Raw oyster consumption and outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in New Zealand: evidence for risk to the public's health

Greening, 1999, Norwalk‐like viruses (NLVs): A common cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks, N Z Public Health Rep, 6, 73 Dowell, 1995, A multistate outbreak of oyster‐associated gastroenteritis: implications for interstate tracing of contaminated shellfish, J Infect Dis, 171, 1497, 10.1093/infdis/171.6.1497 Gill, 1983, Epidemic of gastroenteritis caused by oysters contaminated with small round structured viruses, Br Med J Clin Res, 287, 1532, 10.1136/bmj.287.6404.1532 Gunn, 1982, Norwalk virus gastroenteritis following raw oyster consumption, Am J Epidemiol, 115, 348, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113311 Heller, 1986, An outbreak of gastrointestinal illness associated with consumption of raw depurated oysters, Br Med J, 292, 1726, 10.1136/bmj.292.6537.1726 Linco, 1980, The Darwin outbreak of oyster associated viral gastroentertitis, Med J Aust, 1, 21, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb134769.x Murphy, 1979, An Australia‐wide outbreak of gastroenteritis from oysters caused by Norwalk virus, Med J Aust, 2, 329, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1979.tb104133.x 1995, Multistate outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of oysters—Apalachicola Bay, Florida, December 1994‐January 1995, MMWR, 44, 37 Appelton, 1988, Foodborne viral gastroenteritis, an overview, PHLS Microbiol Dig, 5, 69 Moe C, Sobsey M, Stewart P, Crawford‐Brown D. Estimating the risk of human calicivirus infection from drinking water. The First International Workshop on Human Caliciviruses; Atlanta, USA; 1999. p. 4–6. Jones, 1995, Outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with oysters: A Norwalk‐like virus most likely cause, N Z Public Health Rep, 2, 25 Jarman, 1995, Outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of oysters from Northland, N Z Public Health Rep, 2, 26 Olsen, 2000, Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks‐United States 1993–1997, MMWR, 49, 1 Thornhill, 1975, Pattern of shedding of the Norwalk particle in stools during experimentally induced gastroenteritis in volunteers as determined by immune electron microscopy, J Infect Dis, 132, 28, 10.1093/infdis/132.1.28 Dean, 1994 Boom, 1990, Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids, J Clin Microbiol, 28, 495, 10.1128/jcm.28.3.495-503.1990 Traore, 1998, Reverse transcriptase PCR detection of astrovirus, hepatitis A virus and poliovirus in experimentally contaminated mussels: Comparison of several extraction and concentration methods, Appl Environ Microbiol, 64, 3118, 10.1128/AEM.64.8.3118-3122.1998 Chomcyzynski, 1987, Single‐step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium isothiocyanate‐phenol‐chloroform extraction, Anal Biochem, 162, 156 Greening, 2001, Molecular epidemiology of Norwalk‐like viruses (NLVs) associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in New Zealand, J Med Virol, 64, 58, 10.1002/jmv.1018 Ando, 1995, Detection and differentiation of antigenically distinct small round structured viruses (Norwalk‐like viruses) by reverse transcription‐PCR and Southern hybridisation, J Clin Microbiol, 33, 64, 10.1128/jcm.33.1.64-71.1995 1995 Kaplan, 1982, The frequency of Norwalk‐like pattern of illness in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, Am J Public Health, 72, 1329, 10.2105/AJPH.72.12.1329 Hennekens, 1987 Eyles, 1981, Demonstration of viral contamination of oysters responsible for an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis, J Food Protect, 44, 294, 10.4315/0362-028X-44.4.294 Sugieda, 1996, Outbreaks of Norwalk‐like virus‐associated gastroenteritis traced to shellfish: Co‐existence of two genotypes in one specimen, Epidemiol Infect, 116, 339, 10.1017/S0950268800052663 Caul, 1994, Small round structured viruses: airborne transmission and hospital control, Lancet, 343, 1240, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92146-6 Graham, 1994, Norwalk virus infection of volunteers: New insights based on improved assays, J Infect Dis, 170, 34, 10.1093/infdis/170.1.34 Hackney, 1994 Kohn, 1995, An outbreak of Norwalk Virus gastroenteritis associated with eating raw oysters. Implications for maintaining safe oyster beds, J Am Med Assoc, 273, 466, 10.1001/jama.1995.03520300040034 Green, 1999, Comparative detection of enteric viruses in wastewaters, sediments and oysters by reverse transcription‐PCR and cell culture, Wat Res, 33, 1195, 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00313-3 Gerba, 1980, Bacterial indicators and environmental factors as related to contamination of oysters by enteroviruses, J Food Protect, 43, 99, 10.4315/0362-028X-43.2.99 Wheeler, 1999, Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance, Br Med J, 318, 1046, 10.1136/bmj.318.7190.1046 Mead, 1999, Food‐related illness and death in the United States, Emerg Infect Dis, 5, 607, 10.3201/eid0505.990502