Recent advances in the genetics and immunology of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrosis

Nassif, 2004, Toxic epidermal necrolysis: effector cells are drug-specific cytotoxic T cells, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 114, 1209, 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.07.047

Roujeau, 1994, The spectrum of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a clinical classification, J Invest Dermatol, 102, 28S, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12388434

Auquier-Dunant, 2002, Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: results of an international prospective study, Arch Dermatol, 138, 1019, 10.1001/archderm.138.8.1019

Roujeau, 1994, Severe adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs, N Engl J Med, 331, 1272, 10.1056/NEJM199411103311906

Rzany, 1996, Epidemiology of erythema exsudativum multiforme majus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Germany (1990–1992): structure and results of a population-based registry, J Clin Epidemiol, 49, 769, 10.1016/0895-4356(96)00035-2

Mockenhaupt, 2007, Epidemiology and causes of severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs, 18

Gomes, 2005, Epidemiology of hypersensitivity drug reactions, Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol, 5, 309, 10.1097/01.all.0000173785.81024.33

Haber, 2005, Late outcomes in adult survivors of toxic epidermal necrolysis after treatment in a burn center, J Burn Care Rehabil, 26, 33, 10.1097/01.BCR.0000150215.78220.79

Sotozono, 2007, New grading system for the evaluation of chronic ocular manifestations in patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Ophthalmology, 114, 1294, 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.10.029

Mockenhaupt, 2008, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: assessment of medication risks with emphasis on recently marketed drugs. The EuroSCAR-study, J Invest Dermatol, 128, 35, 10.1038/sj.jid.5701033

Zajicek, 2011, Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome at the Prague Burn Centre 1998–2008, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol

Papay, 2012, Spontaneous adverse event reports of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis: detecting associations with medications, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 21, 289, 10.1002/pds.2276

Yang, 2011, Severe cutaneous adverse reactions to antiepileptic drugs in Asians, Neurology, 77, 2025, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823b478c

Fournier, 1995, Toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 14, 558, 10.1007/BF02113442

Mulvey, 2007, Mycoplasma pneumoniae associated with Stevens Johnson syndrome, Anaesth Intensive Care, 35, 414, 10.1177/0310057X0703500317

Paquet, 2010, New insights in toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome): clinical considerations, pathobiology and targeted treatments revisited, Drug Saf, 33, 189, 10.2165/11532540-000000000-00000

Viard, 1998, Inhibition of toxic epidermal necrolysis by blockade of CD95 with human intravenous immunoglobulin, Science, 282, 490, 10.1126/science.282.5388.490

Lissia, 2010, Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's disease), Burns, 36, 152, 10.1016/j.burns.2009.06.213

Fromowitz, 2007, Practical guidelines for the management of toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Int J Dermatol, 46, 1092, 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03277.x

Schneck, 2008, Effects of treatments on the mortality of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a retrospective study on patients included in the prospective EuroSCAR Study, J Am Acad Dermatol, 58, 33, 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.08.039

Borchers, 2008, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, Autoimmun Rev, 7, 598, 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.06.004

Chung, 2004, Medical genetics: a marker for Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Nature, 428, 486, 10.1038/428486a

Chung, 2008, Granulysin is a key mediator for disseminated keratinocyte death in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, Nat Med, 14, 1343, 10.1038/nm.1884

Roujeau, 1987, Genetic susceptibility to toxic epidermal necrolysis, Arch Dermatol, 123, 1171, 10.1001/archderm.1987.01660330082014

Hung, 2005, HLA-B*5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102, 4134, 10.1073/pnas.0409500102

Hung, 2006, Genetic susceptibility to carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions, Pharmacogenet Genomics, 16, 297, 10.1097/01.fpc.0000199500.46842.4a

Kaniwa, 2010, HLA-B*1511 is a risk factor for carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Japanese patients, Epilepsia, 51, 2461, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02766.x

Ozeki, 2011, Genome-wide association study identifies HLA-A*3101 allele as a genetic risk factor for carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions in Japanese population, Hum Mol Genet, 20, 1034, 10.1093/hmg/ddq537

McCormack, 2011, HLA-A*3101 and carbamazepine-induced hypersensitivity reactions in Europeans, N Engl J Med, 364, 1134, 10.1056/NEJMoa1013297

Genin E, Chen DP, Hung SI, Sekula P, Schumacher M, Chang PY, et al. HLA-A*3101 is more strongly associated with carbamazepine-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms than with carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis [abstract PV130]. Presented at: 5th Drug Hypersensitivity Meeting (Programme & Abstract Book DHM5 2012: P34-35); April 11–14 2012.

Kim, 2010, HLA-B*5901 is strongly associated with methazolamide-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis, Pharmacogenomics, 11, 879, 10.2217/pgs.10.54

Man, 2007, Association between HLA-B*1502 allele and antiepileptic drug-induced cutaneous reactions in Han Chinese, Epilepsia, 48, 1015, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01022.x

Wang, 2011, Association between HLA-B*1502 allele and carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions in Han people of southern China mainland, Seizure, 20, 446, 10.1016/j.seizure.2011.02.003

Zhang, 2011, Strong association between HLA-B*1502 and carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in mainland Han Chinese patients, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 67, 885, 10.1007/s00228-011-1009-4

Tassaneeyakul, 2010, Association between HLA-B*1502 and carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions in a Thai population, Epilepsia, 51, 926, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02533.x

Chang, 2011, Association of HLA-B*1502 allele with carbamazepine-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome in the multi-ethnic Malaysian population, Int J Dermatol, 50, 221, 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04745.x

Lonjou, 2006, A marker for Stevens-Johnson syndrome…: ethnicity matters, Pharmacogenomics J, 6, 265, 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500356

Mehta, 2009, Association of HLA-B*1502 allele and carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome among Indians, Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol, 75, 579, 10.4103/0378-6323.57718

Kim, 2011, Carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions and HLA genotypes in Koreans, Epilepsy Res, 97, 190, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.08.010

Chung, 2010, Genetic predisposition of life-threatening antiepileptic-induced skin reactions, Expert Opin Drug Saf, 9, 15, 10.1517/14740330903427969

Kaniwa, 2008, HLA-B locus in Japanese patients with anti-epileptics and allopurinol-related Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, Pharmacogenomics, 9, 1617, 10.2217/14622416.9.11.1617

Ikeda, 2010, HLA class I markers in Japanese patients with carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse reactions, Epilepsia, 51, 297, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02269.x

Pichler, 2011, Immune pathomechanism of drug hypersensitivity reactions, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 127, S74, 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.048

Padovan, 1997, Penicilloyl peptides are recognized as T cell antigenic determinants in penicillin allergy, Eur J Immunol, 27, 1303, 10.1002/eji.1830270602

Pichler, 2003, Delayed drug hypersensitivity reactions, Ann Intern Med, 139, 683, 10.7326/0003-4819-139-8-200310210-00012

Naisbitt, 2003, Hypersensitivity reactions to carbamazepine: characterization of the specificity, phenotype, and cytokine profile of drug-specific T cell clones, Mol Pharmacol, 63, 732, 10.1124/mol.63.3.732

Zanni, 1998, HLA-restricted, processing- and metabolism-independent pathway of drug recognition by human alpha beta T lymphocytes, J Clin Invest, 102, 1591, 10.1172/JCI3544

Wei CY, Chung WH, Huang HW, Chen YT, Hung SI. Direct interaction between HLA-B and carbamazepine activates T cells in patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012, in press.

Ko, 2011, Shared and restricted T-cell receptor use is crucial for carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 128, 1266, 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.013

Yang, 2007, HLA-B*1502-bound peptides: implications for the pathogenesis of carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 120, 870, 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.06.017

Chang, 2004, Kinetics and specificity of fas ligand induction in toxic epidermal necrolysis, Arch Dermatol, 140, 242, 10.1001/archderm.140.2.242

Abe, 2003, Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome are induced by soluble Fas ligand, Am J Pathol, 162, 1515, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64284-8

Nassif, 2002, Drug specific cytotoxic T-cells in the skin lesions of a patient with toxic epidermal necrolysis, J Invest Dermatol, 118, 728, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01622.x

Lowin, 1995, Perforin and granzymes: crucial effector molecules in cytolytic T lymphocyte and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 198, 1, 10.1007/978-3-642-79414-8_1

Posadas, 2002, Delayed reactions to drugs show levels of perforin, granzyme B, and Fas-L to be related to disease severity, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 109, 155, 10.1067/mai.2002.120563

Abe, 2009, Granulysin as a marker for early diagnosis of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Ann Intern Med, 151, 514, 10.7326/0003-4819-151-7-200910060-00016

Hogg, 2009, Induction of granulysin in CD8+ T cells by IL-21 and IL-15 is suppressed by human immunodeficiency virus-1, J Leukoc Biol, 86, 1191, 10.1189/jlb.0409222

Paquet, 2000, Immunoregulatory effector cells in drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis, Am J Dermatopathol, 22, 413, 10.1097/00000372-200010000-00005

Correia, 2002, Increased interleukin 10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin 6 levels in blister fluid of toxic epidermal necrolysis, J Am Acad Dermatol, 47, 58, 10.1067/mjd.2002.120473

Nassif, 2004, Evaluation of the potential role of cytokines in toxic epidermal necrolysis, J Invest Dermatol, 123, 850, 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23439.x

Tapia, 2004, Involvement of CCL27-CCR10 interactions in drug-induced cutaneous reactions, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 114, 335, 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.04.034

Caproni, 2006, Expression of cytokines and chemokine receptors in the cutaneous lesions of erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis, Br J Dermatol, 155, 722, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07398.x

Amato, 1992, The use of intravenous high-dose immunoglobulins (IGIV) in a case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Pediatr Med Chir, 14, 555

Bachot, 2003, Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a prospective noncomparative study showing no benefit on mortality or progression, Arch Dermatol, 139, 33, 10.1001/archderm.139.1.33

Faye, 2005, Treatment of epidermal necrolysis with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins (IV Ig): clinical experience to date, Drugs, 65, 2085, 10.2165/00003495-200565150-00002

Kardaun, 2007, Dexamethasone pulse therapy for Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis, Acta Derm Venereol, 87, 144, 10.2340/00015555-0214

Patterson, 1992, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS): effectiveness of corticosteroids in management and recurrent SJS, Allergy Proc, 13, 89, 10.2500/108854192778878926

Halebian, 1986, Improved burn center survival of patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis managed without corticosteroids, Ann Surg, 204, 503, 10.1097/00000658-198611000-00001

Paquet, 1994, Macrophages and tumor necrosis factor alpha in toxic epidermal necrolysis, Arch Dermatol, 130, 605, 10.1001/archderm.1994.01690050073012

Aoki, 1997, Cyclosporin A-sensitive calcium signaling represses NFkappaB activation in human bronchial epithelial cells and enhances NFkappaB activation in Jurkat T-cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 234, 424, 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6658

Valeyrie-Allanore, 2010, Open trial of ciclosporin treatment for Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, Br J Dermatol, 163, 847, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09863.x

Gijtenbeek, 1999, Cyclosporine neurotoxicity: a review, J Neurol, 246, 339, 10.1007/s004150050360

Mallal, 2008, HLA-B*5701 screening for hypersensitivity to abacavir, N Engl J Med, 358, 568, 10.1056/NEJMoa0706135

Martin, 2005, Predisposition to nevirapine hypersensitivity associated with HLA-DRB1*0101 and abrogated by low CD4 T-cell counts, AIDS, 19, 97, 10.1097/00002030-200501030-00014