Rebuilding depleted fish stocks: the good, the bad, and, mostly, the ugly

ICES Journal of Marine Science - Tập 67 Số 9 - Trang 1830-1840 - 2010
Steven A. Murawski1
1National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East West Highway, SSMC3-14659, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;

Tóm tắt

Abstract Murawski, S. A. 2010. Rebuilding depleted fish stocks: the good, the bad, and, mostly, the ugly. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1830–1840. Recovery of depleted fish populations has become an important theme in national and international negotiations and commitments regarding sustainability. Although up to 63% of fish stocks worldwide may be in need of rebuilding, only 1% are currently classified as “rebuilding”, and fewer yet have been “rebuilt”. Recent history in stock recovery provides a rich source of examples of rebuilding plans across a spectrum of execution (“good”, “bad”, “ugly”, and “in progress”). Of 24 depleted stocks with formal plans that successfully reduced the fishing mortality, all but one exhibited signs of recovery. The median instantaneous annual rate of biomass recovery (0.16) was similar to the rate of depletion (−0.14) experienced, but stocks with more vulnerable life histories recovered substantially slower than they had been depleted. Most successful rebuilding programmes have incorporated substantial, measurable reductions in fishing mortality at the onset, rather than relying on incremental small reductions over time. A particularly vexing issue is the differential pace of recovery among relatively productive and unproductive components of mixed-species fisheries. Rebuilding the majority of stocks classified worldwide as “overfished” will take a more effective, consistent, and politically supported stock-recovery paradigm, if society is eventually to meet its articulated sustainability goals for global fisheries.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Baker, 2009, Deep-sea fishes in Canada's Atlantic: population declines and predicted recovery times, Environmental Biology of Fishes, 85, 79, 10.1007/s10641-009-9465-8

Beddington, 2007, Current problems in the management of marine fisheries, Science, 316, 1713, 10.1126/science.1137362

Brattey, 2009, Assessment of the cod (Gadus morhua) stock in NAFO Divisions 2J+3KL in 2009, 100 pp

Brodziak, 2008, Goals and strategies for rebuilding New England groundfish stocks, Fisheries Research, 94, 355, 10.1016/j.fishres.2008.03.008

Brooks, 2008, Georges Bank haddock, Assessment of 19 Northeast Groundfish Stocks Through 2007: Report of the 3rd Groundfish Assessment Review Meeting (GARM III). Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Center Research Document CRD 0816, 2-75

Bundy, 2001, Fishing on ecosystems: the interplay of fishing and predation in Newfoundland–Labrador, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58, 1153

Caddy, 2003, A summary of global stock recovery plans for marine organisms, including indicative information on the time to recovery, and associated regime change that may affect recruitment and recovery success

Caddy, 2004, An overview of recent global experience with recovery plans for depleted marine resources and suggested guidelines for recovery planning, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 14, 43, 10.1007/s11160-004-3770-2

Caddy, 1995, Reference points for fisheries management, 83 pp

Cadrin, 2008, Precautionary harvest policies and the uncertainty paradox, Fisheries Management, 94, 367

Collie, 1993, Management strategies for fish populations subject to long-term environmental variability and depensatory predation

Costello, 2008, Can catch shares prevent fisheries collapse?, Science, 321, 1678, 10.1126/science.1159478

Dickey-Collas, 2010, Lessons learned from stock collapse and recovery of North Sea herring: a review, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67, 1875, 10.1093/icesjms/fsq033

Essington, 2010, Ecological indicators display reduced variation in North American catch share fisheries, 6 pp

FAO, 2003, World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002 and its implications for fisheries

FAO, 2009, The State World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2008, 196 pp

Field, 2007, Status of the Chilipepper Rockfish, Sebastes goodei, in 2007, 227 pp

Fréchet, 2007, The status of cod in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence (3Pn, 4RS) in 2006, 89 pp

Fromentin, 2005, Atlantic bluefin tuna: population dynamics, ecology, fisheries and management, Fish and Fisheries, 6, 281, 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2005.00197.x

Gabriel, 1999, A review of biological reference points in the context of the precautionary approach, NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-F/SPO-40, 34

Garcia, 2005, Gloom and doom? The future of marine capture fisheries, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 360, 21, 10.1098/rstb.2004.1580

Grift, 2003, Fisheries-induced trends in reaction norms for maturation in North Sea plaice, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 257, 247, 10.3354/meps257247

Gronewold, 2009, Is the bluefin tuna an endangered species?

Hamel, 2007, Status and Future Prospects for the Pacific Ocean Perch Resource in Waters off Washington and Oregon as Assessed in 2007, 57 pp

Hilborn, 2005, Institutions, incentives and the future of fisheries, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 360, 47, 10.1098/rstb.2004.1569

Hill, 2007, Assessment of the Pacific Sardine Resource in 2007 for U.S. Management in 2008, 185 pp

Hurley, 2009, Assessment of the Status of Divisions 4X5Y Haddock in 2005, 92 pp

Hutchings, 2000, Collapse and recovery of fish stocks, Nature, 406, 882, 10.1038/35022565

Hutchings, 1994, What can be learned from the collapse of a renewable resource? Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 51, 2126, 10.1139/f94-214

Hutchings, 1995, The biological collapse of Atlantic cod off Newfoundland and Labrador: an exploration of historical changes in exploitation, harvesting, technology and management, The North Atlantic Fisheries: Successes, Failures and Challenges, 38

Hutchings, 2004, Marine fish population collapses: consequences for recovery and extinction risk, BioScience, 54, 297, 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0297:MFPCCF]2.0.CO;2

ICCAT, 2009, Report of the 2009 Atlantic swordfish stock assessment session, 78 pp

ICES, 2009, Scientific advice on the status of fish stocks

Kell, 2006, An evaluation of multi-annual management strategies for ICES roundfish stocks, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 63, 12, 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.09.003

Kelly, 2006, The Irish Sea cod recovery plan: some lessons learned, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 63, 600, 10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.12.001

MacCall, 2008, Status of bocaccio off California in 2007, 67 pp

Mace, 1994, Relationships between common biological reference points used as thresholds and targets of fisheries management strategies, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 51, 110, 10.1139/f94-013

Mace, 2004, In defence of fisheries scientists, single species models and other scapegoats: confronting the real problems, Perspectives on Ecosystem-based Approaches to the Management of Marine Resources, 285

MacKenzie, 2009, Impending collapse of bluefin tuna in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean, Conservation Letters, 2, 25, 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00039.x

Mackinson, 2009, Mixed-fishery or ecosystem conundrum? Multispecies considerations inform thinking on long-term management of North Sea demersal stocks, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 66, 1107, 10.1139/F09-057

Margetts, 1948, The effects of the 1939–1945 war on the English North Sea trawl fisheries, Rapports et Procès-Verbaux du Conseil Permanent International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 122, 26

Mayo, 2008, Gulf of Maine cod, Assessment of 19 Northeast Groundfish Stocks through 2007: Report of the 3rd Groundfish Assessment Review Meeting (GARM III), 2–228

Miller, 2008, Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank Acadian redfish, 2–658

Mohn, 1999, The retrospective problem in sequential population analysis: an investigation using cod fishery and simulated data, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 56, 473, 10.1006/jmsc.1999.0481

Mora, 2009, Management effectiveness of the world's marine fisheries, PLoS Biology, 7, e1000131, 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000131

Munro, 2004, On the management of shared fish stocks: critical issues and international initiatives to address them, Management of Shared Fish Stocks, 95, 10.1002/9780470999936.ch6

Murawski, 2000, Large-scale closed areas as a fishery management tool in temperate marine ecosystems: the Georges Bank experience, Bulletin of Marine Science, 66, 775

Murawski, 2001, Impacts of demographic variation in spawning characteristics on reference points for fisheries management, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58, 1002, 10.1006/jmsc.2001.1097

Myers, 1999, Maximum reproductive rate of fish at low population sizes, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 56, 404

NEFSC, 2008, 46th Northeast Regional Stock Assessment Workshop (46th SAW) Assessment Report, 252 pp

NOAA, 2007, Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. Public Law 94-265 as amended by the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act (P.L. 109-479), 176 pp

NRC, 2004, Cooperative Research in the National Marine Fisheries Service. Report of the Ocean Studies Board, National Academy of Sciences, 132 pp

NRC, 2006, Dynamic changes in marine ecosystems: fishing food webs and future options, 153 pp

OECD, 2010, The Economics of Rebuilding Fisheries: Workshop Proceedings, 266 pp, 10.1787/9789264075429-en

Overholtz, 1986, Recruitment variability and its implications for managing and rebuilding the Georges Bank haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) stock, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 43, 748, 10.1139/f86-092

Palmer, 2008, Gulf of Maine haddock, 2-756

Pope, 1996, An evaluation of the stock structure of North Sea cod, haddock, and whiting since 1920, together with a consideration of the impacts of fisheries and predation effects on their biomass and recruitment, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 53, 1157, 10.1006/jmsc.1996.0141

Powers, 1996, Benchmark requirements for recovering fish stocks, North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 16, 495, 10.1577/1548-8675(1996)016<0495:BRFRFS>2.3.CO;2

Powers, 2003, Principles and realities for successful stock recovery—a review of some successes and failures, 14 pp

Rätz, 2007, Sustainable management of mixed demersal fisheries in the North Sea through fleet-based management—a proposal from a biological perspective, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64, 652, 10.1093/icesjms/fsm030

Rice, 2003, Recovering Canadian Atlantic cod stocks: the shape of things to come?

Richards, 1999, A case history of effective fishery management: Chesapeake Bay striped bass, North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 19, 356, 10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0356:ACHOEF>2.0.CO;2

Rosenberg, 2006, Rebuilding US fisheries: progress and problems, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4, 303, 10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[303:RUFPAP]2.0.CO;2

Shelton, 1999, Should depensation be dismissed as a possible explanation for the lack of recovery of the northern cod (Gadus morhua) stock?, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 56, 1521, 10.1139/f99-124

Shelton, 2006, Fishing under low productivity conditions is further delaying recovery of Northwest Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 63, 235, 10.1139/f05-253

Shepherd, 2009, Transboundary Resources Assessment Committee Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank Atlantic Herring Stock Assessment Update Transboundary Resources Assessment Committee Reference Document 2009/04, 48 pp

Sissenwine, 2007, Reflections on the common fisheries policy, 75 pp

Spencer, 1997, Effect of non-linear predation rates on rebuilding the Georges Bank haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) stock, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 54, 2920, 10.1139/f97-197

Stewart, 2007, Updated U.S. English sole stock assessment: Status of the resource in 2007, 213 pp

Stewart, 2007, Status of the U.S. canary rockfish resource in 2007, 362 pp

Swain, 2009, Assessment of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence cod stock, February 2009, 135 pp

Terceiro, 2009, Stock assessment of summer flounder for 2009, 134 pp

Terceiro, 2009, 82 pp

Vinther, 2004, From single-species advice to mixed-species management: taking the next step, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61, 1398, 10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.08.018

Wakeford, 2007, Review of institutional arrangements and evaluation of factors associated with successful stock recovery plans, 58 pp

Wiedenmann, 2006, A review of rebuilding plans for overfished stocks in the United States: identifying situations of special concern, 101 pp

Worm, 2009, Rebuilding global fisheries, Science, 325, 578, 10.1126/science.1173146

Worm, 2003, Meta-analysis of cod-shrimp interactions reveals top-down control in oceanic food webs, Ecology, 84, 162, 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0162:MAOCSI]2.0.CO;2

Zheng, 2009, Bristol Bay red king crab stock assessment in Fall 2009.