Recognition, assessment, and treatment of non-union after surgical fixation of fractures: emphasis on 3D CT

Kuhlman JE, Fishman EK, Magid D, Scott WW Jr, Brooker AF, Siegelman SS. Fracture nonunion: CT assessment with multiplanar reconstruction. Radiology. 1988;167:483–8. Tzioupis C, Giannoudis PV. Prevalence of long-bone non-unions. Injury. 2007;38:3–9. Krestan CR, Noske H, Vasilevska V, Weber M, Schueller G, Imhof H, Czerny C. MDCT versus digital radiography in the evaluation of bone healing in orthopedic patients. AJR. 2006;186:1754–60. Mathog RH, Toma V, Clayman L, Wolf S. Nonunion of the mandible: an analysis of contributing factors. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58:746–52. Simpson NS, Jupiter JB. Clavicular nonunion and malunion: evaluation and surgical management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1996;4:1–8. Lu-Yao GL, Keller RB, Littenberg B, Wennberg JE. Outcomes after displaced fractures of the femoral neck. A meta-analysis of one hundred and six published reports. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76:15–25. Hoogendoorn JM, Simmermacher RK, Schellekens PP, van der Werken C. Adverse effects if smoking on healing of bones and soft tissues. Unfallchirurg. 2002;105:76–81. Fisher DE, Bickel WH, Holley KE, Ellefson RD. Corticosteroid-induced aseptic necrosis. II. Experimental study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;84:200–6. Vande Berg B, Malghem J, Maldague B, Lecouvet F. Multi-detector CT imaging in the postoperative orthopedic patient with metal hardware. Eur J Radiol. 2006;60:470–9. Fayad LM, Fishman EK. Computed tomography of musculoskeletal pathology. Orthopedics. 2006;29:1076–82. White LM, Buckwalter KA. Technical considerations: CT and MR imaging in the postoperative orthopedic patient. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2002;6:5–17. Sofka CM, Potter HG, Adler RS, Pavlov H. Musculoskeletal imaging update: current applications of advanced imaging techniques to evaluate the early and long-term complications of patients with orthopedic implants. HSS J. 2006;2:73–7. Geijer M, El-Khoury GY. MDCT in the evaluation of skeletal trauma: principles, protocols, and clinical applications. Emerg Radiol. 2006;13:7–18. Flohr T, Ohnesorge B, Schaller S. Technical bases of multi-slice CT. In: Schoepf UJ, editor. Multidetector-row CT of the thorax. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer; 2004. p. 3. Smith AB, Dillon WP, Gould R, Wintermark W. Radiation dose-reduction strategies for neuroradiology CT protocols. AJNR. 2007;28:1628–32. Mahesh M, Scatarige JC, Cooper J, Fishman EK. Dose and pitch relationship for a particular multislice CT scanner. AJR. 2001;177:1273–5. Kim HT, Wenger DR. “Functional retroversion” of the femoral in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and epiphyseal dysplasia: analysis of head-neck deformity and its effect on limb position using three-dimensional computed tomography. J Pediatr Orthop. 1977;17:240–6. Lee DY, Choi IH, Lee CK, Cho TJ. Assessment of complex hip deformity using three-dimensional CT image. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991;11:13–9. Ohashi K, El-Khoury GY, Bennett DL, Restrepo JM, Berbaum KS. Orthopedic hardware complication diagnosed with multi-detector row CT. Radiology. 2005;237:570–7. Pretorius ES, Fishman EK. Volume-rendered three-dimensional spiral CT: musculoskeletal applications. RadioGraphics. 1999;19:1143–60. Lorenzen M, Wedegartner U, Weber C, Petersen JP, Adam G, Lorenzen J. Clinical relevance of multislice CT of the spine after osteosynthesis. Rofo. 2005;177:1540–4. Jurik AG, Albrechtsen J. The use of computed tomography with two- and three dimensional reconstructions in the diagnosis of three- and four-part fractures of the proximal humerus. Clin Radiol. 1994;49:800–4. Kaneko K, Ono A, Uta S, Mogami A, Shimamura Y, Iwase H, Kurosawa H. Hamatometacarpal fracture-dislocation: distinctive three dimensional computed tomographic appearance. Chir Main. 2002;21:41–5. Falchi M, Rollandi GA. CT of pelvic fracture. Eur J Radiol. 2004;50:96–105.