Những tiến bộ gần đây và các chiến lược mới trong chẩn đoán Leishmaniasis

Adams ER, Schoone G, Versteeg I, Gomez MA, Diro E, Mori Y, Perlee D, Downing T, Saravia N, Assaye A, Hailu A, Albertini A, Ndung'u JM, Schallig H (2018) Development and evaluation of a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral Leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 56(7). https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00386-18 Ahmed MU, Hossain MM, Safavieh M, Wong YL, Abd Rahman I, Zourob M, Tamiya E (2016) Toward the development of smart and low cost point-of-care biosensors based on screen printed electrodes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 36(3):495–505. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2014.992387 Ahsan MM, Islam MN, Mollah AH, Hoque MA, Hossain MA, Begum Z, Islam MT (2010) Evaluation of latex agglutination test (KAtex) for early diagnosis of kala-azar. Mymensingh Med J 19(3):335–339 Alessio GD, de Araujo FF, Sales Junior PA, Gomes MS, Amaral LRD, Pascoal Xavier MA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, de Lana M, Martins-Filho OA (2018) Accomplishing the genotype-specific serodiagnosis of single and dual Trypanosoma cruzi infections by flow cytometry Chagas-flow ATE-IgG2a. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12(2):e0006140. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006140 Al-Hucheimi SN, Sultan BA, Al-Dhalimi MA (2009) A comparative study of the diagnosis of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq by polymerase chain reaction and microbiologic and histopathologic methods. Int J Dermatol 48(4):404–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03903.x Alvar J, Velez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, Jannin J, den Boer M, Team WHOLC (2012) Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One 7(5):e35671. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035671 Antonio Lde F, Fagundes A, Oliveira RV, Pinto PG, Bedoya-Pacheco SJ, Vasconcellos Ede C, Valete-Rosalino MC, Lyra MR, Passos SR, Pimentel MI, Schubach Ade O (2014) Montenegro skin test and age of skin lesion as predictors of treatment failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 56(5):375–380. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652014000500002 Aronson N, Herwaldt BL, Libman M, Pearson R, Lopez-Velez R, Weina P, Carvalho E, Ephros M, Jeronimo S, Magill A (2017) Diagnosis and treatment of Leishmaniasis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH). Am J Trop Med Hyg 96(1):24–45. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-84256 Badaro R, Benson D, Eulalio MC, Freire M, Cunha S, Netto EM, Pedral-Sampaio D, Madureira C, Burns JM, Houghton RL, David JR, Reed SG (1996) rK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 173(3):758–761. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/173.3.758 Barroso-Freitas AP, Passos SR, Mouta-Confort E, Madeira MF, Schubach AO, Santos GP, Nascimento LD, Marzochi MC, Marzochi KB (2009) Accuracy of an ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence for the laboratory diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103(4):383–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.12.019 Boelaert M, Verdonck K, Menten J, Sunyoto T, van Griensven J, Chappuis F, Rijal S (2014) Rapid tests for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with suspected disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6:CD009135. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009135.pub2 Braga MS, Neves LX, Campos JM, Roatt BM, de Oliveira Aguiar Soares RD, Braga SL, de Melo RD, Reis AB, Castro-Borges W (2014) Shotgun proteomics to unravel the complexity of the Leishmania infantum exoproteome and the relative abundance of its constituents. Mol Biochem Parasitol 195(1):43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.07.001 Braz LMA (2019) Tegumentary leishmaniasis diagnosis: what happened with MST (Montenegro skin test) in Brazil? Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 61:e17. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-9946201961017 Burza S, Croft SL, Boelaert M (2018) Leishmaniasis. Lancet 392(10151):951–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31204-2 Castilho TM, Camargo LM, McMahon-Pratt D, Shaw JJ, Floeter-Winter LM (2008) A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification and quantification of American Leishmania species on the basis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78(1):122–132 Celeste JLL, Caldeira RL, Pires SDF, Silveira KD, Soares RP, de Andrade HM (2019) Development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of Leishmania amazonensis in skin samples. Exp Parasitol 203:23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2019.05.006 Chavez-Fumagalli MA, Martins VT, Testasicca MC, Lage DP, Costa LE, Lage PS, Duarte MC, Ker HG, Ribeiro TG, Carvalho FA, Regis WC, Dos Reis AB, Tavares CA, Soto M, Fernandes AP, Coelho EA (2013) Sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs by using peptides selected from hypothetical proteins identified by an immunoproteomic approach. Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI 20(6):835–841. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00023-13 Coelho VT, Oliveira JS, Valadares DG, Chavez-Fumagalli MA, Duarte MC, Lage PS, Soto M, Santoro MM, Tavares CA, Fernandes AP, Coelho EA (2012) Identification of proteins in promastigote and amastigote-like Leishmania using an immunoproteomic approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(1):e1430. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001430 Costa LE, Salles BC, Alves PT, Dias AC, Vaz ER, Ramos FF, Menezes-Souza D, Duarte MC, Roatt BM, Chavez-Fumagalli MA, Tavares CA, Goncalves DU, Rocha MO, Goulart LR, Coelho EA (2016) New serological tools for improved diagnosis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis. J Immunol Methods 434:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2016.04.005 de Castro Z-TA, Fonseca GSF, de Jesus L, Barros GB, Coelho-Dos-Reis JGA, Bela SR, Machado AS, Carneiro A, Andrade GMQ, Vasconcelos-Santos DV, Januario JN, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Vitor RWA, Ferro EAV, Mineo JR, Martins-Filho OA, Lemos EM, UFMG-CTBG UCTBG (2017) Establishing tools for early diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis: flow cytometric IgG avidity assay as a confirmatory test for neonatal screening. J Immunol Methods 451:37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2017.08.005 de Gouvea VL, de Assis TS, Orsini M, da Silva AR, de Souza GF, Caligiorne R, da Silva AC, Peruhype-Magalhaes V, Marciano AP, Martins-Filho OA, Rabello A (2008) Combined diagnostic methods identify a remarkable proportion of asymptomatic Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi carriers who present modulated cytokine profiles. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102(6):548–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.02.007 de Monbrison F, Mihoubi I, Picot S (2007) Real-time PCR assay for the identification of cutaneous Leishmania parasite species in Constantine region of Algeria. Acta Trop 102(2):79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.04.001 de Oliveira IQ, Silva RA, Sucupira MV, da Silva ED, Reis AB, Grimaldi G Jr, Fraga DB, Veras PS (2015) Multi-antigen print immunoassay (MAPIA)-based evaluation of novel recombinant Leishmania infantum antigens for the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 8:45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-0651-6 de Vries HJ, Reedijk SH, Schallig HD (2015) Cutaneous leishmaniasis: recent developments in diagnosis and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 16(2):99–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-015-0114-z Dias DS, Ribeiro PAF, Salles BCS, Santos TTO, Ramos FF, Lage DP, Costa LE, Portela ASB, Carvalho GB, Chavez-Fumagalli MA, Caligiorne RB, Oliveira JS, Magalhaes-Soares DF, Silva ES, Galdino AS, Menezes-Souza D, Duarte MC, Goncalves DU, Coelho EAF (2018) Serological diagnosis and prognostic of tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis using a conserved Leishmania hypothetical protein. Parasitol Int 67(3):344–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2018.02.001 Diro E, Techane Y, Tefera T, Assefa Y, Kebede T, Genetu A, Kebede Y, Tesfaye A, Ergicho B, Gebre-Yohannes A, Mengistu G, Engers H, Aseffa A, Desjeux P, Boelaert M, Hailu A (2007) Field evaluation of FD-DAT, rK39 dipstick and KATEX (urine latex agglutination) for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Northwest Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101(9):908–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.05.002 Dixit KK, Verma S, Singh OP, Singh D, Singh AP, Gupta R, Negi NS, Das P, Sundar S, Singh R, Salotra P (2018) Validation of SYBR green I based closed tube loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay and simplified direct-blood-lysis (DBL)-LAMP assay for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12(11):e0006922. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006922 Dos Santos Marques LH, Da Rocha ICM, Reis IA, Da Cunha GMR, Oliveira E, Pfeilsticker TR, De AraÚJo VEM, Morais MHF, Rabello ANA, Carneiro M (2017) Leishmania infantum: illness, transmission profile and risk factors for asymptomatic infection in an endemic metropolis in Brazil. Parasitology 144(4):546–556. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182016002134 Elmahallawy EK, Sampedro Martinez A, Rodriguez-Granger J, Hoyos-Mallecot Y, Agil A, Navarro Mari JM, Gutierrez Fernandez J (2014) Diagnosis of leishmaniasis. J Infect Dev Ctries 8(8):961–972. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.4310 Faria AR, de Castro VL, Coura-Vital W, Reis AB, Damasceno LM, Gazzinelli RT, Andrade HM (2015) Novel recombinant multiepitope proteins for the diagnosis of asymptomatic Leishmania infantum-infected dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(1):e3429. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003429 Fernandez-Roldan C, Rodriguez-Granger J, Javier Martinez R, Lopez-Ruz MA, Navarro-Mari JM, Gutierrez-Fernandez J (2017) Performance of the KAtex test in screening and diagnosis for visceral leishmaniasis in a reference hospital. Rev Esp Quimioter 30(6):464–467 Florez MM, de Oliveira CI, Puerta C, Guzman F, Ayala M, Montoya G, Delgado G (2017) Synthetic peptides derived from ribosomal proteins of Leishmania spp. in Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis: diagnostic usefulness. Protein Pept Lett 24(10):982–988. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929866524666170728143924 Fonseca AM, Faria AR, Rodrigues FT, Nagem RA, Magalhaes RD, Cunha JL, Bartholomeu DC, de Andrade HM (2014) Evaluation of three recombinant Leishmania infantum antigens in human and canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis. Acta Trop 137:25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.028 Freire ML, Machado de Assis T, Oliveira E, Moreira de Avelar D, Siqueira IC, Barral A, Rabello A, Cota G (2019) Performance of serological tests available in Brazil for the diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13(7):e0007484. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007484 Galluzzi L, Ceccarelli M, Diotallevi A, Menotta M, Magnani M (2018) Real-time PCR applications for diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 11(1):273. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2859-8 Gonçalves CC, Reiche EM, De Abreu Filho BA, Silveira TG, Felizardo TC, Maia KR, Costacurta R, Padovesi EJ, Dias Filho BP, Jankevicius SI, Jankevicius JV (2002) Evaluation of antigens from various Leishmania species in a Western blot for diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66(1):91–102. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.91 Goto H, Lindoso JA (2010) Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 8(4):419–433. https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.10.19 Guedes DC, Minozzo JC, Pasquali AKS, Faulds C, Soccol CR, Thomaz-Soccol V (2017) New strategy to improve quality control of Montenegro skin test at the production level. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 50(6):788–794. https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0131-2017 Hommel M, Peters W, Ranque J, Quilici M, Lanotte G (1978) The micro-ELISA technique in the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 72(3):213–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1978.11719308 Hommel M, Sarkari B, Carney J, Chance ML (2001) Katex for the diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. Med Trop (Mars) 61(6):503–505 Islam MZ, Itoh M, Takagi H, Islam AU, Ekram AR, Rahman A, Takesue A, Hashiguchi Y, Kimura E (2008) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect urinary antibody against recombinant rKRP42 antigen made from Leishmania donovani for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79(4):599–604 Kar K (1995) Serodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. Crit Rev Microbiol 21(2):123–152. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408419509113537 Ker HG, Coura-Vital W, Valadares DG, Aguiar-Soares RDO, de Brito RCF, Veras PST, Fraga DBM, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Reis AB (2019) Multiplex flow cytometry serology to diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103(19):8179–8190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10068-x Kurizky PS, Mota L, Gomes CM (2018) The paradox of tegumentary leishmaniasis diagnosis: how the need for accurate and modern techniques is being addressed in low income areas. EBioMedicine 38:19–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.011 Leveque MF, Battery E, Delaunay P, Lmimouni BE, Aoun K, L'Ollivier C, Bastien P, Mary C, Pomares C, Fillaux J, Lachaud L (2020) Evaluation of six commercial kits for the serological diagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14(3):e0008139. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008139 Lima BS, Pires SF, Fialho LC Jr, Oliveira EJ, Machado-de-Avila RA, Chavez-Olortegui C, Chapeaurouge AD, Perales J, Andrade HM (2017) A proteomic road to acquire an accurate serological diagnosis for human tegumentary leishmaniasis. J Proteome 151:174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.017 Lima MP, Costa LE, Lage DP, Dias DS, Ribeiro PAF, Machado AS, Ramos FF, Salles BCS, Fagundes MI, Carvalho GB, Franklin ML, Chavez-Fumagalli MA, Machado-de-Avila RA, Menezes-Souza D, Duarte MC, Teixeira AL, Goncalves DU, Coelho EAF (2018) Diagnostic application of recombinant Leishmania proteins and evaluation of their in vitro immunogenicity after stimulation of immune cells collected from tegumentary leishmaniasis patients and healthy individuals. Cell Immunol 334:61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.09.006 Lindoso JA, Cota GF, da Cruz AM, Goto H, Maia-Elkhoury AN, Romero GA, de Sousa-Gomes ML, Santos-Oliveira JR, Rabello A (2014) Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection in Latin America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(9):e3136. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003136 Maia Z, Lirio M, Mistro S, Mendes CM, Mehta SR, Badaro R (2012) Comparative study of rK39 Leishmania antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(1):e1484. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001484 Manson-Bahr PE, Heisch RB, Garnham PC (1959) Studies in leishmanifasis in East Africa. IV The Montenegro test in kala-azar in Kenya Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 53:380–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(59)90038-0 Marlais T, Bhattacharyya T, Singh OP, Mertens P, Gilleman Q, Thunissen C, Hinckel BCB, Pearson C, Gardner BL, Airs S, de la Roche M, Hayes K, Hafezi H, Falconar AK, Eisa O, Saad A, Khanal B, Bhattarai NR, Rijal S, Boelaert M, El-Safi S, Sundar S, Miles MA (2018) Visceral Leishmaniasis IgG1 rapid monitoring of cure vs. relapse, and potential for diagnosis of post Kala-Azar dermal Leishmaniasis. Front cell infect Microbiol 8:427. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00427 Mary C, Faraut F, Drogoul MP, Xeridat B, Schleinitz N, Cuisenier B, Dumon H (2006) Reference values for Leishmania infantum parasitemia in different clinical presentations: quantitative polymerase chain reaction for therapeutic monitoring and patient follow-up. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75(5):858–863 Mendes APO, Oliveira BC, Pereira AMS, Castro M, Souza MA, Brito MEF, Araujo FF, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Pereira VRA (2019) American tegumentary leishmaniasis diagnosis using L. (V.) braziliensis fixed promastigotes: a comparative performance of serological tests and spontaneous cure identification. BMC infectious diseases 19(1):1015. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4642-7 Menezes-Souza D, de Oliveira Mendes TA, de Araujo Leao AC, de Souza GM, Fujiwara RT, Bartholomeu DC (2015) Linear B-cell epitope mapping of MAPK3 and MAPK4 from Leishmania braziliensis: implications for the serodiagnosis of human and canine leishmaniasis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99(3):1323–1336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6168-7 Michel G, Pomares C, Ferrua B, Marty P (2011) Importance of worldwide asymptomatic carriers of Leishmania infantum (L. chagasi) in human. Acta Trop 119(2–3):69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.05.012 Mohebali M, Akhoundi B, Kakooei Z, Zarei Z, Charehdar S, Molaei S (2015) Modification on direct agglutination antigen preparation for simplified Sero-diagnosis of human and canine visceral Leishmaniasis. Iran J Parasitol 10(3):360–365 Molina I, Fisa R, Riera C, Falco V, Elizalde A, Salvador F, Crespo M, Curran A, Lopez-Chejade P, Tebar S, Perez-Hoyos S, Ribera E, Pahissa A (2013) Ultrasensitive real-time PCR for the clinical management of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 89(1):105–110. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0527 Molina R, Jimenez M, Garcia-Martinez J, San Martin JV, Carrillo E, Sanchez C, Moreno J, Alves F, Alvar J (2020) Role of asymptomatic and symptomatic humans as reservoirs of visceral leishmaniasis in a Mediterranean context. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14(4):e0008253. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008253 Mollett G, Bremer Hinckel BC, Bhattacharyya T, Marlais T, Singh OP, Mertens P, Falconar AK, El-Safi S, Sundar S, Miles MA (2019) Detection of immunoglobulin G1 against rK39 improves monitoring of treatment outcomes in visceral Leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 69(7):1130–1135. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1062 Moreno EC, Goncalves AV, Chaves AV, Melo MN, Lambertucci JR, Andrade AS, Negrao-Correa D, de Figueiredo Antunes CM, Carneiro M (2009) Inaccuracy of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using soluble and recombinant antigens to detect asymptomatic infection by Leishmania infantum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3(10):e536. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000536 Mugasa CM, Laurent T, Schoone GJ, Basiye FL, Saad AA, El Safi S, Kager PA, Schallig HD (2010) Simplified molecular detection of Leishmania parasites in various clinical samples from patients with leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 3(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-3-13 Mukhtar M, Ali SS, Boshara SA, Albertini A, Monnerat S, Bessell P, Mori Y, Kubota Y, Ndung'u JM, Cruz I (2018) Sensitive and less invasive confirmatory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12(2):e0006264. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006264 Nzelu CO, Kato H, Peters NC (2019) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): an advanced molecular point-of-care technique for the detection of Leishmania infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13(11):e0007698. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007698 Oliveira GG, Magalhaes FB, Teixeira MC, Pereira AM, Pinheiro CG, Santos LR, Nascimento MB, Bedor CN, Albuquerque AL, dos-Santos WL, Gomes YM, Moreira ED Jr, Brito ME, Pontes de Carvalho LC, de Melo Neto OP (2011) Characterization of novel Leishmania infantum recombinant proteins encoded by genes from five families with distinct capacities for serodiagnosis of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85(6):1025–1034. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0102 Oliveira E, Oliveira D, Cardoso FA, Barbosa JR, Marcelino AP, Dutra T, Araujo T, Fernandes L, Duque D, Rabello A (2017) Multicentre evaluation of a direct agglutination test prototype kit (DAT-LPC) for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 144(14):1964–1970. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182017001378 Perumal V, Hashim U (2014) Advances in biosensors: principle, architecture and applications. J Appl Biomed 12(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jab.2013.02.001 Porcino GN, Carvalho KSS, Braz DC, Costa Silva V, Costa CHN, de Miranda Santos IKF (2019) Evaluation of methods for detection of asymptomatic individuals infected with Leishmania infantum in the state of Piaui, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13(7):e0007493. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007493 Ramos JM, Leon R, Merino E, Montero M, Aljibe A, Blanes M, Reus S, Boix V, Salavert M, Portilla J (2017) Is visceral Leishmaniasis different in Immunocompromised patients without human immunodeficiency virus? A comparative, multicenter retrospective cohort analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97(4):1127–1133. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0940 Reithinger R, Dujardin JC (2007) Molecular diagnosis of leishmaniasis: current status and future applications. J Clin Microbiol 45(1):21–25. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02029-06 Resende DM, Rezende AM, Oliveira NJ, Batista IC, Correa-Oliveira R, Reis AB, Ruiz JC (2012) An assessment on epitope prediction methods for protozoa genomes. BMC Bioinformatics 13:309. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-13-309 Rezende AM, Folador EL, Resende Dde M, Ruiz JC (2012) Computational prediction of protein-protein interactions in Leishmania predicted proteomes. PLoS One 7(12):e51304. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051304 Ribeiro VM, da Silva SM, Menz I, Tabanez P, Nogueira Fdos S, Werkhauser M, da Fonseca AL, Dantas-Torres F, Brasileish ASGaAL (2013) Control of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: recommendations from Brasileish. Parasit Vectors 6(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-8 Sato CM, Sanchez MC, Celeste BJ, Duthie MS, Guderian J, Reed SG, de Brito ME, Campos MB, de Souza Encarnacao HV, Guerra J, de Mesquita TG, Pinheiro SK, Ramasawmy R, Silveira FT, de Assis SM, Goto H (2017) Use of recombinant antigens for sensitive Serodiagnosis of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis caused by different Leishmania species. J Clin Microbiol 55(2):495–503. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01904-16 Scalone A, De Luna R, Oliva G, Baldi L, Satta G, Vesco G, Mignone W, Turilli C, Mondesire RR, Simpson D, Donoghue AR, Frank GR, Gradoni L (2002) Evaluation of the Leishmania recombinant K39 antigen as a diagnostic marker for canine leishmaniasis and validation of a standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vet Parasitol 104(4):275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00643-4 Schallig HD, Canto-Cavalheiro M, da Silva ES (2002) Evaluation of the direct agglutination test and the rK39 dipstick test for the sero-diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97(7):1015–1018. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762002000700015 Schubach A, Cuzzi-Maya T, Oliveira AV, Sartori A, de Oliveira-Neto MP, Mattos MS, Araujo ML, Souza WJ, Haddad F, Perez Mde A, Pacheco RS, Momen H, Coutinho SG, de Almeida Marzochi MC, Marzochi KB, da Costa SC (2001) Leishmanial antigens in the diagnosis of active lesions and ancient scars of American tegumentary leishmaniasis patients. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96(7):987–996. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762001000700018 Silva Nunes Bezerra G, Barbosa Junior WL, Virginia Batista Vieira A, Xavier AT, Sebastiao Da Costa Lima M, Jr, Maria Xavier E, Silva EDD, Cintra Leal N, Medeiros ZM (2020) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification methods for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) - a systematic review. Expert Rev Mol Diagn:1–11 doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14737159.2020.1736564 Silva ED, Oliveira BC, Oliveira AP, Santos WJT, Diniz GT, de Melo Neto OP, Costa CHN, Silva MRB, Andrade LD, Medeiros ZM, Pereira VRA (2019) Performance evaluation of anti-fixed Leishmania infantum promastigotes immunoglobulin G (IgG) detected by flow cytometry as a diagnostic tool for visceral Leishmaniasis. J Immunol Methods 469:18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2019.02.009 Singh S (2006) New developments in diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res 123(3):311–330 Singh OP, Hasker E, Sacks D, Boelaert M, Sundar S (2014) Asymptomatic Leishmania infection: a new challenge for Leishmania control. Clin Infect Dis 58(10):1424–1429. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu102 Smith DH, Wellde BT, Sabwa CL, Reardon MJ, Hockmeyer WT (1984) A complement fixation test for visceral leishmaniasis using homologous parasite antigen II. Results in an endemic area in Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 78(5):495–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1984.11811854 Sousa S, Cardoso L, Reed SG, Reis AB, Martins-Filho OA, Silvestre R, Cordeiro da Silva A (2013) Development of a fluorescent based immunosensor for the serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniasis combining immunomagnetic separation and flow cytometry. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7(8):e2371. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002371 Souto DE, Silva JV, Martins HR, Reis AB, Luz RC, Kubota LT, Damos FS (2013) Development of a label-free immunosensor based on surface plasmon resonance technique for the detection of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in canine serum. Biosens Bioelectron 46:22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.067 Souza CM, Silva ED, Ano Bom AP, Bastos RC, Nascimento HJ, da Silva Junior JG (2012) Evaluation of an ELISA for canine leishmaniasis immunodiagnostic using recombinant proteins. Parasite Immunol 34(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01334.x Sudarshan M, Singh T, Chakravarty J, Sundar S (2015) A correlative study of splenic parasite score and peripheral blood parasite load estimation by quantitative PCR in visceral Leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 53(12):3905–3907. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01465-15 Sundar S, Rai M (2002) Laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9(5):951–958. https://doi.org/10.1128/cdli.9.5.951-958.2002 Sundar S, Agrawal S, Pai K, Chance M, Hommel M (2005) Detection of leishmanial antigen in the urine of patients with visceral leishmaniasis by a latex agglutination test. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73(2):269–271 Teixeira-Carvalho A, Campos FM, Geiger SM, Rocha RD, de Araujo FF, Vitelli-Avelar DM, Andrade MC, Araujo MS, Lemos EM, de Freitas Carneiro Proietti AB, Sabino EC, Caldas RG, Freitas CR, Campi-Azevedo AC, Eloi-Santos SM, Martins-Filho OA (2015) FC-TRIPLEX Chagas/Leish IgG1: a multiplexed flow cytometry method for differential serological diagnosis of chagas disease and leishmaniasis. PLoS One 10(4):e0122938. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122938 Tighe P, Negm O, Todd I, Fairclough L (2013) Utility, reliability and reproducibility of immunoassay multiplex kits. Methods 61(1):23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.01.003 Toledo-Machado CM, de Avila RA, C NG, Granier C, Bueno LL, Carneiro CM, Menezes-Souza D, Carneiro RA, Chavez-Olortegui C, Fujiwara RT (2015) Immunodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis using mimotope peptides selected from phage displayed combinatorial libraries. Biomed Res Int 2015:401509–401510. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/401509 Vallur AC, Tutterrow YL, Mohamath R, Pattabhi S, Hailu A, Abdoun AO, Ahmed AE, Mukhtar M, Salam MA, Almeida ML, Almeida RP, Mondal D, Albertini A, Ghalib H, Duthie MS, Reed SG (2015) Development and comparative evaluation of two antigen detection tests for visceral Leishmaniasis. BMC Infect Dis 15:384. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1125-3 Verma S, Singh R, Sharma V, Bumb RA, Negi NS, Ramesh V, Salotra P (2017) Development of a rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis and assessment of cure of Leishmania infection. BMC Infect Dis 17(1):223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2318-8 Vogt F, Mengesha B, Asmamaw H, Mekonnen T, Fikre H, Takele Y, Adem E, Mohammed R, Ritmeijer K, Adriaensen W, Melsew Y, van Griensven J, Diro E (2018) Antigen detection in urine for noninvasive diagnosis and treatment monitoring of visceral Leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus coinfected patients: an exploratory analysis from Ethiopia. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 99(4):957–966. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0042 WHO (2017) Integrating neglected tropical diseases into global health and development: fourth WHO report on neglected tropical diseases Zanetti ADS, Sato CM, Longhi FG, Ferreira SMB, Espinosa OA (2019) Diagnostic accuracy of enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assays to detect anti-Leishmania antibodies in patients with American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis: a systematic review. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 61:e42. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-9946201961042