Reactions of synthesis gas

Fuel Processing Technology - Tập 48 Số 3 - Trang 189-297 - 1996
I. Wender1
1Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA-15261 USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abbott, 1989

1993

Agreda, 1992, Chemtech, 22, 172

Aker Engineering, 1982

Albanesi, 1973, Chim. Ind. (Milan), 55, 318

Alpert, 1991, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ., 16, 1, 10.1146/annurev.eg.16.110191.000245

Anderson, 1956, Vol. IV, 1

Anderson, 1984

Anderson, 1952, Ind. Eng. Chem., 44, 2418, 10.1021/ie50514a039

Ansorge, 1992, Conversion of Natural Gas to Clean Transportation Fuels: The Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis Process (SMDS), Am. Chem. Soc. Prepr., Div. Pet. Chem., 37, 833

Aquiló, 1983, Hydrocarbon Process, 57

Arakawa, 1984, Chem. Lett., 1607, 10.1246/cl.1984.1607

Argauer, R.J. and Landolt, G.R., 1972. US Patent 3,702,886.

Baglin, 1981, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 20, 87, 10.1021/i300001a008

Ballivet-Tkatchenko, 1981, J. Mol. Catal., 13, 1, 10.1016/0304-5102(81)85027-4

Bart, 1987, Catal. Today, 2, 1, 10.1016/0920-5861(87)80001-9

Bartholomew, 1988, 543

Bartholomew, 1991, Recent developments in Fischer-Tropsch catalysis, 159

BASF, 1923. US Patents 1,558,559 and 1,569,775.

Berty, 1956, Chem. Tech. (Berlin), 8, 260

Berty, 1990, Chemtech, 20, 624

Bhasin, M.M., 1975. US Patent 4,014,913.

Bhasin, 1978, J. Catal., 54, 120, 10.1016/0021-9517(78)90035-0

Biloen, 1981, Adv. Catal., 30, 165, 10.1016/S0360-0564(08)60328-4

Biloen, 1979, J. Catal., 58, 95, 10.1016/0021-9517(79)90248-3

Botteghi, 1980, J. Organomet. Chem., 184, C17, 10.1016/S0022-328X(00)94374-2

Bozik, J.E., Kobylinski, T.P. and Pretzer, R.W., 1980. US Patent 4,239,924.

Braca, 1978, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100, 5238, 10.1021/ja00487a050

Braca, 1981, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 20, 115, 10.1021/i300001a014

Brady, 1980, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 102, 6181, 10.1021/ja00539a053

Brady, 1981, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 1287, 10.1021/ja00395a081

Brewester, 1976, Chem. Eng., 83, 90

Bridger, 1989

Brodén, 1976, Surf. Sci., 59, 593, 10.1016/0039-6028(76)90038-8

Brown, 1991, Catal. Today, 8, 279, 10.1016/0920-5861(91)80055-E

Burch, 1990, Catal. Lett., 5, 55, 10.1007/BF00772093

Calkins, 1984, Catal. Rev. - Sci. Eng., 26, 347, 10.1080/01614948408064717

Carnell, 1977, Medium-Btu Gas as Feedstock for Chemicals and Synthetic Fuels

Chang, 1983, Catal. Rev. - Sci. Eng., 25, 1, 10.1080/01614948308078874

Chang, 1988, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 36, 127, 10.1016/S0167-2991(09)60507-3

1983, Chem. Eng. News, 41

1987, Chem. Eng. News, 26

1996, Chem. Eng. News, 7

1992, Chemical Marketing Reporter

1993, Chemical Marketing Reporter

Chen, 1982, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 104, 7346, 10.1021/ja00389a089

Chen, 1989, Shape Selective Catalysis in Industrial Applications, 221

Chinchen, 1991, Catal. Today, 10, 293, 10.1016/0920-5861(91)80009-X

Chinchen, 1987, Appl. Catal., 30, 333, 10.1016/S0166-9834(00)84123-8

Chinchen, 1988, Appl. Catal., 36, 1, 10.1016/S0166-9834(00)80103-7

Chinchen, 1990, Chemtech, 20, 692

Christiansen, J.R., 1919, US Patent 1,302,011.

Clarke, 1991, Management of By-products from IGCC Power Generation

Cohen, 1996, Nywerheidsberigte Industrial Reports

Cohn, 1956, The Isosynthesis, Vol. IV, 443

Colquhoun, 1991

Consiglio, 1973, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 12, 669, 10.1002/anie.197306691

Cook, 1993, 145

Cook, 1995, Prepr. Div. Fuel Chem. Am. Chem. Soc., 40, 124

Cook, 1995, Chem. Eng. News, 26

Cornils, 1995, Chemtech, 25, 33

Courty, 1990, Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet., 45, 561, 10.2516/ogst:1990036

Csicsery, 1976, 680

Daly, 1984, J. Catal., 89, 131, 10.1016/0021-9517(84)90287-2

Daniels, 1978, Vol. 23, 817

Davies, P.R., Snowden, F.F., Bridger, G.W., Hughes, D.O. and Young, D.W., 1966, US Patent 1,010,871.

Dombeck, 1983, Adv. Catal., 32, 325, 10.1016/S0360-0564(08)60443-5

Douglas, 1994, EPRI J., 6

Dreyfus, H., 1929. US Patent 1,697,109.

Dry, 1981, Vol. 1

Dry, 1990, Catal. Today, 6, 183, 10.1016/0920-5861(90)85002-6

Dry, 1996, Appl. Catal., A, General, 138, 319, 10.1016/0926-860X(95)00306-1

Dumas, 1979, Organomet. Chem., 117, 239, 10.1016/S0022-328X(00)92349-0

Eilers, 1990, Catal. Lett., 7, 253, 10.1007/BF00764507

Eisenberg, 1993

Eisenberg, 1994

Eisenmann, 1961, J. Org. Chem., 26, 102, 10.1021/jo01065a605

Eisenlohr, 1981, Fuel Processing Technol., 4, 43, 10.1016/0378-3820(81)90034-5

El Sawy, 1990

Fahey, 1987, Industrial Chemicals via C1 Processes

Fakley, 1983, Appl. Catal., 5, 3, 10.1016/0166-9834(83)80291-7

Falbe, 1970

Fiato, R.A., 1980. US Patent 4,233,466.

Fiato, R.A., Iglesia, E. and Soled, S.L., 1989. US Patents 4,738,948 and 4,822,824.

Fife, 1986, Tetrahedron Lett., 27, 4933, 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)85100-X

Fischer, 1926, Brennst.-Chem., 7, 97

Fischer, 1932, Brennst.-Chem., 13, 461

Flory, 1950, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58, 1877, 10.1021/ja01301a016

Forster, 1976, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 98, 846, 10.1021/ja00419a041

Forzatti, 1991, Catal. Rev. - Sci. Eng., 33, 109, 10.1080/01614949108020298

Fourie, 1992

1995, 39, 160

Fowler, 1976, Chemtech, 6, 772

Friedel, 1950, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72, 1212, 10.1021/ja01159a039

Frohning, 1982, Fischer-Tropsch Process, Chemical Feedstocks from Coal, 300

Garwood, 1983, ACS Symp. Ser., 383, 10.1021/bk-1983-0218.ch023

Gauthier-Lafaye, 1982, J. Mol. Catal., 17, 339, 10.1016/0304-5102(82)85045-1

Geerts, 1990, Catal. Today, 6, 613, 10.1016/0920-5861(90)85059-W

Geertsema, 1993

Geertsema, A., 1996. Private communication.

Gogate, 1993, Prepr. Div. Fuel Chem. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 38, 1100

Goodwin, 1991, Prepr. Div. of Pet. Chem. Am. Chem. Soc., 156

Gray, 1991

Haag, W.O. and Huang, T.J., 1979. US Patent 4,159,995

Haag, W.O. and Huang, T.J., 1981. US Patent 4,279,830.

Haag, 1987, Gasification for Synthesis of Fuels and Chemicals, 117

Halcon SD, 1985. US Patent 4,524,581.

Haldor Topsöe A.S., 1985. US Patent 4,536,485.

Hall, 1952, J. Inst. Pet. Technol., 38, 845

Hansen, 1991, 457

Heck, 1963, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85, 1460, 10.1021/ja00893a017

Henrici-Olivé, 1984

Herington, 1946, Chem. Ind. (London), 347

1984

Herman, 1991, 265

Herman, 1994, Prepr. Div. Fuel Chem. Am. Chem. Soc., 39, 1141

Hohenschutz, 1966, Hydrocarbon Process, 45, 141

Holbrook, 1993, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 5, 1017

Howard, 1993, Catal. Today, 325, 10.1016/0920-5861(93)80060-E

Hutchings, 1990, Catal. Today, 6, 279, 10.1016/0920-5861(90)85006-A

1992, Hydrocarbon Processing, 35

1994, Hydrocarbon Processing, 112

Ichikawa, 1982, Shokubai, 24, 212

Jager, 1990, Catal. Lett., 7, 293, 10.1007/BF00764510

Jager, 1994, Natural Gas Conversion, Vol. II, 419

Janaf, 1971, Thermodynamic Tables, 37

Jenner, 1989, Appl. Catal., 50, 99, 10.1016/S0166-9834(00)80829-5

Jira, 1976, Hydrocarbon Process, 97

Kagan, 1975, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 222, 1093

Katzer, 1981, Faraday Discuss. R. Soc. Chem., 72

1983, 103

Keim, 1987, 1

Keim, 1989, J. Organomet. Chem., 372, 15, 10.1016/0022-328X(89)87071-8

Keith, 1946, Oil Gas J., 45, 102

Kellner, 1981, J. Catal., 71, 288, 10.1016/0021-9517(81)90231-1

Kiennemann, 1987, 237

Kinoshita, 1984, Vol. 11, 1098

Klier, 1982, Adv. Catal., 31, 243, 10.1016/S0360-0564(08)60455-1

Klier, 1982, J. Catal., 74, 343, 10.1016/0021-9517(82)90040-9

Klier, 1986, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 193

Knifton, J.R., 1981a. US Patent 4,270,015.

Knifton, 1981, Chemtech, 11, 609

Knifton, 1981, J. Mol. Catal., 11, 91, 10.1016/0304-5102(81)85069-9

Knifton, 1993, Catal. Today, 18, 355, 10.1016/0920-5861(93)80061-5

Knowles, 1983, Acc. Chem. Res., 16, 106, 10.1021/ar00087a006

Koelbel, 1957, Chem.-Ing.-Tech., 29, 505, 10.1002/cite.330290803

Koelbel, 1951, Brennst.-Chem., 32, 150

Koelbel, 1980, Catal. Rev. - Sci. Eng., 21, 225, 10.1080/03602458008067534

Koermer, 1978, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 17, 231, 10.1021/i360067a011

Kollar, J., 1982. US Patent 4,337,371.

Komatsu, 1988, Kogaku To Kogyo, 41, 1134

Kung, 1980, Catal. Rev. - Sci. Eng., 31, 243

Kuntz, 1987, Chemtech, 17, 570

Kuo, 1983, Slurry Fischer-Tropsch/Mobil two stage process of converting syngas to high octane gasoline, Final Report

Kuo, 1984

Kuo, 1985, Two stage process for conversion of synthesis gas to high quality transportation fuels, Final Report

Lamarre, 1994, EPRI J., 19, 6

Lay, 1993, Hydrocarbon Process, 35

LeBlanc, 1990, Hydrocarbon Process, 51

Lee, 1990

Lee, 1990, Appl. Catal., 57, 1, 10.1016/S0166-9834(00)80720-4

Lee, 1992

Lewnard, 1990, Chem. Eng. Sci., 45, 2735, 10.1016/0009-2509(90)80165-B

Lin, 1992, Chemtech, 22, 248

Liu, 1988, Fuel Processing Technol., 18, 185, 10.1016/0378-3820(88)90095-1

Liu, 1989, Fuel Processing Technol., 23, 149, 10.1016/0378-3820(89)90074-X

Lormand, 1925, Ind. Eng. Chem., 17, 430, 10.1021/ie50184a034

Luft, 1983, J. Mol. Catal., 20, 175, 10.1016/0304-5102(83)83007-7

Machiels, 1984, 413

Mahajan, 1992

Marchionna, M., Lami, M., Ancilloti, F. and Ricci, R., 1988. Italian Patent 200,281A.

Marchionna, 1992, J. Mol. Catal., 75, 147, 10.1016/0304-5102(92)80116-X

Mauri, 1985, Quad. Ing. Chim. Ital, 21, 1

McLarnon, 1989, Annu. Rev. Energy, 14, 241, 10.1146/annurev.eg.14.110189.001325

Meisel, 1981, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, A300, 157, 10.1098/rsta.1981.0056

Mills, 1977, Chemtech, 7, 418

Mills, 1988, Catalysts for Fuels from Syngas—New Directions for Research, 109

Mills, 1993, Status and future opportunities for conversion of synthesis gas to liquid energy fuels

Mittasch, T. and Schneider, T., 1913. German Patent 2,955,787.

Mobil Oil, 1975. US Patent 3,894,102.

Mullen, 1980, 243

Murchison, 1981, Hydrocarbon Process, 156

Nakamura, 1990, Chemtech, 20, 556

Natta, 1957, Vol. V, 131

Nijs, 1979, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 180, 10.1039/C39790000180

Nojiri, 1993, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 93, 103, 10.1016/0926-860X(93)85187-T

Nonneman, 1990, Catal. Lett., 7, 213, 10.1007/BF00764504

Notari, 1991, C-1 Chemistry, Vol. 1, 55

Nunan, 1988, J. Catal., 113, 410, 10.1016/0021-9517(88)90268-0

1996, Oil and Gas Journal, 43

Onsager, O.T., 1984. Canadian Patent 1,175,798.

Orchin, 1972, Catal. Rev., 85

Orchin, 1957, Vol. 5, 1

Orita, 1984, J. Catal., 90, 183, 10.1016/0021-9517(84)90247-1

Owen, 1987, Appl. Catal., 33, 405, 10.1016/S0166-9834(00)83071-7

Palekar, 1993, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 102, 13, 10.1016/0926-860X(93)85152-F

Palekar, 1993, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 103, 105, 10.1016/0926-860X(93)85177-Q

Papp, 1991

Parshall, 1992, Homogeneous Catalysis, 106

Patart, M., 1921. French Patent 540,343.

Paulik, F.E., 1973. US Patent 3,769,329.

Paulik, 1968, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1578

Peeples, 1991, Fuel Reformulation, 1, 27

Peltzman, 1984, 249

Piacenti, 1962, 12, 174

Piacenti, 1977, Vol. 2, 13

Pichler, 1952, Adv. Catal., 4, 272

Pichler, 1970, Chem.-Ing.-Tech., 42, 162, 10.1002/cite.330421808

Pichler, 1949, Brennst.-Chem., 30, 13

Piel, 1993

Piel, 1994, Fuel Reformulation, 4, 28

Pierantozzi, 1993, Vol. 5, 97

Pino, 1977, Vol. 2, 43

Pino, 1977, Vol. 2, 233

Pinto, 1977, Chem. Eng., 102

Ponec, 1984, Vol. 3, 1

Porcelli, 1986, Hydrocarbon Process, 37

Poutsma, 1978, J. Catal., 52, 157, 10.1016/0021-9517(78)90131-8

Prentice, 1984, Chemtech, 14, 684

Pretzer, 1980, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 333, 58, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb53629.x

Pruett, 1981, Science, 211, 11, 10.1126/science.211.4477.11

Pruett, 1982, Organometallics, 1, 1693, 10.1021/om00072a027

Pruett, 1969, J. Org. Chem., 34, 327, 10.1021/jo01254a015

Pruett, R.L. and Smith, J.A., 1970. US Patent 3,527,809.

Pruett, R.L. and Walker, W.E., 1974. US Patent 3,833,634.

Raab, 1990, J. Catal., 122, 406, 10.1016/0021-9517(90)90294-T

Rao, 1990, Catal. Today, 6, 207, 10.1016/0920-5861(90)85003-7

Rathke, 1978, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100, 3623, 10.1021/ja00479a069

Reppe, 1953, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem., 582, 1, 10.1002/jlac.19535820102

Reppe, 1953, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem., 582, 133, 10.1002/jlac.19535820107

Reppe, W., von Kutepow, N. and Bille, A., 1961. US Patent 3,014,962.

Research Association for C1 Chemistry, 1989

Rizkalla, 1987, 61

Rizkalla, 1987, 136

Roberts, 1992, 37, 225

Robinson, R.C., 1965. US Patent 3,190,912.

Roelen, O., 1938. German Patent 103,362.

Roelen, O., 1943. US Patent 2,327,066.

Rofer-DePoorter, 1981, Chem. Rev., 81, 447, 10.1021/cr00045a002

Romano, 1980, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 19, 395, 10.1021/i360075a021

Röper, 1983, 41

Röper, 1991, 382

Röper, 1985, Erdoel Kohle, Erdgas, Petrochem., 1, 38

Rostrop-Nielsen, 1994, Catal. Today, 21, 257, 10.1016/0920-5861(94)80147-9

Roth, 1971, Chemtech, 1, 600

Rozovskii, 1980, Kinet. Katal., 21, 1

Sabatier, 1902, Nouvelles syntheses du methane, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., 134, 514

Sakai, 1974, Sekiyu Gokkai Shi, 17, 853

Sapienza, R.A., Slegeir, W.A., O'Hare, T.W. and Mahajan, D., 1986. US Patent 4,614,749.

Satterfield, 1991, Heterogeneous Catalysis in Practice, 446

Schlesinger, 1951, Ind. Eng. Chem., 43, 1474, 10.1021/ie50498a057

Schreck, 1988, J. Mol. Catal., 47, 117, 10.1016/0304-5102(88)85078-8

Schulz, 1935, Z. Phys. Chem., 30, 379, 10.1146/annurev.pc.30.100179.002115

Schulz, 1985, C1 Mol Chem., 1, 231

Seddon, 1992, Catal. Today, 15, 1, 10.1016/0920-5861(92)80120-C

Shah, 1976, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 15, 123, 10.1021/i360058a005

Shamsi, 1986, Appl. Catal., 27, 55, 10.1016/S0166-9834(00)81046-5

Sheldon, 1983, Chemicals from Synthesis Gas, 156

Sheldon, 1992, 99

Sheldon, 1993, 125

Sheldon, 1994, Chemtech, 24, 38

Sherwin, 1976, Hydrocarbon Process, 55, 122

Shibata, 1984, J. Catal., 95, 296

Sie, 1991, Catal. Today, 8, 371, 10.1016/0920-5861(91)80058-H

Sinor, 1990, The Clean Fuels Report

Slaugh, L.H., 1983. US Patent 4,375,424.

Slaugh, 1968, J. Organomet. Chem., 13, 469, 10.1016/S0022-328X(00)82775-8

Slegier, 1984

Smith, 1983, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 61, 40, 10.1002/cjce.5450610106

Sofianos, 1992, Catal. Today, 15, 149, 10.1016/0920-5861(92)80126-8

Somorjai, 1981, Catal. Rev. - Sci. Eng., 23, 189, 10.1080/03602458108068075

Spencer, 1982, Science, 215, 1571, 10.1126/science.215.4540.1571

Spencer, 1986, Science, 232, 609, 10.1126/science.232.4750.609

Stiles, 1977, AIChE J., 23, 362, 10.1002/aic.690230321

Stiles, 1991, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 30, 811, 10.1021/ie00053a002

Storch, 1951

Stull, 1969

Summer, 1993, 225

Sunset, 1994, Catal. Today, 21, 269, 10.1016/0920-5861(94)80148-7

Supp, 1981, Hydrocarbon Process, 71

Tabak, 1990, Catal. Today, 6, 307, 10.1016/0920-5861(90)85007-B

Tijm, 1993, The Shell middle distillate synthesis project. New opportunities for marketing natural gas

Toepel, 1964, Chim. Ind. (Paris), 91, 139

Tonner, 1983, J. Mol. Catal., 18, 215, 10.1016/0304-5102(83)80122-9

Topp-Jorgensen, 1988, 293

Topp-Jorgensen, 1986, Oil Gas. J., 68

Torrence, G.P., Hendricks, J.D. and Aquiló, A., 1991. US Patent 5,026,908.

Trimm, 1990, Catal. Today, 6, 261, 10.1016/0920-5861(90)85005-9

Tucci, 1970, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 9, 516, 10.1021/i360036a010

Unzelman, 1992, Fuel Reformulation, 2, 16

van der Burgt, 1990, The Shell middle distillate synthesis process, Inst. Pet. Rev., 45

van der Lee, 1986, J. Catal., 98, 522, 10.1016/0021-9517(86)90340-4

Vannice, 1975, J. Catal., 37, 449, 10.1016/0021-9517(75)90181-5

Vannice, 1977, J. Catal., 50, 228, 10.1016/0021-9517(77)90031-8

Vannice, 1982, Vol. 3, 139

van Rensberg, 1990, The Mossgas to fuels process, CHEMSA, a SAICHE paper

Velocci, 1991, Lamp, 73, 14

Wade, 1981, Vol. 15, 398

Wagmann, 1982, NBS tables of chemical thermodynamic properties, 11, 84

Wagmann, 1982, NBS tables of chemical thermodynamic properties, 11, 92

Wakamatsu, 1971, Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1540

Walker, 1985, Synthetic and alternate fuels production in New Zealand, Vol. 2, 1

Waller, 1985, J. Mol. Catal., 31, 123, 10.1016/0304-5102(85)85054-9

Watanabe, 1979, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 52, 2735, 10.1246/bcsj.52.2735

Watson, 1981, J. Catal., 72, 347, 10.1016/0021-9517(81)90018-X

Waugh, 1992, Catal. Today, 15, 51, 10.1016/0920-5861(92)80122-4

Wedaa, 1994

Weisz, 1960, J. Phys. Chem., 64, 382, 10.1021/j100832a513

Weisz, 1962, J. Catal., 1, 307, 10.1016/0021-9517(62)90058-1

Weissermel, 1993, Vol. 1, 254

Weitkamp, 1953, Ind. Eng. Chem., 45, 363, 10.1021/ie50518a035

Wender, 1976, Catal. Rev. - Sci. Eng., 14, 97, 10.1080/03602457608073408

Wender, 1984, Catal. Rev. - Sci. Eng., 26, 363, 10.1080/01614948408064715

Wender, 1989, Review of indirect liquefaction, Vol. II

Wender, 1984

Wender, 1949, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 71, 4160, 10.1021/ja01180a520

Wender, 1951, Science, 113, 206, 10.1126/science.113.2930.206

Westerterp, 1986, Hydrocarbon Process, 80

Westerterp, 1988, Hydrocarbon Process, 69

Westerterp, 1989, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 28, 763, 10.1021/ie00090a018

Whyman, 1985, 128

Williamson, R.C. and Kobylinski, T.P., 1979. US Patent 4,170,605.

Worsham, 1994, Vol. 10, 325

Xiaogding, 1987, Catal. Today, 2, 125, 10.1016/0920-5861(87)80002-0

Yakobson, D.L., 1996. Personal communication.

Yoshida, 1978, L-Monosodium glutamate, Vol. 2, 410

Zoeller, 1993, 35

Zoeller, 1992, Catal. Today, 13, 17, 10.1016/0920-5861(92)80188-S