Recent progress on cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries

Energy Storage Materials - Tập 54 - Trang 227-253 - 2023
Masashi Kotobuki1, Binggong Yan2, Li Lu3,4
1Battery Research Center of Green Energy, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Rd., Yaishan Dist., New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
2Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Energy Manufacturing, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
4National University of Singapore Chongqing Research Institute, 401123 PR China

Tài liệu tham khảo

Xia, 2014, Solution synthesis of metal oxides for electrochemical energy storage applications, Nanoscale, 6, 5008, 10.1039/C4NR00024B Armand, 2008, Building better batteries, Nature, 451, 652, 10.1038/451652a Whittingham, 2014, Ultimate limits to intercalation reactions for lithium batteries, Chem. Rev., 114, 11414, 10.1021/cr5003003 Janek, 2016, A solid future for battery development, Nat. Energy, 1, 16141, 10.1038/nenergy.2016.141 Van Noorden, 2014, A Better battery, Nature, 507, 26, 10.1038/507026a Choi, 2016, Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities, Nat. Rev. Mater., 1, 16013, 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.13 Muldoon, 2014, Quest for nonaqueous multivalent secondary batteries: magnesium and beyond, Chem. Rev., 114, 11683, 10.1021/cr500049y Kotobuki, 2017, Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based Al ion conductive solid polymer electrolyte for Al battery, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, A3868, 10.1149/2.1601714jes Song, 2017, Al conductive hybrid solid polymer electrolyte, Solid State Ionics, 300, 165, 10.1016/j.ssi.2016.12.023 Yabuuchi, 2014, Research development on sodium-ion batteries, Chem. Rev., 114, 11636, 10.1021/cr500192f Ponrouch, 2015, Non-aqueous electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A., 3, 22, 10.1039/C4TA04428B Irisarri, 2015, Review—hard carbon negative electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, A2476, 10.1149/2.0091514jes Ponrouch, 2016, Towards a calcium-based rechargeable battery, Nat. Mater., 15, 169, 10.1038/nmat4462 Wang, 2018, Plating and stripping calcium in an organic electrolyte, Nat. Mater., 17, 16, 10.1038/nmat5036 Aurbach, 2000, Prototype systems for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Nature, 407, 724, 10.1038/35037553 Li, 2019, Microstructure characteristics of cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Small, 15 Ambroz, 2017, Trends in aluminium-based intercalation batteries, Advanced Energy Mater, 7, 10.1002/aenm.201602093 Maclaughlin, 2019, Status and outlook for magnesium battery technologies: a conversation with stan whittingham and Sarbajit Banerjee, ACS Energy Lett., 4, 572, 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00214 Yoo, 2013, Mg rechargeable batteries: an on-going challenge†, Energy Environ Sci, 6, 2265, 10.1039/c3ee40871j Mao, 2018, Chem. Soc. Rev., 47, 8804, 10.1039/C8CS00319J Wang, 2016, Energy Storage Mater, 4, 103, 10.1016/j.ensm.2016.04.001 Zhang, 2018, Small Methods, 2 Bitenc, 2018, Frontiers in Chem, 6, 634, 10.3389/fchem.2018.00634 Canepa, 2017, Odyssey of multivalent cathode materials: open questions and future challenges, Chem. Rev., 117, 4287, 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00614 Saha, 2014, Rechargeable magnesium battery: Current status and key challenges for the future, Progress Mater. Sci., 66, 1, 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2014.04.001 Doe, 2014, Novel, electrolyte solutions comprising fully inorganic salts with high anodic stability for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Chem. Comm., 50, 243, 10.1039/C3CC47896C Aubach, 2007, Progress in rechargeable magnesium battery technology, Adv. Mater., 19, 4260, 10.1002/adma.200701495 Horia, 2021, Using a chloride-free magnesium battery electrolyte to form a robust anode−electrolyte nanointerface, Nano Lett, 21, 8220, 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02655 Maheshwaran, 2020, Effect of active MgO nano-particles dispersion in small amount within magnesium-ion conducting polymer electrolyte matrix, Nano-Structures&Nano-objects, 24 Deivanayagam, 2019, Progress in development of electrolytes for magnesium batteries, Energy Storage Mater, 21, 136, 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.05.028 Kotobuki, 2021, Recent progress of ceramic electrolytes for post Li and Na batteries, Funct. Mater. Lett., 14, 10.1142/S1793604721300036 Kotobuki, 2018 Liu, 2016, Evaluation of sulfur spinel compounds for multivalent battery cathode applications, Energy Environ. Sci., 9, 3201, 10.1039/C6EE01731B Whittingham, 2004, Lithium batteries and cathode materials, Chem. Rev., 104, 4271, 10.1021/cr020731c Goodenough, 2010, Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries, Chem. Mater., 22, 587, 10.1021/cm901452z Levi, 2002, Cu2Mo6S8 chevrel phase, A promising cathode material for new rechargeable Mg batteries: a mechanically induced chemical reaction, Chem. Mater., 14, 2767, 10.1021/cm021122o Lancry, 2004, Leaching chemistry and the performance of the Mo6S8 cathodes in rechargeable Mg batteries, Chem. Mater., 16, 2832, 10.1021/cm034944+ Mitelman, 2007, New cathode materials for rechargeable Mg batteries: fast Mg ion transport and reversible copper extrusion in CuyMo6S8 compounds, Chem. Comm., 4212, 10.1039/b710743a Ling, 2017, Thermodynamic origin of irreversible magnesium trapping in chevrel phase Mo6S8: importance of magnesium and vacancy ordering, Chem. Mater., 29, 3731, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00772 Yang, 2022, Constructing defect-rich unconventional phase Cu7.2S4 nanotubes via microwave-induced selective etching for ultra-stable rechargeable magnesium batteries, Chem. Eng. J., 430, 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133108 Levi, 2006, Phase diagram of Mg insertion into chevrel phases, MgxMo6T8 (T ) S, Se). 2. The crystal structure of triclinic MgMo6Se8, Chem. Mater., 18, 3705, 10.1021/cm060715m Levi, 2006, Phase diagram of Mg insertion into chevrel phases, MgxMo6T8 (T ) S, Se). 1. crystal structure of the sulfides, Chem. Mater., 18, 5492, 10.1021/cm061656f Cheng, 2014, Facile synthesis of chevrel phase nanocubes and their applications for multivalent energy storage, Chem. Mater., 26, 4904, 10.1021/cm502306c Lancry, 2004, Leaching chemistry and the performance of the Mo6S8 cathodes in rechargeable Mg batteries, Chem. Mater., 16, 2832, 10.1021/cm034944+ Saha, 2017, A rapid solid-state synthesis of electrochemically active Chevrel phases (Mo6T8; T = S, Se) for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Nano Res., 10, 4415, 10.1007/s12274-017-1695-z Muthuraj, 2018, Reversible Mg insertion into chevrel phase Mo6S8 cathode: Preparation, electrochemistry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study, Mater. Res. Bull., 101, 167, 10.1016/j.materresbull.2018.01.031 Mao, 2020, Iodine Vapor Transport-Triggered Preferential Growth of Chevrel Mo6S8 Nanosheets for Advanced Multivalent Batteries, ACS Nano, 14, 1102, 10.1021/acsnano.9b08848 Wang, 2018, Highly branched VS4 nanodendrites with 1D atomic-chain structure as a promising cathode material for long-cycling magnesium batteries, Adv. Mater., 30 Li, 2020, Morphology-dependent electrochemical performance of VS4 for rechargeable magnesium battery and its magnesiation/ demagnesiation mechanism, J. Power Sources, 451, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.227815 Zhu, 2022, VS4 anchored on Ti3C2 MXene as a high-performance cathode material for magnesium ion battery, J. Power Sources, 518, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230731 Dey, 2020, Exploring cation−anion redox processes in one-dimensional linear chain vanadium tetrasulfide rechargeable magnesium ion cathodes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 142, 19588, 10.1021/jacs.0c08222 Li, 2020, Multi-electron reactions enabled by anion-based redox chemistry for high-energy multivalent rechargeable batteries, Angew. Int. Ed., 59, 11483, 10.1002/anie.202002560 Ding, 2021, Mo-doped VS4 with interlayer-expanded and engineering sulfur vacancies as cathode for advanced magnesium storage, Chem. Eng. J., 417, 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129328 Ding, 2021, Synergy strategy of electrical conductivity enhancement and vacancy introduction for improving the performance of VS4 magnesium-ion battery cathode, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 13, 54005, 10.1021/acsami.1c17023 Sun, 2016, Layered TiS2 positive electrode for Mg batteries, ACS Energy Lett, 1, 297, 10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00145 Tao, 2004, TiS2 nanotubes as the cathode materials of Mg-ion batteries, Chem. Comm., 2080, 10.1039/b403855j Tchitchekova, 2018, Electrochemical intercalation of calcium and magnesium in TiS2: fundamental studies related to multivalent battery applications, Chem. Mater., 30, 847, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b04406 Li, 2019, Study on MXene supported Layered TiS2 as cathode materials for magnesium batteries, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 14, 11102, 10.20964/2019.12.49 Li, 2004, MoS2 nanostructures: synthesis and electrochemical Mg2+ intercalation, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 13893, 10.1021/jp0367575 Liang, 2011, Rechargeable Mg batteries with graphene-like MoS2 cathode and ultrasmall Mg nanoparticle anode, Adv. Mater., 23, 640, 10.1002/adma.201003560 Liu, 2013, Synthesis of rGO-supported layered MoS2 for high-performance rechargeable Mg batteries, Nanoscale, 5, 9562, 10.1039/c3nr02850j Liu, 2021, A novel rose-with-thorn ternary MoS2@carbon@polyaniline nanocomposite as rechargeable magnesium battery cathode displaying stable capacity and low-temperature terformance, Nanoscale Adv, 3, 5576, 10.1039/D1NA00445J Wu, 2021, MoS2/graphene heterostructure with facilitated Mg-diffusion kinetics for high-performance rechargeable magnesium batteries, Chem. Eng. J., 412, 10.1016/j.cej.2021.128736 Hsu, 2016, MoS2/graphene cathodes for reversibly storing Mg2+ and Mg2+/Li+ in rechargeable magnesium-anode batteries, Chem. Comm., 52, 1701, 10.1039/C5CC09407K Zhu, 2021, Controlled defective engineering of MoS2 nanosheets for rechargeable Mg batteries, J. Energy Storage, 42, 10.1016/j.est.2021.103046 Venkateswarlu, 2019, Electroanalytical characterization of F-doped MoS2 cathode material for rechargeable magnesium battery, Funct. Mater. Lett., 12, 10.1142/S1793604719500413 Zhang, 2020, Cu2MoS4 hollow nanocages with fast and stable Mg2+-storage performance, Chem. Eng. J., 387, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124125 Blanc, 2020, Direct nano-synthesis methods notably benefit Mg-battery cathode performance, Small Methods, 4, 10.1002/smtd.202000029 Zhao, 2019, Superior Mg2þ storage properties of VS2 nanosheets by using an APC-PP14Cl/THF electrolyte, Energy Storage Mater, 23, 749, 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.04.004 Wang, 2020, Redox behavior of VS2 nanosheets in Grignard reagent-based electrolyte, Mater. Lett., 273, 10.1016/j.matlet.2020.127914 Latha, 2020, Application of WS2-G composite as cathode for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Ionics (Kiel), 26, 3395, 10.1007/s11581-020-03512-w Lee, 2014, Sol gel based synthesis and electrochemistry of magnesium vanadium oxide: a promising cathode material for secondary magnesium ion batteries, ECS Electrochem. Lett., 3, A87, 10.1149/2.0021408eel Sa, 2016, Is alpha-V2O5 a cathode material for Mg insertion batteries?, J. Power Sources, 323, 44, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.05.028 Yoo, 2019, Intercalation of magnesium into a layered vanadium oxide with high capacity, ACS Energy Lett, 4, 1528, 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00788 Mukherjee, 2020, Rationally designed vanadium pentoxide as high capacity insertion material for Mg-ion, Adv. Funct. Mater., 30, 10.1002/adfm.202003518 Johnson, 2020, Enhanced charge storage of nanometric ζ-V2O5 in Mg electrolytes, Nanoscale, 12, 22150, 10.1039/D0NR05060A Sa, 2016, Structural evolution of reversible Mg insertion into a bilayer structure of V2O5·nH2O xerogel material, Chem. Mater., 28, 2962, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00026 Deng, 2019, Manganese ion pre-intercalated hydrated vanadium oxide as a high-performance cathode for magnesium ion batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A, 7, 10644, 10.1039/C8TA11236C Sun, 2020, Water-pillared sodium vanadium bronze nanowires for enhanced rechargeable magnesium ion storage, Small, 16, 10.1002/smll.202000741 Zhu, 2020, Hydrated MgxV5O12 cathode with improved Mg2+ storage performance, Adv. Energy Mater., 10, 10.1002/aenm.202002128 Spahr, 1995, Electrochemical insertion of lithium, sodium, and magnesium molybdenum(VI) oxide, J. Power Sources, 54, 346, 10.1016/0378-7753(94)02099-O Ishida, 2020, Synthesis, cathode property and crystal, electronic and local structures of Mg2Mo3O8 as Mg rechargeable battery cathode material, Solid State Ionics, 354, 10.1016/j.ssi.2020.115413 Luo, 2020, Cation-deficient TiO2(B) nanowires with protons charge compensation for regulating reversible magnesium storage, Nano Energy, 72, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104716 Ishida, 2021, Revisiting delithiated Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2: structural analysis and cathode properties in magnesium rechargeable battery applications, Electrochemistry, 89, 329, 10.5796/electrochemistry.21-00038 Miao, 2017, Electrospun V2MoO8 as a cathode material for rechargeable batteries with Mg metal anode, Nano Energy, 34, 26, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.02.014 Liu, 2013, Rechargeable Mg-ion batteries based on WSe2 nanowire cathodes, ACS Nano, 7, 8051, 10.1021/nn4032454 Xu, 2021, Hierarchical WSe2 nanoflower as a cathode material for rechargeable Mg-ion batteries, J. Colloid Inter. Sci., 588, 378, 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.083 Tao, 2021, VSe2 nanosheets constructing hierarchical rods cathode for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Mater. Lett., 300, 10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130221 Liu, 2019, Pursuit of a high-capacity and long-life Mg-storage cathode by tailoring sandwich-structured MXenes@carbon nanospheres composites, J. Mater. Chem. A, 7, 16712, 10.1039/C9TA02212K Zhao, 2019, Magnesium-ion storage capability of MXenes, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2, 1572, 10.1021/acsaem.8b02253 Zhu, 2020, 3D interwoven MXene networks fabricated by the assistance of bacterial celluloses as high-performance cathode material for rechargeable magnesium battery, Appl. Surf. Sci., 528, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146985 Perera, 2017, Controlling interlayer interactions in vanadium pentoxide-poly(ethylene oxide) nanocomposites for enhanced magnesium-ion charge transport and storage, J. Power Sources, 343, 580, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.01.052 Wu, 2020, NaV6O15: a promising cathode material for insertion/extraction of Mg2+ with excellent cycling performance, Nano Res, 13, 335, 10.1007/s12274-019-2602-6 Esparcia, 2018, Ammonium vanadium bronze (NH4V4O10) as a high-capacity cathode material for nonaqueous magnesium-ion batteries, Chem. Mater., 30, 3690, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b00462 Muthuraj, 2021, Zirconium-doped Vanadium oxide and ammonium linked layered cathode to construct a full-cell magnesium-ion battery: a realization and structural, electrochemical study, Battery&Supaercapacitor, 4, 1757 Zuo, 2021, Organic-inorganic superlattices of vanadium oxide@polyaniline for high-performance magnesium-ion batteries, ChemSusChem, 14, 1, 10.1002/cssc.202100263 Ding, 2022, Insight into the coordinating mechanism of multi-electron reaction and structural stability induced by K+ pre-intercalation for magnesium ions batteries, Nano Energy, 93, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106838 Ding, 2022, PVP-induced synergistic engineering of interlayer, self-doping, active surface and vacancies in VS 4 for enhancing magnesium ions storage and durability, Energy Storage Mater, 47, 211, 10.1016/j.ensm.2022.02.023 Jing, 2020, Interlayer-expanded and binder-free VS2 nanosheets assemblies for enhanced Mg2þ and Liþ/Mg2þ hybrid ion storage, Electrochim. Acta, 330, 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135263 X, 2019, One-step synthesis of 2-ethylhexylamine pillared vanadium disulfide nanoflowers with ultralarge interlayer spacing for high-performance magnesium storage, Adv. Energy Mater. Wu, 2019, A PVP incorporated MoS2 as Mg ion host with enhanced capacity and durability, J. Mater. Chem. A, 7, 4426, 10.1039/C8TA12288A Xu, 2018, Opening magnesium storage capability of two-dimensional MXene by intercalation of cationic surfactant, ACS Nano, 12, 3733, 10.1021/acsnano.8b00959 Yoo, 2017, Fast kinetics of magnesium monochloride cations in interlayer-expanded titanium disulfide for magnesium rechargeable batteries, Nature Comm, 8, 339, 10.1038/s41467-017-00431-9 Zhou Q. Liu, 2018, Interlayer-spacing-regulated VOPO4 nanosheets with fast kinetics for high-capacity and durable rechargeable magnesium batteries, Adv. Mater. Pei, 2019, Interchain-expanded vanadium tetrasulfide with fast kinetics for rechargeable magnesium batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 11, 31954, 10.1021/acsami.9b09592 Yao, 2021, Maximizing magnesiation capacity of nanowire cluster oxides by conductive macromolecule pillaring and multication intercalation, Small, 17, 10.1002/smll.202102168 Li, 2018, Fast kinetics of multivalent intercalation chemistry enabled by solvated magnesium-ions into selfestablished metallic layered materials, Nature Comm, 9, 5115, 10.1038/s41467-018-07484-4 Sun, 2016, A high capacity thiospinel cathode for Mg batteries, Energy Environ. Sci., 9, 2273, 10.1039/C6EE00724D Bonnicj, 2018, Insights into Mg2+ intercalation in a zero-strain material: thiospinel MgxZr2S4, Chem. Mater., 30, 4683, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b01345 Zhang, 2019, Magnesium storage performance and mechanism of 2D-ultrathin nanosheet-assembled spinel MgIn2S4 cathode for high-temperature Mg batteries, Small Yokozaki, 2021, Reductive solvothermal synthesis of MgMn2O4 spinel nanoparticles for Mg-ion battery cathodes, Ceram. Int., 47, 10236, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.10.184 Ishii, 2020, Structured spinel oxide positive electrodes of magnesium rechargeable batteries: High rate performance and high cyclability by interconnected bimodal pores and vanadium oxide coating, J. Alloy Compd., 816, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152556 Sone, 2021, Effective 3D open-channel nanostructures of a MgMn2O4 positive electrode for rechargeable Mg batteries operated at room temperature, J. Mater. Chem. A, 9, 6851, 10.1039/D0TA07974J Ruiz, 2022, A cubic Mg 2 MnO 4 cathode for non-aqueous magnesium batteries, Energy Storage Mater, 48, 12, 10.1016/j.ensm.2022.02.047 Idemoto, 2021, Structural and electronic properties of spinel type Mg1+yCo2-x-yMnxO4 for cathode applications in magnesium rechargeable batteries, J. Power Sources, 482, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228920 Kwon, 2022, Facile electrochemical Mg-ion transport in a defect-free spinel oxide, Chem. Mater., 34, 3789, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00237 Kwon, 2020, High voltage Mg-ion battery cathode via a solid solution Cr−Mn spinel oxide, Chem. Mater., 32, 6577, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01988 Yokozaki, 2021, Effect of Al substitution on structure and cathode performance of MgMn2O4 spinel for magnesium rechargeable battery, J. Alloy Compd., 872, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159723 Harudin, 2020, Improved electrochemical properties of MgMn2O4 cathode materials by Sr doping for Mg ion cells, Ionics (Kiel), 26, 3947, 10.1007/s11581-020-03531-7 Zuo, 2021, Unexpected discovery of magnesium-vanadium spinel oxide containing extractable Mg2+ as a high-capacity cathode material for magnesium ion batteries, Chem. Eng. J., 405, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127005 Idemoto, 2020, Synthesis, electrochemical properties, and changes in crystal and electronic structures during charge/discharge process of spinel-type cathode materials Mg4V5-xNixO12 (x ¼ 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0) for magnesium secondary batteries, J. Power Sources, 455, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.227962 Hu, 2020, High capacity for Mg2+ deintercalation in spinel vanadium oxide nanocrystals, ACS Energy Lett, 5, 2721, 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01189 Watanabe, 2020, Reaction mechanism of electrochemical insertion/extraction of magnesium ions in olivine-type FePO4, Solid State Ionics, 349, 10.1016/j.ssi.2020.115311 Feng, 2008, Sol–gel synthesis of Mg1.03Mn0.97SiO4 and its electrochemical intercalation behavior, J. Power Sources, 184, 604, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.05.021 Feng, 2008, Preparation and electrochemical study of a new magnesium intercalation material Mg1.03Mn0.97SiO4, Electrochem. Comm., 10, 1291, 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.06.021 Nuli, 2009, Electrochemical intercalation of Mg2+ in magnesium manganese silicate and its application as high-energy rechargeable magnesium battery cathode, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 12594, 10.1021/jp903188b Orikasa, 2015, High energy density rechargeable magnesium battery using earth-abundant and non-toxic elements, Sci. Rep., 4, 5622, 10.1038/srep05622 Nuli, 2011, Electrochemical intercalation of Mg2+ in 3D hierarchically porous magnesium cobalt silicate and its application as an advanced cathode material in rechargeable magnesium batteries, J. Mater. Chem., 21, 12437, 10.1039/c1jm10485c Lipson, 2016, Nickel hexacyanoferrate, a versatile intercalation host for divalent ions from nonaqueous electrolytes, J. Power Sources, 325, 646, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.06.019 Kim, 2016, Co-intercalation of Mg2+ and Na+ in Na0.69Fe2(CN)6 as a high-voltage cathode for magnesium batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 8554, 10.1021/acsami.6b01352 Chae, 2017, Potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate as a high-voltage cathode material for nonaqueous magnesium-ion batteries, J. Power Sources, 363, 269, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.07.094 Kuperman, 2020, Structural water enhanced intercalation of magnesium ions in copper hexacyanoferrate nonaqueous batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 362, 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137077 Hasegawa, 2020, Reversible electrochemical insertion/extraction of magnesium ion into/from robust NASICON-type crystal lattice in a Mg(BF4)2‑based electrolyte, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 3, 6824, 10.1021/acsaem.0c00943 Fan, 2020, Uncovering giant nanowheels for magnesium ionebased batteries, Mater. Today Chem., 16 Pei, 2021, Structural properties and electrochemical performance of different polymorphs of Nb2O5 in magnesium-based batteries, J. Energy Chem., 58, 586, 10.1016/j.jechem.2020.10.033 Tang, 2020, Constructing a disorder/order structure for enhanced magnesium storage, Chem. Eng. J., 382, 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123049 Pei, 2020, Intercalation-type V2O3 with fast Mg2+ diffusion kinetics for high- capacity and long-life Mg-ion storage, ACS Sus. Chem. Eng., 8, 16164, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04734 Wei, 2020, Experimental investigation and first-principles calculations of a Ni3Se4 cathode material for Mg-ion batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 12, 9316, 10.1021/acsami.9b21540 Rubio, 2021, Reversible multi-Electron storage enabled by Na 5 V(PO 4 ) 2 F 2 for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Energy Storage Mater., 38, 462, 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.03.035 Sheha, 2021, Study the structure and electrochemical performance of BaTiO3/S electrode for magnesium-ion batteries, Mater. Lett., 284, 10.1016/j.matlet.2020.129033 Mao, 2020, Joint cationic and anionic redox chemistry for advanced Mg batteries, Nano Lett., 20, 6852, 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02908 Attias, 2020, The role of surface adsorbed Cl− complexes in rechargeable magnesium batteries, ACS Catal., 10, 7773, 10.1021/acscatal.0c01956 Britto, 2015, Multiple redox modes in the reversible lithiation of high-capacity, peierls-distorted vanadium sulfide, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 137, 8499, 10.1021/jacs.5b03395 Rout, 2013, Synthesis and characterization of patronite form of vanadium sulfide on graphitic layer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 135, 8720, 10.1021/ja403232d Emly, 2015, Mg intercalation in layered and spinel host crystal structures for Mg batteries, Inorganic Chem, 54, 4394, 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00188 Liu, 2020, Functional cation defects engineering in TiS2 for high-stability anode, Nano Energy, 67, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104295 Wang, 2019, Semimetal or semiconductor: the tature of high intrinsic electrical conductivity in TiS2, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 10, 6996, 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02710 Yang, 2012, First-principles study of zigzag MoS2 nanoribbon as a promising cathode material for rechargeable Mg batteries, J. Phys. Chem. C, 116, 1307, 10.1021/jp2097026 Wu, 2021, Reshaping two-dimensional MoS2 for superior magnesium-ion battery anodes, J. Colloid and Interface Sci., 597, 401, 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.04.002 Xu, 2020, Atomic-scale investigation of enhanced lithium, sodium and magnesium storage performance from defects in MoS2/Graphene heterostructure, Nanoscale, 12, 7098, 10.1039/C9NR09352D Fang, 2015, Facile hydrothermal synthesis of VS2/graphene nanocomposites with superior high-rate capability as lithium-ion battery cathodes, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 13044, 10.1021/acsami.5b03124 Yu, 2018, Hierarchical flower-like VS2 nanosheets – A high rate-capacity and stable anode material for sodium-ion battery, Energy Storage Mater, 11, 1, 10.1016/j.ensm.2017.09.002 Yang, 2021, The potential application of VS2 as an electrode material for Mg ion battery: A DFT study, Appl. Surf. Sci., 544, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.148775 Wang, 2017, Two-dimensional VS2 Monolayers as Potential Anode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries and Beyond: First-Principles Calculations, J. Mater. Chem. A, 50, 21370, 10.1039/C7TA06944H Vakili-Nezhaad, 2019, Performance of WS2 monolayers as a new family of anode materials for metal-ion (mg, Al and ca) batteries, Mater. Chem. Phys., 230, 114, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.02.086 Pereira, 2015, First-principles investigation of transition metal dichalcogenide nanotubes for Li and Mg ion battery applications, J. Phys. Chem. C, 119, 4302, 10.1021/jp510182u Gershinsky, 2013, Electrochemical and spectroscopic analysis of Mg2+ intercalation into thin film electrodes of layered oxides: V2O5 and MoO3, Langmuir, 29, 10964, 10.1021/la402391f Gautam, 2015, The intercalation phase diagram of Mg in V2O5 from first-principles, Chem. Mater., 27, 3733, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00957 Gautam, 2015, The intercalation phase diagram of Mg in V2O5 from first-principles, Chem. Mater., 27, 3733, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00957 Parija, 2017, Evaluation of multivalent cation insertion in single- and double- layered polymorphs of V2O5, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 23756, 10.1021/acsami.7b05556 Gautam, 2015, First-principles evaluation of multi-valent cation insertion into orthorhombic V2O5, Chem. Comm., 51, 13619, 10.1039/C5CC04947D Verrelli, 2018, On the strange case of divalent ions intercalation in V2O5, J. Power Sources, 407, 162, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.08.024 Lim, 2017, Unraveling the magnesium-ion intercalation mechanism in vanadium pentoxide in a wet organic electrolyte by structural determination, Inorg. Chem., 56, 7668, 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00204 Lopez, 2020, Does water enhance Mg intercalation in oxides? the case of a tunnel framework, ACS Energy Lett., 5, 3357, 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01681 Bullard, 2003, Structural evolution of the MoO3(010) surface during lithium intercalation, Solid State Ionics, 160, 335, 10.1016/S0167-2738(03)00189-9 R.Zhang, 2019, Superior cycling life of Li–S batteries with high sulfur loading enabled by a bifunctional layered-MoO3 cathode, J. Power Sources, 436, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226840 Yang, 2020, In-situ topochemical nitridation derivative MoO2–Mo2N binary nanobelts as multifunctional interlayer for fast-kinetic Li-Sulfur batteries, Nano Energy, 68, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104356 Guo, 2021, s-MoO3/MoO2@C hollow tubes as polysulfide-filter for lithium-sulfur batteries, ChemistrySelect, 6, 3969, 10.1002/slct.202100443 Wan, 2016, Building a Fast Lane for Mg Diffusion in α‑MoO3 by Fluorine Doping, Chem. Mater., 28, 6900, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02223 Mao, 2019, Tuning anionic chemistry to improve kinetics of Mg intercalation, Chem. Mater., 31, 3183, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b05218 Wu, 2021, Recent progress on selenium-based cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries: A mini review, J. Mater. Sci. Tech., 91, 168, 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.03.010 Naguib, 2014, 25th anniversary article: MXenes: a new family of two-dimensional materials, Adv. Mater., 26, 992, 10.1002/adma.201304138 Eames, 2014, Ion intercalation into two-dimensional transition-metal carbides: global screening for new high-capacity battery materials, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136, 16270, 10.1021/ja508154e Xie, 2014, Prediction and characterization of MXene nanosheet anodes for non-lithium-ion batteries, ACS Nano, 8, 9606, 10.1021/nn503921j Kaland, 2020, Are MXenes suitable as cathode materials for rechargeable Mg batteries?, Sustain. Energy Fuels, 4, 2956, 10.1039/D0SE00087F Tang, 2019, Alkali ions pre-intercalated layered vanadium oxide nanowires for stable magnesium ions storage, Nano Energy, 58, 347, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.01.053 Liu, 2015, Spinel compounds as multivalent battery cathodes: a systematic evaluation based on ab initio calculations, Energy Environ. Sci., 8, 964, 10.1039/C4EE03389B Tuerxun, 2021, Phase transition behavior of MgMn2O4 spinel oxide cathode during magnesium ion insertion, Chem. Mater., 33, 1006, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c04194 Wustrow, 2018, Synthesis and characterization of MgCr2S4 thiospinel as a potential magnesium cathode, Inorg. Chem., 57, 8634, 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01417 Blanc, 2021, Toward the development of a high-voltage Mg cathode using a chromium sulfide host, ACS Mater. Lett., 3, 1213, 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.1c00308 Bayliss, 2020, Probing Mg migration in spinel oxides, Chem. Mater., 3, 663, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02450 Feng, 2015, Phase-controlled electrochemical activity of epitaxial Mg-spinel thin films, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 28438, 10.1021/acsami.5b09346 Kim, 2015, Direct observation of reversible magnesium ion intercalation into a spinel oxide host, Adv. Mater., 27, 3377, 10.1002/adma.201500083 Truong, 2020, Atomic-scale observation of phase transition of MgMn2O4 cubic spinel upon the charging in Mg-ion battery, Solid State Ionics, 344, 10.1016/j.ssi.2019.115136 Ishibashi, 2020, Determining the crystal and electronic structures of the magnesium secondary battery cathode material MgCo22xMnxO4 using first-principles calculations and a quantum beam during discharge, J. Mater. Sci., 55, 13852, 10.1007/s10853-020-04979-8 Ishibashi, 2022, First‑principles calculations of stable local structures and electronic structures of magnesium secondary battery cathode materials, MgCo2− xMnxO4 (x = 0, 0.5), in second charged state after first discharge, J. Solid State Electrochem., 26, 663, 10.1007/s10008-021-05098-3 Gong, 2011, Recent advances in the research of polyanion-type cathode materials for Li-ion batteries, Energy Environ. Sci., 4, 3223, 10.1039/c0ee00713g Kim, 2012, New iron-based mixed-polyanion cathodes for lithium and sodium rechargeable batteries: combined first principles calculations and experimental study, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 10369, 10.1021/ja3038646 Mizuno, 2009, Effect of carbon source on electrochemical performance of carbon coated LiMnPO4 cathode, J. Ceramic Society of Jpn, 117, 1225, 10.2109/jcersj2.117.1225 Ling, 2012, First-principles study of the magnesiation of olivines: redox reaction mechanism, electrochemical and thermodynamic properties, J. Mater. Chem., 22, 13517, 10.1039/c2jm31122d Torres, 2018, Comparative investigation of MgMnSiO4 and olivine-type MgMnSiS4 as cathode materials for Mg batteries, J. Phys. Chem. C, 122, 9356, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b02369 Yagi, 2015, EQCM analysis of redox behavior of CuFe prussian blue analog in Mg battery electrolytes, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, A2356, 10.1149/2.0751512jes Zhang, 2016, Unveil the chemistry of olivine FePO4 as magnesium battery cathode, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 18018, 10.1021/acsami.6b03297 Heath, 2017, MgFeSiO4 as a potential cathode material for magnesium batteries: ion diffusion rates and voltage trends, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 13161, 10.1039/C7TA03201C Mori, 2016, Anti-site mixing governs the electrochemical performances of olivine-type MgMnSiO4 cathodes for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 18, 13524, 10.1039/C6CP00448B Truong, 2017, Nanocrystalline MgMnSiO4 and MgCoSiO4 particles for rechargeable Mg-ion batteries, J. Power Sources, 361, 195, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.084 Anthony, 1999, Open-framework inorganic materials, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 38, 3268, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991115)38:22<3268::AID-ANIE3268>3.0.CO;2-U Suib, 1996, A review of open framework structures, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 26, 135, 10.1146/annurev.ms.26.080196.001031 Arbi, 2011, Li mobility in Nasicon-type materials LiM2(PO4)3, M = Ge, Ti, Sn, Zr and Hf, followed by 7Li NMR spectroscopy, Dalton Trans, 40, 10195, 10.1039/c1dt10516g Yin, 2003, Electrochemical Property: Structure Relationships in Monoclinic Li3-yV2(PO4)3, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 10402, 10.1021/ja034565h Imanaka, 2000, Divalent magnesium ion conducting characteristics in phosphate based solid electrolyte composites, J. Mater. Chem., 10, 1431, 10.1039/a909599c Makino, 2002, Preparation and electrochemical magnesium insertion behaviors of Mg0.5(MeTiy)2(PO4)3 (Me = Cr, Fe), J. Power Sources, 112, 85, 10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00345-2 Makino, 2001, Magnesium insertion into Mg0.5+y(FeyTi1−y)2(PO4)3, J. Power Sources, 97-98, 512, 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00694-2 Makino, 2001, Electrochemical insertion of magnesium to Mg0.5Ti2(PO4)3, J. Power Sources, 99, 66, 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00480-3 Huang, 2015, Vanadium phosphate as a promising high-voltage magnesium ion (de)-intercalation cathode host, RSC Adv., 5, 8598, 10.1039/C4RA14416C Ahn, 2021, Mg3Si3(MoO6)2 as a High-Performance Cathode Active Material for Magnesium-Ion Batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 13, 47749, 10.1021/acsami.1c16896 Yang, 2022, Cumulative cationic and anionic redox reaction in Mg3V2(SiO4)3 and impact on the battery performance, J. Power Sources, 520, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230828 Wu, 2017, Conversion cathodes for rechargeable lithium and lithium-ion batteries, Energy Environ. Sci., 10, 435, 10.1039/C6EE02326F Malini, 2009, Conversion reactions: a new pathway to realise energy in lithium-ion battery—review, Ionics (Kiel), 15, 301, 10.1007/s11581-008-0236-x Zhang, 2018, Rechargeable magnesium batteries using conversion-type cathodes: a perspective and minireview, Small Methods, 2, 10.1002/smtd.201800020 Duffort, 2016, Screening for positive electrodes for magnesium batteries: a protocol for studies at elevated temperatures, Chem. Comm., 52, 12458, 10.1039/C6CC05363G Du, 2020, Cuprous self-doping regulated mesoporous CuS nanotube cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 12, 35035, 10.1021/acsami.0c09466 Wang, 2019, Microwave-assisted synthesis of CuS hierarchical nanosheets as the cathode material for high-capacity rechargeable magnesium batteries, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 11, 7046, 10.1021/acsami.8b20533 Shen, 2019, High-energy interlayer-expanded copper sulfide cathode material in non-corrosive electrolyte for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Adv. Mater., 32, 10.1002/adma.201905524 Wu, 2019, Cu9S5 nanoflower cathode for Mg secondary batteries: high performance and reaction mechanism, Energy Tech, 7, 10.1002/ente.201800777 Shen, 2019, Hollow CuS nanocube cathode for rechargeable Mg batteries: effect of structure on the performance, J. Mater. Chem. A, 7, 21410, 10.1039/C9TA07470H Xiong, 2018, Magnesium storage performance and mechanism of CuS cathode, Nano Energy, 47, 210, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.02.060 Kravchyk, 2019, Copper sulfide nanoparticles as high-performance cathode materials for Mg-ion batteries, Sci. Rep., 9, 7988, 10.1038/s41598-019-43639-z Wu, 2018, Copper sulfide nanoparticles as high-performance cathode material for magnesium secondary batteries, Nanoscale, 10, 12526, 10.1039/C8NR03375G Tashiro, 2016, Copper selenide as a new cathode material based on displacement reaction for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 210, 655, 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.05.202 Zhang, 2021, Pulverization-tolerant CuSe nanoflakes with high (110) planar orientation for high-performance magnesium storage, Adv. Funct. Mater. Shen, 2020, Mg-storage properties of hollow copper selenide nanocubes, Dalton Trans., 49, 13253, 10.1039/D0DT02280B Cheg, 2020, Highly reversible cuprous mediated cathode chemistry for magnesium batteries, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 59, 11477, 10.1002/anie.202002177 Chen, 2020, Nanosheets assembling hierarchical starfish-like Cu2−xSe as advanced cathode for rechargeable Mg batteries, Chem. Eng. J., 384, 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123235 Yang, 2019, Microwave-assisted synthesis of CuSe nano-particles as a high -performance cathode for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Electrochmi. Acta, 324 Du, 2021, Constructing sheet-assembled hollow CuSe nanocubes to boost the rate capability of rechargeable magnesium batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A., 9, 3648, 10.1039/D0TA10708E Li, 2018, Investigation of the Na storage property of one-dimensional Cu2−xSe nanorods, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 13491, 10.1021/acsami.8b00783 Mao, 2019, High-energy-density rechargeable Mg battery enabled by a displacement reaction, Nano Lett., 19, 6665, 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02963 Cao, 2022, Anionic Te-substitution boosting the reversible redox in CuS nanosheet cathodes for magnesium storage, ACS Nano, 16, 1578, 10.1021/acsnano.1c10253 Regulacio, 2021, Designing nanostructured metal chalcogenides as cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Small, 10.1002/smll.202007683 Pan, 2019, Using CoS cathode materials with 3D hierarchical porosity and an ionic liquid (IL) as electrolyte additive for high capacity rechargeable magnesium batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A., 7, 18880, 10.1039/C9TA05233J Chen, 2022, Co0.85Se hollow polyhedrons entangled by carbon nanotubes as a high-performance cathode for magnesium secondary batteries, Chem. Eng. J., 428, 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129545 Liu, 2021, High-performance heterojunction Ti3C2/CoSe2 with both intercalation and conversion storage mechanisms for magnesium batteries, Chem. Eng. J., 426 Li, 2019, A high-rate rechargeable Mg battery based on AgCl conversion cathode with fast solid-state Mg2+ diffusion kinetics, Energy Technol., 7, 10.1002/ente.201900454 Peng, 2018, Lithium- and magnesium-storage mechanisms of novel hexagonal NbSe2, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 36988, 10.1021/acsami.8b12662 Chen, 2020, Ni 0.85 Se hexagonal nanosheets as an advanced conversion cathode for Mg secondary batteries, J. Energy Chem., 48, 226, 10.1016/j.jechem.2020.01.018 Chen, 2019, Facile synthesis and electrochemical Mg-storage performance of Sb2Se3 nanowires and Bi2Se3 nanosheets, Dalton Trans., 48, 17516, 10.1039/C9DT03705E Hatakeyama, 2021, Accelerated kinetics revealing metastable pathways of magnesiation-induced transformations in MnO2 polymorphs, Chem. Mater., 33, 6983, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c02011 Chen, 2019, Fast magnesiation kinetics in α-Ag2S nanostructures enabled by in-situ generated silver matrix, Chem. Comm., 55, 4431, 10.1039/C9CC01638D Chen, 2022, Tellurium: a high-performance cathode for magnesium ion batteries based on a conversion mechanism, ACS Nano, 16, 5349, 10.1021/acsnano.1c07939 Shen, 2021, A pyrite iron disulfide cathode with a copper current collector for high-energy reversible magnesium-ion storage, Adv. Mater., 33, 10.1002/adma.202103881 Zhou, 2022, High area-capacity Mg batteries enabled by sulfur/copper integrated cathode design, J. Energy Chem., 72, 370, 10.1016/j.jechem.2022.05.046 Song, 2013, Towards sustainable and versatile energy storage devices: an overview of organic electrode materials, Energy Environ. Sci., 6, 2280, 10.1039/c3ee40709h Deng, 2013, A low cost, all-organic Na-ion battery based on polymeric cathode and anode, Sci. Rep., 3, 2671, 10.1038/srep02671 Vizintin, 2020, Redox mechanisms in Li and Mg batteries containing poly(phenanthrene quinone)/graphene cathodes using operando ATR-IR spectroscopy, ChemSusChem., 13, 2328, 10.1002/cssc.202000054 Baofei, 2016, Polyanthraquinone-based organic cathode for high- performance rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries, Adv. Energy Mater., 6 Dong, 2020, High-power Mg batteries enabled by heterogeneous enolization redox chemistry and weakly coordinating electrolytes, Nat. Energy, 5, 1043, 10.1038/s41560-020-00734-0 Ding, 2022, Poly(1,5-diaminoanthraquinone) as a High-Capacity Bipolar Cathode for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 5, 3004, 10.1021/acsaem.1c03652 Wang, 2020, π-Conjugated polyimide-based organic cathodes with extremely-long cycling life for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Energy Storage Mater., 26, 494, 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.11.023 Ikhe, 2018, Polyviologen as a high energy density cathode in magnesium-ion batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 283, 393, 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.142 Cadiou, 2020, Pairing cross-linked polyviologen with aromatic amine host structure for anion shuttle rechargeable batteries, ChemSusChem, 13, 2345, 10.1002/cssc.201903578 Luder, 2020, First-principle insights into molecular design for high-voltage organic electrode materials for Mg based batteries, Front. Chem., 8, 83, 10.3389/fchem.2020.00083 Mao, 2021, Electronic conductive inorganic cathodes promising high-energy organic batteries, Adv. Mater. Liang, 2021, Strategies to enable reversible magnesium electrochemistry: from electrolytes to artificial solid-electrolyte interphase, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 60, 11036, 10.1002/anie.202006472 Forero-Saboya, 2022, Interfaces and interphases in Ca and Mg batteries, Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 10.1002/admi.202101578 Attias, 2019, Anode-electrolyte interfaces in secondary magnesium batteries, Joule, 3, 27, 10.1016/j.joule.2018.10.028 Wang, 2022, Engineering kinetics-favorable 2D graphene@CuS with long-term cycling stability for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 407, 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139786 Huang, 2022, Hierarchical nanosheet-assembled copper sulfide microspheres as the cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 308 Zhang, 2019, Rechargeable Mg batteries based on Ag2S conversion cathode with fast solid-state Mg2+ diffusion kinetics, Dalton Trans., 48, 14390, 10.1039/C9DT02221J Ha, 2020, Silver chalcogenides (Ag2X, X=S, Se) nanoparticles embedded in carbon matrix for facile magnesium storage via conversion chemistry, Energy Storage Mater., 27, 459, 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.12.008 Ye, 2022, In situ anchoring anion-rich and multi-cavity NiS2 nanoparticles on NCNTs for advanced magnesium-ion batteries, Adv. Sci., 9, 10.1002/advs.202200067 Bitenc, 2020, Quinone based materials as renewable high energy density cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Materials (Basel), 13, 506, 10.3390/ma13030506 Pan, 2016, 2,5-Dimethoxy-1,4-Benzoquinone (DMBQ) as organic cathode for rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A580, 10.1149/2.0021605jes Tran, 2021, Poly(benzoquinonyldisulfide) as organic positve electrode for Mg and Li batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 375, 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137990 Debashis, 2020, Vat orange 11—based organic cathode material for high rate rechargeable magnesium battery, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 10.1149/1945-7111/ab8827 Xiu, 2021, Combining quinone-based cathode with an efficient borate electrolyte for high-performance magnesium batteries, Batteries Supercaps, 4, 1850, 10.1002/batt.202100163 Pavcnik, 2021, Electrochemical Performance of Mg Metal-Quinone Battery in Chloride-Free Electrolyte, Batteries&Supercap., 4, 815