Recent developments in Leishmaniasis: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment

Jonathan Berman1
1Office of Clinical and Regulatory Affairs, National Center For Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA

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Navin TR, Arana BA, Arana FE, et al.: Placebo-controlled clinical trial of sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) versus ketoconazole for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala. J Infect Dis 1992, 165:528–534.

Velez I, Agudelo S, Hendrickx E, et al.: Inefficacy of allopurinol for Colombian cutaneous leishmaniasis: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1997, 126:232–236.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Update: cutaneous leishmaniasis in US military personnel--Southwest/ Central Asia, 2002–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004, 53:264–265. This article describes the largest outbreak of leishmaniasis in US personnel in the past 50 years.

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Moore E, O’Flaherty D, Heuvelmans H, et al.: Comparison of generic and proprietary sodium stibogluconate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya. Bull World Health Organ 2001, 79:388–393.

Ritmeijer K, Veeken H, Melaku Y, et al.: Ethiopian visceral leishmaniasis: generic and proprietary sodium stibogluconate are equivalent; HIV co-infected patients have a poor outcome. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001, 95:668–672.

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Sundar S, Jha TK, Thakur CP, et al.: Oral miltefosine for Indian visceral leishmaniasis. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:1739–1746. This paper details the most significant advance in antileishmanial therapy in the past 10 years—the first effective oral agent for visceral leishmaniasis, at least in India.

Bhattacharya SK, Jha TK, Sundar S, et al.: Efficacy and tolerability of miltefosine for childhood visceral leishmaniasis in India. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38:217–221.

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Wortmann G, Miller RS, Oster C, et al.: A randomized, doubleblind study of the efficacy of a 10-or 20-day course of sodium stibogluconate for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in United States military personnel. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 35:261–267.

Soto JM, Toledo JT, Gutierrez P, et al.: Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with a topical antileishmanial drug (WR279396): phase 2 pilot study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002, 66:147–151.

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Soto J, Arana BA, Toledo J, et al.: Miltefosine for New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38:1266–1272.