombinant Diaminobutyric Acid Acetyltransferase from Methylophaga thalassica and Methylophaga alcalica, FEMS Microbiol. Letts., 2008, vol. 283, pp. 91–96. Toney, M.D., Hohenester, E., Keller, J.W., and Jansonius, N., Structural and Mechanistic Analysis of Two Refined Crystal Structures of the Pyridoxal Phosphate-Dependent Enzyme Dialkylglycine Decarboxylase, J. Mol. Biol., 1995, vol. 245, no. 2, pp. 151–179. Ikai, H. and Yamamoto, S., Identification and Analysis of a Gene Encoding, L-2,4-Diaminobutyrate: 2-Ketoglutarate 4-Aminotransferase Involved in 1,3-Diaminopropane Production Pathway in Acinetobacter baumannii, J. Bacteriol., 1997, vol. 179, no. 16, pp. 5118–5125. Rao, D.R., Hariharan, K., and Vijayalakshmi, K.R., A Study of the Metabolism Of L-Diaminobutyric Acid in a Xanthomonas Species, J. Biochem., 1969, vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 107–115. Murrell, J.C., McDonald, I.R., and Gilbert, B., Regulation of Expression of Methane Monooxygenases by Copper Ions, Trends Microbiol., 2000, vol. 8, pp. 221–225. Gilboa, H., Kogut, M., Chalamish, S., Regev, R., Avi-Dor, Y., and Russell, N.J., Use of 23Na Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Determine the True Intracellular Concentration of Free Sodium in a Halophilic Eubacterium, J. Bacteriol., 1991, vol. 173, no. 21, pp. 7021–7023. Wood, J.M., Bremer, E., Csonka, L.N., Krämer, R., Poolman, B., van der Heide, T., and Smith, L.T., Osmosensing and Osmoregulatory Compatible Solute Accumulation by Bacteria, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol., 2001, vol. 130, no. 3, pp. 437–460. Sleator, R.D. and Hill, C., Bacterial Osmoadaptation: the Role of Osmolytes in Bacterial Stress and Virulence, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 2001, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 49–71. Poolman, B. and Glaasker, E., Regulation of Compatible Solutes Accumulation in Bacteria, Mol. Microbiol., 1998, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 397–407. Poolman, B., Blount, P., Folgering, J.H., Friesen, R.H., Moe, P.C., and van der Heide, T., How Do Membrane Proteins Sense Water Stress?, Mol. Microbiol., 2002, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 889–902. Loomis, W.F., Kuspa, A., and Shaulsky, G., Two Component Signal Transduction Systems in Eukaryotic Microorganisms, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 1998, vol. 1, pp. 643–648. Kempf, B. and Bremer, E., Uptake and Synthesis of Compatible Solutes as Microbial Stress Responses to High-Osmolality Environments, Arch. Microbiol., 1998, vol. 170, no. 5, pp. 319–330. Pratt, L.A. and Silhavy, T.J., From Acids to osmZ: Multiple Factor Influence Synthesis of the OmpF and OmpC Porins in Escherichia coli, Mol. Microbiol., 1996, vol. 20, pp. 911–917. Mattison, K. and Kenney, L., Phosphorylation Alters the Interaction of the Response Regulator OmpR with Its Sensor Kinase EnvZ, J. Biol. Chem., 2002, vol. 277, pp. 11143–11148. Calderon, M.I., Vargas, C., Rojo, F., Iglesias-Guerra, F., Csonka, L.N., Ventosa, A., and Nieto, J.J., Complex Regulation of the Synthesis of the Compatible Solute Ectoine in the Halophilic Bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043T, Microbiology (UK), 2004, vol. 150, no. 9, pp. 3051–3063. Bestvater, T. and Galinski, E.A., Investigation into a Stress-Inducible Promoter Region from Marinococcus halophilus Using Green Fluorescent Protein, Extremophiles, 2002, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 15–20. Saum, S.H. and Müller, V., Regulation of Osmoadaptation in the Moderate Halophile Halobacillus halophilus: Chloride, Glutamate and Switching Osmolyte Strategies, Saline Systems, 2008, vol. 4, p. 4. Vargas, C., Jebbar, M., Carrasco, R., Blanco, C., Calderon, M.I., Iglesias-Guerra, F., and Nieto, J.J., Ectoines as Compatible Solutes and Carbon and Energy Sources for the Halophilic Bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens, J. Appl. Microbiol., 2006, vol. 100, pp. 98–107. Mustakhimov, I.I., Reshetnikov, A.S., Glukhov, A.S., Khmelenina, V.N., Kalyuzhnaya, M.G., and Trotsenko, Y.A., Identification and Characterization of EctR1, a New Transcriptional Regulator of the Ectoine Biosynthesis Genes in the Halotolerant Methanotroph Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z, J. Bacteriol., 2009. Graf, R., Anzali, S., Buenger, J., Pfluecker, F., and Driller, H., The Multifunctional Role of Ectoine as a Natural Cell Protectant, Clin. Dermatol., 2008, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 326–333. Khmelenina, V.N., Kalyuzhnaya, M.G., Sakharovsky, V.G., Suzina, N.E., Trotsenko, Y.A., and Gottschalk, G., Osmoadaptation in Halophilic and Alkaliphilic Methanotrophs, Arch. Microbiol., 1999, vol. 172, no. 5, pp. 321–329. Trotsenko, Yu.A. and Khmelenina, V.N., Ekstremofil’nye metanotrofy (Extremophilic Methanotrophs), Pushchino: ONTI PNTs RAN, 2008.