Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Zhu, 2020, A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019, N Engl J Med, 382, 727, 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017

Li, 2020, Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia, N Engl J Med, 382, 1199, 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316

Lu, 2020, Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding, Lancet, 395, 565, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8

Huang, 2020, Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, Lancet, 395, 497, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5

Chen, 2020, Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study, Lancet, 395, 507, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7

Wang, 2020, Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China, JAMA, e201585, 10.1001/jama.2020.1585

The Latest Situation of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia as of 24:00 on 20 March 2020

Li, 2008, T cell responses to whole SARS coronavirus in humans, J Immunol, 181, 5490, 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5490

The Notice of Launching Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (NCP)

NinaP MarkS Anh-HueTT BrianMF OhilipL Characteristics of Infectious Disease2016

Zhou, 2020, A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin, Nature, 579, 270, 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7

Wherry, 2015, Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion, Nat Rev Immunol, 15, 486, 10.1038/nri3862

Mescher, 2006, Signals required for programming effector and memory development by CD8+ T cells, Immunol Rev, 211, 81, 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00382.x

Zhu, 2010, Differentiation of effector CD4 T cell populations (*), Annu Rev Immunol, 28, 445, 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101212

Ng, 2013, Networking at the level of host immunity: immune cell interactions during persistent viral infections, Cell Host Microbe, 13, 652, 10.1016/j.chom.2013.05.014

Fenwick, 2019, T-cell exhaustion in HIV infection, Immunol Rev, 292, 149, 10.1111/imr.12823

Wang, 2008, The cytokine storm and factors determining the sequence and severity of organ dysfunction in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, Am J Emerg Med, 26, 711, 10.1016/j.ajem.2007.10.031

Matthay, 2012, The acute respiratory distress syndrome, J Clin Invest, 122, 2731, 10.1172/JCI60331

Channappanavar, 2017, Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology, Semin Immunopathol, 39, 529, 10.1007/s00281-017-0629-x

Huang, 2005, An interferon-gamma-related cytokine storm in SARS patients, J Med Virol, 75, 185, 10.1002/jmv.20255

2008, Update on avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans, N Engl J Med, 358, 261, 10.1056/NEJMra0707279

Chen, 2013, Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome, Lancet, 381, 1916, 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60903-4

Aggarwal, 1999, Increased TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes from aged humans: changes in TNF-alpha receptor expression and activation of caspases, J Immunol, 162, 2154, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.4.2154

Gupta, 2005, Role of NF-kappaB signaling pathway in increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes in aged humans, Cell Death Differ, 12, 177, 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401557

Gabay, 2006, Interleukin-6 and chronic inflammation, Arthritis Res Ther, 8, S3, 10.1186/ar1917

Jones, 2018, Recent insights into targeting the IL-6 cytokine family in inflammatory diseases and cancer, Nat Rev Immunol, 18, 773, 10.1038/s41577-018-0066-7

Burmester, 2016, Tocilizumab in early progressive rheumatoid arthritis: FUNCTION, a randomised controlled trial, Ann Rheum Dis, 75, 1081, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207628

Yokota, 2016, Tocilizumab in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a real-world clinical setting: results from 1 year of postmarketing surveillance follow-up of 417 patients in Japan, Ann Rheum Dis, 75, 1654, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207818

Le, 2018, FDA approval summary: tocilizumab for treatment of chimeric antigen receptor T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome, Oncologist, 23, 943, 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0028

Kany, 2019, Cytokines in inflammatory disease, Int J Mol Sci, 20, 6008, 10.3390/ijms20236008

Minciullo, 2016, Inflammaging and anti-inflammaging: the role of cytokines in extreme longevity, Arch Immunol Ther Exp, 64, 111, 10.1007/s00005-015-0377-3

Yang, 2013, Expression of B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) in macrophages contributes to the fulminant hepatitis caused by murine hepatitis virus strain-3, Gut, 62, 1204, 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302239

Li, 2017, VSIG4 inhibits proinflammatory macrophage activation by reprogramming mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism, Nat Commun, 8, 1322, 10.1038/s41467-017-01327-4

McLane, 2019, CD8 T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection and cancer, Ann Rev Immunol, 37, 457, 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055318

Brooks, 2006, Interleukin-10 determines viral clearance or persistence in vivo, Nat Med, 12, 1301, 10.1038/nm1492

Ejrnaes, 2006, Resolution of a chronic viral infection after interleukin-10 receptor blockade, J Exp Med, 203, 2461, 10.1084/jem.20061462

Wang, 2020, Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro, Cell Res, 30, 269, 10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0

Holshue, 2020, First Case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States, N Engl J Med, 382, 929, 10.1056/NEJMoa2001191

Diao, 2020, Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), medRxiv, 10.1101/2020.02.18.20024364