Reducing the probability of ship grounding: which measure to undertake?

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 13 - Trang 27-42 - 2013
Muhammad Juned Akhtar1, Ingrid Bouwer Utne2
1Institute of Transport Economics (TØI), Oslo, Norway
2Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway

Tóm tắt

The analytic hierarchy process has been used to elicit the knowledge of maritime transport stakeholders, such as seafarers, authorities, insurers and academics, regarding human factors and risk-reducing measures for ship groundings. Measures against human fatigue, alcohol abuse, language barriers, poor bridge management and safety climate have been compared with regard to costs and benefits. The measures are discussed in the context of large ships on a voyage of at least 24 h containing Bridge Resource Management. The study shows that stakeholders consider the costs of the measures to reduce human fatigue at sea surpass the benefits. Measures against alcohol abuse are regarded as the most cost–benefit efficient. Also, the stakeholders consider the watch scheme 8–4–4–8 to be less fatiguing than the 12–12 watch scheme. In addition, the results of the study support previous findings that inadequate manning levels contribute the most to human fatigue within the bridge management team.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adams B, Creative Decision Foundation (2012) SuperDecisions—AHP software. Creative Decision foundation, Pittsburgh Åkerstedt T, Kecklund G, Gillberg M, Lowdan A, Axelsson J (2000) Sleepiness and days of recovery. Transp Res Part F 3:251–261 Anderson P, Nicholls S, Noonan S (2003) ‘Cracking the Code’—the relevance of the ISM Code and its impact on shipping practices. The Nautical Institute, London Arslan O, Turan O (2009) Analytical investigation of marine causalities at the Strait of Istanbul with SWOT-AHP method. Marit Policy Manag 36(2):131–145 Aziz IJ (1990) A post‐evaluation of the Trans‐Sumatra highway project. Eur J Oper Res 48:38–48 Barnett ML (2005) Searching for the root causes of maritime casualties—individual competence or organizational culture? WMU J Marit Aff 4(2):131–145 Blom E (2006) Is the pilot a part of the bridge team? The fraser river pilots, vol 2013. Safety Service. http://members.shaw.ca/riverpilot35/team.htm, Accessed 23 August 2013, Vancouver, Canada Bûyûkôzkan G, Cifci G, Gûleryûz S (2011) Strategy analysis of healthcare service quality using fuzzy AHP methodology. Expert Syst Appl 38:9407–9424 Cahill CRA (2002) Strandings and their causes. The Nautical Institute, Southall, Middlesex Celik M, Cebi S (2009) Analytical HFACS for investigating human errors in shipping accidents. Accid Anal Prev 41:66–75 Chauvin C, Lardjane S, Morel G, Clostermann J-P, Langard B (2013) Human and organizational factors in maritime accidents: analysis of collisions at sea using the HFACS. Accid Anal Prev 59:26–37 Clayton WA, Wright M (1993) Benefit cost analysis of riverboat gambling. Math Comput Model 17(4/5):187–194 Clemen RT, Winkler RL (1999) Combining probability distributions from experts in risk analysis. Risk Anal 19(2):187–203 Cuculic D, Bosnar A, Stemberga V, Coklo M, Nikolic N, Grgurevic E (2009) Interpretation of blood alcohol concentration in maritime accidents—a case report. Forensic Sci Int Suppl Ser 1:35–37 Desmond PA, Hancock PA (2001) Active and passive fatigue states. In: Desmond PA, Hancock PA (eds) Stress, Workload and Fatigue. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London, pp 455–465 Dorrian J, Baulk SD, Dawson D (2011) Work hours, workload, sleep and fatigue in Australian Rail Industry employees. Appl Ergon 42:202–209 Elvik R (2001) Cost–benefit analysis of road safety measures: applicability and controversies. Accid Anal Prev 33(1):9–17 Ficca G, Axelsson J, Mollicone DJ, Muto V, Vitiello MV (2010) Naps, cognition and performance. Sleep Med Rev 14:249–258 Graham CAE (2009) Maritime security and seafarers’ welfare: towards harmonization. WMU J Marit Aff 8(1):71–87 Greenberg R (2007) A Quantitative safety model of systems subject to low probability high consequence accidents. University of South Australia, PhD thesis Gujiter Dd, Hageman E (2010) A new and easy method for cost-benefit analysis of noise measures along highways and railways. Proceedings of the 39th International congress and exposition on noise control engineering Hänninen M (2008) Analysis of human and organizational factors in marine traffic risk modelling. Literature review. Series AM. Helsinki University of Technology. Faculty of engineering and architecture. Department of applied mechanics, Espoo Health & Safety Executive (2005) A review of safety culture and safety climate literature for the development of the safety culture inspection toolkit. Health and Safety Executive (HSE), Bristol Howland J, Rohsenow DJ, Cote J, Gomez B, Mangione TW, Laramie AK (2001) Effects of low-dose alcohol exposure on simulated merchant ship piloting by maritime cadets. Accid Anal Prev 33:257–265 IMO (1999) Principles of safe manning. Resolution A.890(21). International Maritime Organization (IMO), London IMO (2001) Guidance on fatigue mitigation and management, vol MSC/Circ.101. International maritime organization (IMO), London IMO (2011) International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978 (STCW). Sales number: IC938E, vol 2012. International Maritime Organization (IMO), London Lappalainen J (2008) Transforming maritime safety culture. Evaluation of the impacts of the ISM Code on maritime safety culture in Finland. Centre for maritime studies. University of Turku, Turku Lu C-S, Tsai C-L (2008) The effects of safety climate on vessel accidents in the container shipping context. Accid Anal Prev 40:594–601 Lützhöft M, Thorslund B, Kircher A, Gillberg M (2007) Fatigue at sea—a field study in Swedish shipping. VTI Rapport 586A. VTI, Linköping MacDonald R (2006) Safe manning of ships—yesterday, today and tomorrow. WMU J Marit Aff 5(2):143–151 Macrae C (2009) Human factors at sea: common patterns of error in groundings and collisions. Marit Policy Manag 36(1):21–38 MAIB (2004) Bridge watchkeeping safety study, vol 1/2004. Marine Accident Investigation Branch, Southampton Marsden G, Leach J (2000) Effects of alcohol and caffeine on maritime navigational skills. Ergonomics 43(1):17–26 Neal A, Griffin MA, Hart PM (2000) The impact of organizational climate of safety climate and individual behaviour. Saf Sci 34(1–3):99–109 Perrow C (1984) Normal accidents. Princeton University Press, New Jersey Progoulaki M, Roe M (2011) Dealing with multicultural human resources in a socially responsible manner: a focus on the maritime industry. WMU J Marit Aff 10:7–23 QinetiQ Centre (2006) The development of a fatigue/risk index for shiftworkers. MB Spencer, KA Robertson & S Folkard, Simon Folkard Associates Ltd, London Recchia V (1999) Risk communication and public perception of technological hazards, Volume 1. FEEM series on economics, energy, and environment. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), Nota di lavoro Ridefelt P, Larsson A, Rehman J-u, Axelsson J (2010) Influences of sleep and the circadian rhythm on iron-status indices. Clin Biochem 43:1323–1328 Rothblum AM, Wheal D, Withington S, Shappell SA, Wiegmann DA, Boehm W, Chaderjian M (2002) Human factors in incident investigation and analysis. US Coast Guard Research & Development Centre, Houston, Texas Saaty RW (1987) The analytic hierarchy process—what it is and how it is used. Math Model 9(3–5):161–176 Saaty TL (2001) Decision making for leaders. The analytic hierarchy process for decision in a complex world. RWS Publications, Pittsburgh, PA Saaty TL (2004) Decision making—the analytic hierarchy and network processes (AHP/ANP). J Syst Sci Syst Eng 13(1):1–35 Saaty TL, Ozedemir MS (2003) Why the magic number seven plus or minus two. Math Comput Model 38:233–244 Saaty TL, Vargas LG (2006) Decision making with analytic network process. Economic, political, social and technological applications with benefits, opportunities, costs and risks. Springer, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Schröder-Hinrichs JU, Baldauf M, Ghirxi KT (2011) Accident investigation reporting deficiencies related to organizational factors in machinery space fires and explosions. Accid Anal Prev 43(3):1187–1196 Schröder-Hinrichs J-U, Hollnagel E, Baldauf M (2012) From Titanic to Costa Concordia—a century of lessons not learned. WMU J Marit Aff 11:151–167 Seahealth (2010) Shipping and rest. How can we do better? Seahealth, Denmark Smith A, Allen P, Wadsworth E (2006) Seafarer fatigue: the Cardiff research programme. Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, Cardiff Sneddon A, Mearns K, Flin R (2012) Stress, fatigue, situation awareness and safety in offshore drilling crews. Safety Sci 56:80–88. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2012.05.027 Strahan C, Watson B, Lennonb A (2008) Can organizational safety climate and occupational stress predict work-related driver fatigue? Transp Res 11(6):418–426 Swift CAJ (2004) Bridge Team Management - A practical guide. Second edition edn. The Nautical Institute, Southall, Middlesex Utne IB (2008) Are the smallest fishing vessels the most sustainable?—trade-off analysis of sustainability attributes. Mar Policy 32:465–474 Veisten K, Akhtar J (2010) Cost-benefit analysis of low-noise pavements: dust into the calculations. Int J Pavement Eng. doi:10.1080/10298436.2010.506537 Vick SG (2002) Degrees of belief: subjective probability and engineering judgment. ASCE Press. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virgina Vidal L-A, Sahin E, Martelli N, Berhoune M, Bonan B (2010) Applying AHP to select drugs to be produced by anticipation in a chemotherapy compounding unit. Expert Syst Appl 37:1528–1534 Wedley WC, Choo EU, Schoner B (2001) Magnitude adjustment for AHP benefit/cost ratios. Eur J Oper Res 133:342–351 Wiegmann DA, Shapell SA (2003) A human error approach to aviation accident analysis—the human factors analysis and classification system. Ashgate Press, Surrey Williamson A, Lombardi DA, Folkard S, Stutts J, Courtney TK, Connor JL (2009) The link between fatigue and safety. Accid Anal Prev 43:498–515 Xhelilaj E, Lapa K (2010) The role of human fatigue factor towards maritime casualties. Marit Transp Navig J 2(2):2065–2909, ISSN Yang J, Shi P (2002) Applying analytic hierarchy process in firm`s overall performance evaluation: a case study in China. International Journal of Business 7(1):30–46 Zheng G, Zhu N, Tian Z, Chen Y, Sun B (2012) Application of a trapezoidal fuzzy AHP method for work safety evaluation and early warning rating of hot and humid environments. Saf Sci 50:228–239