Regulation of tight junctions and loss of barrier function in pathophysiology

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology - Tập 36 Số 7 - Trang 1206-1237 - 2004
Nicole S. Harhaj1, David A. Antonetti
1Penn State Retina Research Group, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aiello, 1997, Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced retinal permeability is mediated by protein kinase C in vivo and suppressed by an orally effective β-isoform-selective inhibitor, Diabetes, 46, 1473, 10.2337/diabetes.46.9.1473

Akimoto, 1996, EGF or PDGF receptors activate atypical PKCλ through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, EMBO Journal, 15, 788, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00414.x

Alexander, 1998, The role of cadherin endocytosis in endothelial barrier regulation: Involvement of protein kinase C and actin-cadherin interactions, Inflammation, 22, 419, 10.1023/A:1022325017013

Ando-Akatsuka, 1996, Interspecies diversity of the occludin sequence: cDNA cloning of human, mouse, dog, and rat-kangaroo homologues, Journal of Cell Biology, 133, 43, 10.1083/jcb.133.1.43

Andreeva, 2001, Protein kinase C regulates the phosphorylation and cellular localization of occludin, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 38480, 10.1074/jbc.M104923200

Antonetti, 1999, VEGF induces rapid phosphorylation of tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1: A potential mechanism for vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy and tumors, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 23463, 10.1074/jbc.274.33.23463

Antonetti, 1998, Vascular permeability in experimental diabetes is associated with reduced endothelial occludin content, Diabetes, 47, 1953, 10.2337/diabetes.47.12.1953

Antonetti, 2002, Hydrocortisone decreases retinal endothelial cell water and solute flux coincident with increased content and decreased phosphorylation of occludin, Journal of Neurochemistry, 80, 667, 10.1046/j.0022-3042.2001.00740.x

Aurrand-Lions, 2001, JAM-2, a novel immunoglobin superfamily molecule, expressed by endothelial and lymphatic cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 2733, 10.1074/jbc.M005458200

Avila-Flores, 2001, Tight-junction protein zonula occludens 2 is a target of phosphorylation by protein kinase C, Biochemical Journal, 360, 295, 10.1042/0264-6021:3600295

Balda, 1996, The SH3 domain of the tight junction protein ZO-1 binds to a serine protein kinase that phosphorylates a region C-terminal to this domain, FEBS Letters, 399, 326, 10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01352-X

Balda, 2000, Multiple domains of occludin are involved in the regulation of paracellular permeability, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 78, 85, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(20000701)78:1<85::AID-JCB8>3.0.CO;2-F

Balda, 1991, Assembly and sealing of tight junctions: Possible participation of G-proteins, phospholipase C, protein kinase C and calmodulin, Journal of Membrane Biology, 122, 193, 10.1007/BF01871420

Balda, 1993, Assembly of the tight junction: The role of diacylglycerol, Journal of Cell Biology, 123, 293, 10.1083/jcb.123.2.293

Balda, 2000, The tight junction protein ZO-1 and an interacting transcription factor regulate ErbB-2 expression, EMBO Journal, 19, 2024, 10.1093/emboj/19.9.2024

Balda, 1996, Functional dissociation of paracellular permeability and transepithelial electrical resistance and disruption of the apical-basolateral intramembrane diffusion barrier by expression of a mutant tight junction membrane protein, Journal of Cell Biology, 134, 1031, 10.1083/jcb.134.4.1031

Bamforth, 1999, A dominant mutant of occludin disrupts tight junction structure and function, Journal of Cell Science, 112, 1879, 10.1242/jcs.112.12.1879

Bandyopadhyay, 1997, Evidence for involvement of protein kinase C (PKC)-ζ and noninvolvement of diacylglycerol-sensitive PKCs in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in L6 myotubules, Endocrinology, 138, 4721, 10.1210/en.138.11.4721

Barber, A. J., Antonetti, D. A., Gardner, T. W., & the Penn State Retina Research Group. (2000). Altered expression of retinal occludin and glial fibrillary acidic protein in experimental diabetes. Investigation in Ophthalmological Visual Science, 41, 3561–3568.

Bauer, 1999, Astrocytes and neurons express the tight junction-specific protein occludin in vitro, Experimental Cell Research, 250, 434, 10.1006/excr.1999.4558

Beatch, 1996, The tight junction protein ZO-2 contains three PDZ (PSD-95/discs-large/ZO-1) domains and an alternatively spliced region, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 25723, 10.1074/jbc.271.42.25723

Bickel, 1997, Flotillin and epidermal surface antigen define a new family of caveolae-associated integral membrane proteins, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 13793, 10.1074/jbc.272.21.13793

Bolton, 1998, Loss of the tight junction protein occludin and zonula occludens-1 from cerebral vascular endothelium during neutrophil-induced blood–brain barrier breakdown in vivo, Neuroscience, 86, 1245, 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00058-X

Blum, 1997, Cytoskeletal rearrangement mediates human microvascular endothelial tight junction modulation by cytokines, American Journal of Physiology, 273, H286

Brown, 2000, Structure and function of sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich membrane rafts, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 17221, 10.1074/jbc.R000005200

Buse, 1995, Transforming growth factor-α abrogates glucocorticoid-stimulated tight junction formation and growth suppression in rat mammary epithelial tumor cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 6505, 10.1074/jbc.270.12.6505

Calderon, 1998, Tight junctions and the experimental modification of lipid content, Journal of Membrane Biology, 164, 59, 10.1007/s002329900393

Chen, M. L., Pothoulakis, C., L. J. T. (2002). Protein kinase C signaling regulates ZO-1 translocation and increased paracellular flux of T84 colonocytes exposed to Clostridium difficile toxin A. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 4247–4254.

Chen, 2000, Restoration of tight junction structure and barrier function by down-regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in Ras-transformed Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, Molecular Biology of Cell, 11, 849, 10.1091/mbc.11.3.849

Chen, 1997, COOH terminus of occludin is required for tight junction barrier function in early Xenopus embryos, Journal of Cell Biology, 138, 891, 10.1083/jcb.138.4.891

Chen, 2002, Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Yes interacts with occludin during tight junction formation in canine epithelial cells, Molecular Biology of Cell, 13, 1227, 10.1091/mbc.01-08-0423

Chlenski, 1999, ZO-2 gene alternative promotors in normal and neoplastic human pancreatic duct cells, Int. J. Cancer, 83, 349, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991029)83:3<349::AID-IJC10>3.0.CO;2-C

Chlenski, 1999, Tight junction protein ZO-2 is differentially expressed in normal pancreatic ducts compared to human pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Int. J. Cancer, 82, 137, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990702)82:1<137::AID-IJC23>3.0.CO;2-F

Citi, S., Sabanay, H., Jakes, R., Geiger, B., Kendrick-Jones, J. (1988). Cingulin, a new peripheral component of tight junctions. Nature, 333.

Citi, 1989, Cingulin: Characterization and localization, Journal of Cell Science, 93, 107, 10.1242/jcs.93.1.107

Clarke, 2000, The transient increase of tight junction permeability induced by bryostatin 1 correlates with rapid downregulation of protein kinase C-α, Experimental Cell Research, 261, 239, 10.1006/excr.2000.5035

Clarke, 2000, Protein kinase C activation leads to dephosphorylation of occludin and tight junction permeability increase in LLC-PK1 epithelial cell sheets, Journal of Cell Science, 113, 3187, 10.1242/jcs.113.18.3187

Claude, 1978, Morphological factors influencing transepithelial permeability: A model for the resistance of the zonula occludens, Journal of Membrane Biology, 39, 219, 10.1007/BF01870332

Colegio, 2002, Claudins create charge-selective channels in the paracellular pathway between epithelial cells, American Journal of Physiology, 283, C142, 10.1152/ajpcell.00038.2002

Cordenonsi, 1999, Cingulin contains globular and coiled-coil domains and interacts with ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, and myosin, Journal of Cell Biology, 147, 1569, 10.1083/jcb.147.7.1569

Cordenonsi, 1997, Occludin dephosphorylation in early development of Xenopus laevis, Journal of Cell Science, 110, 3131, 10.1242/jcs.110.24.3131

Cordenonsi, 1999, Xenopus laevis occludin: Identification of in vitro phosphorylation sites by protein kinase CK2 and association with cingulin, European Journal of Biochemistry, 264, 374, 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00616.x

Czekay, 1997, Endocytic trafficking of megalin/RAP complexes: Dissociation of the complexes in late endosomes, Molecular Biology of Cell, 8, 517, 10.1091/mbc.8.3.517

D’Atri, 2002, Evidence for a functional interaction between cingulin and ZO-1 in cultured cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 27757, 10.1074/jbc.M203717200

Del Maschio, 1999, Leukocyte recruitment in the cerebrospinal fluid of mice with experimental meningitis is inhibited by an antibody to junctional adhesion molecule (JAM), Journal of Experimental Medicine, 190, 1351, 10.1084/jem.190.9.1351

DeMaio, 2001, Shear stress regulates occludin content and phosphorylation, American Journal of Physiology Heart Circulation Physiology, 281, H105, 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.1.H105

Desai, 2002, Interleukin-6 causes endothelial barrier dysfunction via the protein kinase C pathway, Journal of Surgical Research, 104, 118, 10.1006/jsre.2002.6415

Dodane, 1996, Identification of isoforms of G proteins and PKC that colocalize with tight junctions, Journal of Membrane Biology, 149, 199, 10.1007/s002329900020

Dunn, 1989, Iterative fractionation of recycling receptors from lysosomally destined ligands in an early sorting endosome, Journal of Cell Biology, 109, 3303, 10.1083/jcb.109.6.3303

Dvorak, 1999, Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor and the significance of microvascular hyperpermeability in angiogenesis, CTMI, 237, 97

Ebnet, 2000, Junctional adhesion molecule interacts with the PDZ domain-containing proteins AF-6 and ZO-1, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 27979, 10.1074/jbc.M002363200

Ebnet, 2001, The cell polarity protein ASIP/PAR-3 directly associates with the junctional adhesion molecule (JAM), EMBO Journal, 20, 3738, 10.1093/emboj/20.14.3738

Fanning, 1998, The tight junction protein ZO-1 establishes a link between the transmembrane protein occludin and the actin cytoskeleton, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 29745, 10.1074/jbc.273.45.29745

Farquhar, 1963, Junctional complexes in various epithelia, Journal of Cell Biology, 17, 375, 10.1083/jcb.17.2.375

Farshori, 1999, Redistribution and phosphorylation of occludin during opening and resealing of tight junctions in cultured epithelial cells, Journal of Membrane Biology, 170, 147, 10.1007/s002329900544

Frank, 2002, Potential new medical therapies for diabetic retinopathy, American Journal of Ophthalmology, 133, 693, 10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01321-1

Fujita, 2002, Hakai, a c-Cbl-like protein, ubiquitinates and induces endocytosis of the E-cadherin complex, Nature Cell Biology, 4, 222, 10.1038/ncb758

Furuse, 1996, Overexpression of occludin, a tight junction-associated integral membrane protein, induces the formation of intracellular multilamellar bodies bearing tight junction-like structures, Journal of Cell Science, 109, 429, 10.1242/jcs.109.2.429

Furuse, 1998, Claudin-1 and -2: Novel integral membrane proteins localizing at tight junctions with no sequence similarity to occludin, Journal of Cell Biology, 141, 1539, 10.1083/jcb.141.7.1539

Furuse, 2001, Conversion of zonulae occludentes from tight to leaky strand type by introducing claudin-2 into Madin-Dardy canine kidney I cells, Journal of Cell Biology, 153, 263, 10.1083/jcb.153.2.263

Furuse, 2002, Claudin-based tight junctions are crucial for the mammalian epidermal barrier: A lesson from claudin-1-deficient mice, Journal of Cell Biology, 156, 1099, 10.1083/jcb.200110122

Furuse, 1993, Occludin: A novel integral membrane protein localizing at tight junctions, Journal of Cell Biology, 123, 1777, 10.1083/jcb.123.6.1777

Furuse, 1994, Direct association of occludin with ZO-1 and its possible involvement in the localization of occludin at tight junctions, Journal of Cell Biology, 127, 1617, 10.1083/jcb.127.6.1617

Furuse, 1998, A single gene product, claudin-1 or -2 reconstitutes tight junction strands and recruits occludin in fibroblasts, Journal of Cell Biology, 143, 391, 10.1083/jcb.143.2.391

Furuse, 1999, Manner of interaction of heterogeneous claudin species within and between tight junction strands, Journal of Cell Biology, 147, 891, 10.1083/jcb.147.4.891

Futter, 1995, Newly synthesized transferrin receptors can be detected in the endosome before they appear on the cell surface, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 10999, 10.1074/jbc.270.18.10999

Galbiati, 2000, Caveolin-1 expression inhibits Wnt/β-catenin/Lef-1 signaling by recruiting β-catenin to caveolae membrane domains, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 23368, 10.1074/jbc.M002020200

Galloway, 1983, Acidification of macrophage and fibroblastic endocytic vesicles in vitro, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 80, 3334, 10.1073/pnas.80.11.3334

Gao, 2002, Assembly of epithelial tight junctions is negatively regulated by Par6, Current Biology, 12, 221, 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00663-7

Gardner, 1996, Histamine reduces ZO-1 tight-junction protein expression in cultured retinal microvascular endothelial cells, Biochemical Journal, 320, 717, 10.1042/bj3200717

Gardner, 1997, Astrocytes increase barrier properties and ZO-1 expression in retinal vascular endothelial cells, Investigation in Ophthalmological Visual Science, 38, 2423

Giepmans, 1998, The gap junction protein connexin43 interacts with the second PDZ domain of the zona occludens-1 protein, Current Biology, 8, 931, 10.1016/S0960-9822(07)00375-2

Gonzales-Mariscal, 1999, Molecular characterization of the tight junction protein ZO-1 in MDCK cells, Experimental Cell Research, 248, 97, 10.1006/excr.1999.4392

Gottardi, 1996, The junction-associated protein, zonula occludens-1, localizes to the nucleus before the maturation and during the remodeling of cell–cell contacts, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 93, 10779, 10.1073/pnas.93.20.10779

Gow, 1999, CNS myelin and sertoli cell tight junction strands are absent in Osp/Claudin-11 null mice, Cell, 99, 649, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81553-6

Guan, 2002, Transforming growth factor-α abrogates the glucocorticoid stimulation of tight junction formation and reverses the steroid-induced down-regulation of fascin in rat mammary epithelial tumor cells by a ras-dependent pathway, Experimental Cell Research, 273, 1, 10.1006/excr.2001.5415

Hamazaki, 2002, Multi-PDZ domain protein 1 (MUPP1) is concentrated at tight junctions through its possible interaction with claudin-1 and junctional adhesion molecule, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 455, 10.1074/jbc.M109005200

Harhaj, 2002, Platelet-derived growth factor mediates tight junction redistribution and increases permeability in MDCK cells, Journal of Cellular Physiology, 193, 349, 10.1002/jcp.10183

Hasegawa, 1999, Opposite regulation of transepithelial electrical resistance and paracellular permeability by Rho in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 20982, 10.1074/jbc.274.30.20982

Haskins, 1998, ZO-3, a novel member of the MAGUK protein family found at the tight junction, interacts with ZO-1 and occludin, Journal of Cell Biology, 141, 199, 10.1083/jcb.141.1.199

Hay, 1997, SNAREs and NSF in targeted membrane fusion, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 9, 505, 10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80026-9

He, 1999, Vascular endothelial growth factor signals endothelial cell production of nitric oxide and prostacyclin through Fkl-1/KDR activation of c-Src, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 25130, 10.1074/jbc.274.35.25130

Hecht, 1996, Expression of the catalytic domain of myosin light chain kinase increases paracellular permeability, American Journal of Physiology, 271, C1678, 10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.5.C1678

Hecht, 1994, Reversible disassembly of an intestinal epithelial monolayer by prolonged exposure to phorbol ester, American Journal of Physiology, 266, G214

Henley, 1998, Dynamin-mediated internalization of caveolae, Journal of Cell Biology, 141, 85, 10.1083/jcb.141.1.85

Hirase, 2001, Regulation of tight junction permeability and occludin phosphorylayion by RhoA-p160ROCK-dependent and -independent mechanisms, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 10423, 10.1074/jbc.M007136200

Hirase, 1997, Occludin as a possible determinant of tight junction permeability in endothelial cells, Journal of Cell Science, 110, 1603, 10.1242/jcs.110.14.1603

Hoover, 1998, Loss of the tight junction MAGUK ZO-1 in breast cancer: Relationship to glandular differentiation and loss of heterozygosity, American Journal of Pathology, 153, 1767, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65691-X

Hough, 2000, Large-scale serial analysis of gene expression reveals genes differentially expressed in ovarian cancer, Cancer Research, 60, 6281

Howarth, 1994, Analysis of the distribution and phosphorylation state of ZO-1 in MDCK and nonepithelial cells, Journal of Membrane Biology, 137, 261, 10.1007/BF00232594

Huang, 2001, Insulin can regulate GLUT4 internalization by signaling to Rab5 and the motor protein dynein, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 98, 13084, 10.1073/pnas.241368698

Huber, 2000, Occludin modulates transepithelial migration of neutrophils, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 5773, 10.1074/jbc.275.8.5773

Ide, 1999, Localization of membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGI)-1/BAI-associated protein (BAP) 1 at tight junctions of epithelial cells, Oncogene, 18, 7810, 10.1038/sj.onc.1203153

Inai, 1999, Claudin-1 contributes to the epithelial barrier function in MDCK cells, European Journal of Cell Biology, 78, 849, 10.1016/S0171-9335(99)80086-7

Ishibashi, 1980, Disruption of the blood-retinal barrier in experimental diabetic rats: An electron microscopic study, Experimental Eye Research, 30, 401, 10.1016/0014-4835(80)90055-X

Ishii, 1996, Amelioration of vascular dysfunction in diabetic rats by an oral PKC beta inhibitor, Science, 272, 728, 10.1126/science.272.5262.728

Islas, 2002, Nuclear localization of the tight junction protein ZO-2 in epithelial cells, Experimental Cell Research, 274, 138, 10.1006/excr.2001.5457

Itoh, 1999, Direct binding of three tight junction-associated MAGUKs, ZO-1, ZO-1, and ZO-3, with the COOH termini of claudins, Journal of Cell Biology, 147, 1351, 10.1083/jcb.147.6.1351

Itoh, 1999, Characterization of ZO-2 as a MAGUK family member associated with tight as well as adherens junctions with a binding affinity to occludin and α catenin, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 5981, 10.1074/jbc.274.9.5981

Izumi, 1998, An atypical PKC directly associates and colocalizes at the epithelial tight junction with ASIP, a mammalian homologue of Caenorhabditis elegens polarity protein PAR-3, Journal of Cell Biology, 143, 95, 10.1083/jcb.143.1.95

Jesaitis, 1994, Molecular characterization and tissue distribution of ZO-2, a tight junction protein homologous to ZO-1 and the Drosophila discs-large tumor suppressor protein, Journal of Cell Biology, 124, 949, 10.1083/jcb.124.6.949

Jiang, 1998, Regulation of tight junction permeability and occludin expression by polyunsaturated fatty acids, Biochemical Biophysics Research Communication, 244, 414, 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8288

Jiang, 1999, Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor decreases the expression of occludin and transendothelial resistance (TER) and increases paracellular permeability in human vascular endothelial cells, Journal of Cellular Physiology, 181, 319, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199911)181:2<319::AID-JCP14>3.0.CO;2-S

Joberty, 2000, The cell-polarity protein Par6 links Par3 and atypical protein kinase C to Cdc42, Nature Cell Biology, 2, 531, 10.1038/35019573

Johnson, 1993, Endosome acidification and receptor trafficking: Bafilomycin A1 slows receptor externalization by a mechanism involving the receptor’s internalization motif, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4, 1251, 10.1091/mbc.4.12.1251

Jou, 1998, Structural and functional regulation of tight junctions by RhoA and Rac1 small GTPases, Journal of Cell Biology, 142, 101, 10.1083/jcb.142.1.101

Kamei, 1999, Coendocytosis of cadherin and c-met coupled to disruption of cell–cell adhesion in MDCK cells-regulation by Rho, Rac, and Rab small G proteins, Oncogene, 18, 6776, 10.1038/sj.onc.1203114

Keenan, 1998, Protein kinase C and the cytoskeleton, Cellular Signalling, 10, 225, 10.1016/S0898-6568(97)00121-6

Keller, 1992, Endocytosis of glycophospholipid-anchored and transmembrane forms of CD4 by different endocytic pathways, EMBO Journal, 11, 863, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05124.x

Keller, 1997, Post-golgi biosynthetic trafficking, Journal of Cell Science, 110, 3001, 10.1242/jcs.110.24.3001

Keon, 1996, Symplekin, a novel type of tight junctions plaque protein, Journal of Cell Biology, 134, 1013, 10.1083/jcb.134.4.1003

Kevil, 1998, Expression of zonula occludens and adherens junctional proteins in human venous and arterial endothelial cells: Role of occludin in endothelial solute barriers, Microcirculation, 5, 197, 10.1111/j.1549-8719.1998.tb00069.x

Kiuchi-Saishin, 2002, Differential expression patterns of claudins, tight junction membrane proteins, in mouse nephron segments, Journal of American Society of Nephrology, 13, 875, 10.1681/ASN.V134875

Kobata, 1999, Ca2+-independent cell-adhesion activity of claudins, a family of integral membrane proteins localized at tight junctions, Current Biology, 9, 1035, 10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80452-7

Kobayashi, 2002, Formation of tight junction strands by expression of claudin-1 mutants in their ZO-1 binding site in MDCK cells, Histochemistry Cell Biology, 117, 29, 10.1007/s00418-001-0359-x

Kojima, 1999, Induction of tight junctions in human connexin 32 (hCx32)-transfected mouse hepatocytes: Connexin 32 interacts with occludin, Biochemical Biophysics Research Communication, 266, 222, 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1778

Koya, 1998, Protein kinase C activation and the development of diabetic complications, Diabetes, 47, 859, 10.2337/diabetes.47.6.859

Kurihara, 1995, Increased Tyr phosphorylation of ZO-1 during modification of tight junctions between glomerular foot processes, American Journal of Physiology, 268, F514

Lacaz-Vieira, 2001, Protein kinase inhibitors and the dynamics of tight junction opening and closing in A6 cell monolayers, Journal of Membrane Biology, 184, 185, 10.1007/s00232-001-0082-5

Lacaz-Vieira, 1999, Small synthetic peptides homologous to segments of the first external loop of occludin impair tight junction resealing, Journal of Membrane Biology, 168, 289, 10.1007/s002329900518

Lapierre, 1999, VAP-33 localizes to both an intracellular vesicle population and with occludin at the tight junction, Journal of Cell Science, 112, 3723, 10.1242/jcs.112.21.3723

Laura, 2002, MAGI-1: A widely expressed, alternatively spliced tight junction protein, Experimental Cell Research, 275, 155, 10.1006/excr.2002.5475

Le, 2002, Protein kinase C regulates endocytosis and recycling of E-cadherin, American Journal of Physiology, 283, C489, 10.1152/ajpcell.00566.2001

Le, 1999, Recycling of E-cadherin: A potential mechanism for regulating cadherin dynamics, Journal of Cell Biology, 146, 219, 10.1083/jcb.146.1.219

Lemmers, 2002, hINADI/PATJ, a homolog of discs lost, interacts with crumbs and localizaes to tight junctions in human epithelial cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 25408, 10.1074/jbc.M202196200

Li, 2000, Oncogenic Raf-1 disrupts epithelial tight junctions via downregulation of occludin, Journal of Cell Biology, 148, 791, 10.1083/jcb.148.4.791

Lippoldt, 2000, Organization of choroid plexus epithelial and endothelial cell tight junctions and regulation of claudin-1, -2 and -5 expression by protein kinase C, NeuroReport, 11, 1427, 10.1097/00001756-200005150-00015

Lisanti, 1994, Characterization of caveolin-rich membrane domains isolated from an endothelial-rich source: Implications for human disease, Journal of Cell Biology, 126, 111, 10.1083/jcb.126.1.111

Lum, 1994, Regulation of vascular endothelial barrier function, American Journal of Physiology, 267, L223

Lynch, 1990, Increased endothelial albumin permeability mediated by protein kinase C activation, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 85, 1991, 10.1172/JCI114663

Madara, 1998, Regulation of the movement of solutes across tight junctions, Annual Review of Physiology, 60, 143, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.143

Madara, 1986, Effects of cytochalasin D on occluding junctions of intestinal absorptive cells: Further evidence that the cytoskeleton may influence paracellular permeability and junctional charge selectivity, Journal of Cell Biology, 102, 2125, 10.1083/jcb.102.6.2125

Mankertz, 2002, Gene expression of the tight junction protein occludin includes differential splicing and alternative promotor usage, Biochemical Biophysics Research Communication, 298, 657, 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02487-7

Marano, 2001, Phorbol ester treatment increases paracellular permeability across IEC-18 gastrointestinal epithelium in vitro, Digestive Diseases Science, 46, 1490, 10.1023/A:1010696005958

Martin-Padura, 1998, Junctional adhesion molecule, a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that distributes at intercellular junctions and modulates monocyte transmigration, Journal of Cell Biology, 142, 117, 10.1083/jcb.142.1.117

Matter, 1998, Biogenesis of tight junctions: The C-terminal domain of occludin mediates basolateral targeting, Journal of Cell Science, 111, 511, 10.1242/jcs.111.4.511

McCarthy, 2000, Inducible expression of claudin-1-myc but not occludin-VSV-G results in aberrant tight junction strand formation in MDCK cells, Journal of Cell Science, 113, 3387, 10.1242/jcs.113.19.3387

McCarthy, 1996, Occludin is a functional component of the tight junction, Journal of Cell Science, 109, 2287, 10.1242/jcs.109.9.2287

McNiven, 2000, The dynamin family of mechanoenzymes: Pinching in new places, Trends Biochemical Science, 25, 115, 10.1016/S0968-0004(99)01538-8

Medina, 2000, Occludin localization ay the tight junction requires the second extracellular loop, Journal of Membrane Biology, 178, 235, 10.1007/s002320010031

Meyer, 2002, Zonula occludins-1 is a scaffolding protein for signaling molecules: Gα12 directly binds to the src homology 3 domain and regulates paracellular permeability in MDCK cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 24855, 10.1074/jbc.C200240200

Mineo, 2001, Potocytosis, Histochemistry Cell Biology, 116, 109, 10.1007/s004180100289

Mitic, 1999, Connexin-occludin chimeras containing the ZO-bindning domain of occludin localize at tight junctions and NRK cell contacts, Journal of Cell Biology, 146, 683, 10.1083/jcb.146.3.683

Miwa, 2001, Involvement of claudin-1 in the β-catenin/Tcf signaling pathway and its frequent upregulation in human colorectal cancers, Oncology Research, 12, 469, 10.3727/096504001108747477

Morita, 1999, Claudin multigene family encoding four-transmembrane domain protein components of tight junction strands, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 96, 511, 10.1073/pnas.96.2.511

Morita, 1999, Endothelial claudin: Claudin-5/TMVCF constitutes tight junction strands in endothelial cells, Journal of Cell Biology, 147, 185, 10.1083/jcb.147.1.185

Mostov, 2000, Membrane traffic in polarized epithelial cells, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 12, 483, 10.1016/S0955-0674(00)00120-4

Mullin, 1998, Overexpression of protein kinase C-d increases tight junction permeability in LLC-PK1 epithelia, American Journal of Physiology, 275, C544, 10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.2.C544

Mullin, 1997, Different size limitations for increased transepithelial paracellular solute flux across phorbol ester and tumor necrosis factor-treated epithelial cell sheets, Journal of Cellular Physology, 171, 226, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199705)171:2<226::AID-JCP14>3.0.CO;2-B

Mullin, 1988, Effects of diacylglycerol on LLC-PK1 renal epithelia: Similarity to phorbol ester tumor promotors, Journal of Cell Physiology, 134, 357, 10.1002/jcp.1041340306

Mullin, 1986, Effects of tumor promotors on LLC-PK1 renal epithelial tight junctions and transepithelial fluxes, American Journal of Physiology, 251, C597, 10.1152/ajpcell.1986.251.4.C597

Muresan, 2000, Occludin 1B, a variant of the tight junction protein occludin, Molecular Biology of Cell, 11, 627, 10.1091/mbc.11.2.627

Nagpala, 1996, Protein kinase C β1 overexpression augments phorbol ester-induced increase in endothelial permeability, Journal of Cell Physiology, 166, 249, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199602)166:2<249::AID-JCP2>3.0.CO;2-P

Nakanishi, 1993, Activation of the ζ isoform of protein kinase C by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 13, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54107-7

Newton, 1995, Protein kinase C: Structure, function, and regulation, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 28495, 10.1074/jbc.270.48.28495

Newton, 1998, Protein kinase C: A paradigm for regulation of protein function by two membrane-targeting modules, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1376, 155, 10.1016/S0304-4157(98)00003-3

Nunbhakdi-Craig, 2002, Protein phosphatase 2A associates with and regulates atypical PKC and the epithelial tight junction complex, Journal of Cell Biology, 158, 967, 10.1083/jcb.200206114

Nusrat, 2000, The coiled-coil domain of occludin can act to organize structural and functional elements of the epithelial tight junction, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 29816, 10.1074/jbc.M002450200

Nusrat, 2001, Clostridium difficile toxins disrupt epithelial barrier function by altering membrane microdomain localization of tight junction proteins, Infection and Immunity, 69, 1329, 10.1128/IAI.69.3.1329-1336.2001

Nusrat, 1995, Rho protein regulates tight junctions and perijunctional actin organization in polarized epithelia, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 92, 10629, 10.1073/pnas.92.23.10629

Nusrat, 2000, Tight junctions are membrane microdomains, Journal of Cell Science, 113, 1771, 10.1242/jcs.113.10.1771

Oh, 1998, Dynamin at the neck of caveolae mediates their budding to form transport vesicles by GTP-driven fission from the plasma membrane of endothelium, Journal of Cell Biology, 141, 101, 10.1083/jcb.141.1.101

Ojakian, 1981, Tumor promotor-induced changes in the permeability of epithelial cell tight junctions, Cell, 23, 95, 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90274-9

Okamoto, 1998, Caveolins, a family of scaffolding proteins for organizing preassembled signaling complexes at the plasma membrane, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 5419, 10.1074/jbc.273.10.5419

Orci, 1993, Coated vesicle assembly in the Golgi requires only coatomer and ARF proteins from the cytosol, Nature, 364, 732, 10.1038/364732a0

Ozaki, 1999, Combined treatment of TNF-α and IFN-γ causes redistribution of junctional adhesion molecule in human endothelial cells, Journal of Immunology, 163, 553, 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.553

Palacios, 2001, An essential role for ARF6-regulated membrane traffic in adherens junctions turnover and epithelial cell migration, EMBO Journal, 20, 4973, 10.1093/emboj/20.17.4973

Palacios, 2002, ARF6-GTP recruits Mn23-H1 to facilitate dynamin-mediated endocytosis during adherens junction disassembly, Nature Cell Biology, 4, 929, 10.1038/ncb881

Parekh, 2000, Multiple pathways control protein kinase C phosphorylation, EMBO Journal, 19, 496, 10.1093/emboj/19.4.496

Parton, 1994, Ultrastructural localization of gangliosides GM1 is concentrated in caveolae, Journal of Histochemical Cytochemistry, 42, 155, 10.1177/42.2.8288861

Parton, 1994, Regulated internalization of caveolae, Journal of Cell Biology, 127, 1199, 10.1083/jcb.127.5.1199

Pelkmans, 2001, Caveolar endocytosis of simian virus 40 reveals a new two-step vesicular-transport pathway to the ER, Nature Cell Biology, 3, 473, 10.1038/35074539

Ponting, 1995, AF-6/cno: Neither a kinesin nor a myosin, but a bit of both, Trends Biochemical Science, 20, 265, 10.1016/S0968-0004(00)89040-4

Presley, 1997, Bafilomycin A1 treatment retards transferrin receptor recycling more than bulk membrane recycling, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 13929, 10.1074/jbc.272.21.13929

Rahner, 2001, Heterogeneity in expression and subcellular localization of claudins 2, 3, 4, and 5 in the rat liver, pancreas, and gut, Gasteroenterology, 120, 411, 10.1053/gast.2001.21736

Ratcliffe, 1997, Dephosphorylation of the cadherin-associated p100/p120 proteins in response to activation of protein kinase C in epithelial cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1997, 31894, 10.1074/jbc.272.50.31894

Reichert, 2000, The PDZ domains of zonula occludens-1 induce an epithelial to mesenchymal transition of Madin-Darby canine kidney I cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 9492, 10.1074/jbc.275.13.9492

Rescigno, 2001, Dendritic cells express tight junction proteins and penetrate gut epithelial monolayers to sample bacteria, Nature Immunology, 2, 361, 10.1038/86373

Risau, 1991, Induction of blood–brain barrier endothelial cell differentiation, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 633, 405, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb15630.x

Roh, 2002, The carboxyl terminus of zona occludens-3 binds and recruits a mammalian homologue of discs lost to tight junctions, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 27501, 10.1074/jbc.M201177200

Roh, 2002, The Maguk protein, Pals1, functions as an adaptor, linking mammalian homologues of Crumbs and Discs Lost, Journal of Cell Biology, 157, 161, 10.1083/jcb.200109010

Rosson, 1997, Protein kinase C-α activity modulates transepithelial permeability and cell junctions in the LLC-PK1 epithelial cell line, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 14950, 10.1074/jbc.272.23.14950

Rubin, 1991, A cell-culture model of the blood–brain barrier, Journal of Cell Biology, 115, 1725, 10.1083/jcb.115.6.1725

Rubin, 1999, The cell biology of the blood–brain barrier, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 22, 11, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.11

Ryeom, 2000, Truncation mutants of the tight junction protein ZO-1 disrupt corneal epithelial cell morphology, Molecular Biology of Cell, 11, 1687, 10.1091/mbc.11.5.1687

Sachse, 2002, Endosomes: Multipurpose designs for integrating housekeeping and specialized tasks, Histochem. Cell Biology, 117, 91, 10.1007/s00418-001-0348-0

Saha, 1998, Involvement of Gαi2 in the maintenance and biogenesis of epithelial tight junctions, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 21629, 10.1074/jbc.273.34.21629

Saitou, 1998, Occludin-deficient embryonic stem cells can differentiate into polarized epithelial cells bearing tight junctions, Journal of Cell Biology, 141, 397, 10.1083/jcb.141.2.397

Saitou, 2000, Complex phenotype of mice lacking occludin, a component of tight junction strands, Molecular Biology of Cell, 11, 4131, 10.1091/mbc.11.12.4131

Sakakibara, 1997, Possible involvement of phosphorylation of occludin in tight junction formation, Journal of Cell Biology, 137, 1393, 10.1083/jcb.137.6.1393

Satoh, 1996, Localization of 7H6 tight junction-associated antigen along the cell border of vascular endothelial cells correlates with paracellular barrier function against ions, large molecules, and cancer cells, Experiments in Cell Research, 222, 269, 10.1006/excr.1996.0034

Schimmoller, 1998, Rab GTPases, directors of vesicle docking, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 22161, 10.1074/jbc.273.35.22161

Schnitzer, 1994, Filipin-sensitive caveolae-mediated transport in endothelium: Reduced transcytosis, scavenger endocytosis, and capillary peremability of select macromolecules, Journal of Cell Biology, 127, 1217, 10.1083/jcb.127.5.1217

Schnitzer, 1995, NEM inhibits transcytosis, endocytosis, and capillary permeability: Implication of caveolae fusion in endothelia, American Journal of Physiology, 268, H48

Schnitzer, 1995, Endothelial caveolae have the molecular transport machinery for vesicle budding, docking, and fusion including VAMP, NSF, SNAP, annexins, and GTPases, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 14399, 10.1074/jbc.270.24.14399

Shiba, 1993, Correlation of diacylglycerol level and protein kinase C activity in rat retina to retinal circulation, American Journal of Physiology, 265, E783

Simon, 1999, Paracellin-1, a renal tight junction protein required for paracellular Mg2+ resorption, Science, 285, 103, 10.1126/science.285.5424.103

Singer, 1994, Relationship of serine/threonine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation signaling to glucacorticoid regulation of tight junction permeability and ZO-1 distribution in nontransformed mammary epithelial cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 16108, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33979-0

Smart, 1999, Caveolins, liquid-ordered domains, and signal transduction, Molecular Cell Biology, 19, 7289, 10.1128/MCB.19.11.7289

Sonada, 1999, Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin fragment removes specific claudins from tight junction strands: Evidence for direct involvement of claudins in tight junction barrier, Journal of Cell Biology, 147, 195, 10.1083/jcb.147.1.195

Song, 1996, Co-purification and direct interaction of Ras with caveolin, an integral membrane protein of caveolae microdomains: Detergent-free purification of caveolae membranes, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 9690, 10.1074/jbc.271.16.9690

Staddon, 1995, Evidence that tyrosine phosphorylation may increase tight junction permeability, Journal of Cell Science, 108, 609, 10.1242/jcs.108.2.609

Staehelin, 1973, Further observations of the fine structure of freeze-cleaved tight junctions, Journal of Cell Science, 13, 763, 10.1242/jcs.13.3.763

Stan, 2002, Structure and function of endothelial caveolae, Microscopy Research and Technique, 57, 350, 10.1002/jemt.10089

Standaert, 1997, Protein kinase C-ζ as a downstream effector of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase during insulin stimulation in rat adipocytes. Potential role in glucose transport, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 30075, 10.1074/jbc.272.48.30075

Stelwagen, 1999, Prolactin, alone or in combination with glucocorticoids, enhances tight junction formation and expression of the tight junction protein occludin in mammary cells, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 156, 55, 10.1016/S0303-7207(99)00145-8

Stevenson, 1989, Phosphorylation of the tight-junction protein ZO-1 in two strains of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells which differ in transepithelial resistance, Biochemical Journal, 263, 597, 10.1042/bj2630597

Stevenson, 1986, Identification of ZO-1: A high molecular weight polypeptide associated with the tight junction (zonula occludens) in a variety of epithelial, Journal of Cell Biology, 103, 755, 10.1083/jcb.103.3.755

Strous, 1999, The ubiquitin-proteasome system and endocytosis, Journal of Cell Science, 112, 1417, 10.1242/jcs.112.10.1417

Stuart, 1995, Regulated assembly of tight junctions by protein kinase C, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 92, 6072, 10.1073/pnas.92.13.6072

Sukuki, 2001, Atypical protein kinase C is imvolved in the evolutionarily conserved PAR protein complex and plays a critical role in establishing epithelia-specific junctional complexes, Journal of Cell Biology, 152, 1183, 10.1083/jcb.152.6.1183

Takeda, 1995, Effects of tyrosine phosphorylation on tight junctions in temperature-sensitive v-src-transfected MDCK cells, Cell Structure and Function, 20, 387, 10.1247/csf.20.387

Taya, 1998, The Ras target AF-6 is a substrate of the Fam deubiquitinating enzyme, Journal of Cell Biology, 142, 1053, 10.1083/jcb.142.4.1053

Toker, 1997, Signaling through the lipid products of phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase, Nature, 387, 673, 10.1038/42648

Traweger, 2002, The tight junction-specific protein occludin is a functional target of the E3 ubiquitin protein ligase itch, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 10201, 10.1074/jbc.M111384200

Tsukamoto, 1999, Role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the reassembly of occludin and other tight junction proteins, American Journal of Physiology, 276, F737

Tsukita, 2000, Pores in the wall: Claudins constitute tight junction strands containing aqueous pores, Journal of Cell Biology, 149, 13, 10.1083/jcb.149.1.13

Tsukita, 2001, Multifunctional strands in tight junctions, Nature Reviews, 2, 285, 10.1038/35067088

Tsukita, 1989, Isolation of cell-to -cell adherens junctions from rat liver, Journal of Cell Biology, 108, 31, 10.1083/jcb.108.1.31

Turksen, 2002, Permeability barrier dysfunction in transgenic mice overexpressing claudin 6, Development, 129, 1775, 10.1242/dev.129.7.1775

Turner, 1999, PKC-dependent regulation of transepithelial resistance: Roles of MLC and MLC kinase, American Journal of Physiology, 277, C554, 10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.3.C554

Van Itallie, 1997, Occludin confers adhesiveness when expressed in fibroblasts, Journal of Cell Science, 110, 1113, 10.1242/jcs.110.9.1113

Van Itallie, 1999, Tight-junction protein ZO-1 isoforms (α+ and α−) show differential extractability and epidermal-growth-factor-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in A431 cells, Protoplasma, 206, 211, 10.1007/BF01288206

Van Itallie, 1995, Epidermal growth factor induces tyrosine phosphorylation and reorganization of the tight junction protein ZO-1 in A431 cells, Journal of Cell Science, 108, 1735, 10.1242/jcs.108.4.1735

Van Itallie, 2001, Regulated expression of claudin-4 decreases paracellular conductance through a selective decrease in sodium permeability, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 107, 1319, 10.1172/JCI12464

van Meer, 1986, The function of tight junctions in maintaining differences in lipid composition between the apical and basolateral cell surface domains of MDCK cells, EMBO Journal, 5, 1454, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04382.x

Wan, 1999, Der p 1 facilitates transepithelial allergen delivery by disruption of tight junctions, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 104, 123, 10.1172/JCI5844

Ward, 2002, Phospholipase C-γ modulates epithelial tight junction permeability through hyperphosphorylation of tight junction proteins, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 35760, 10.1074/jbc.M203134200

Waters, 1991, Proteins involved in vesicular transport and membrane fusion, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 3, 615, 10.1016/0955-0674(91)90031-S

Wilcox, 2001, Mutations in the gene coding tight junction claudin-14 cause autosomal recessive deafness DFNB29, Cell, 104, 165, 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00200-8

Willott, 1993, The tight junction protein ZO-1 is homologous to the Drosophila discs-large tumor suppressor protein of septate junctions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 90, 7834, 10.1073/pnas.90.16.7834

Willott, 1992, Localization and differential expression of two isoforms of the tight junction protein ZO-1, American Journal of Physiology, 262, C1119, 10.1152/ajpcell.1992.262.5.C1119

Wittchen, 1999, Protein interactions at the tight junction: Actin has multiple binding partners, and ZO-1 forms independent complexes with ZO-2 and ZO-3, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 35179, 10.1074/jbc.274.49.35179

Wong, 1997, Phosphorylation of occludin correlates with occludin localization and function at the tight junction, American Journal of Physiology, 273, C1859, 10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.6.C1859

Wong, 1999, Glucocorticoid down-regulation of fascin protein expression is required for the steroid-induced formation of tight junctions and cell–cell interactions in rat mammary epithelial tumor cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 5443, 10.1074/jbc.274.9.5443

Wong, 1997, A synthetic peptide corresponding to the extracellular domain of occludin perturbs the tight junction permeability barrier, Journal of Cell Biology, 136, 399, 10.1083/jcb.136.2.399

Woods, 1993, ZO-1, DlgA, and PSD-95/SAP90: Homologous proteins in tight, septate, and synaptic cell junctions, Mechanical Development, 45, 155

Yamada, 1996, Enhancement of barrier function of human aortic endothelial cells by activators of protein kinase C, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International, 39, 69

Yamamoto, 1997, The Ras target AF-6 interacts with ZO-1 and serves as a peripheral component of tight junctions in epithelial cells, Journal of Cell Biology, 139, 785, 10.1083/jcb.139.3.785

Yamamoto, 1999, In vivo interaction of AF-6 with activated Ras and ZO-1, Biochemical Biophysics Research Communication, 259, 103, 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0731

Zahraoui, 1994, A small rab GTPase is distributed in cytoplasmic vesicles in non polarized cells but colocalizes with the tight junction marker ZO-1 in polarized epithelial cells, Journal of Cell Biology, 124, 101, 10.1083/jcb.124.1.101

Zhadanov, 1999, Absence of the tight junctional protein AF-6 disrupts epithelial cell–cell junctions and cell polarity during mouse development, Current Biology, 9, 880, 10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80392-3

Zolotarevsky, 2002, A membrane-permeant peptide that inhibits MLC kinase restores barrier function in in vitro models of intestinal disease, Gasteroenterology, 123, 163, 10.1053/gast.2002.34235