Rare tradition of the folk medicinal use of Aconitum spp. is kept alive in Solčavsko, Slovenia
Tóm tắt
Aconitum species are poisonous plants that have been used in Western medicine for centuries. In the nineteenth century, these plants were part of official and folk medicine in the Slovenian territory. According to current ethnobotanical studies, folk use of Aconitum species is rarely reported in Europe. The purpose of this study was to research the folk medicinal use of Aconitum species in Solčavsko, Slovenia; to collect recipes for the preparation of Aconitum spp., indications for use, and dosing; and to investigate whether the folk use of aconite was connected to poisoning incidents. In Solčavsko, a remote alpine area in northern Slovenia, we performed semi-structured interviews with 19 informants in Solčavsko, 3 informants in Luče, and two retired physicians who worked in that area. Three samples of homemade ethanolic extracts were obtained from informants, and the concentration of aconitine was measured. In addition, four extracts were prepared according to reported recipes. All 22 informants knew of Aconitum spp. and their therapeutic use, and 5 of them provided a detailed description of the preparation and use of “voukuc”, an ethanolic extract made from aconite roots. Seven informants were unable to describe the preparation in detail, since they knew of the extract only from the narration of others or they remembered it from childhood. Most likely, the roots of Aconitum tauricum and Aconitum napellus were used for the preparation of the extract, and the solvent was homemade spirits. Four informants kept the extract at home; two extracts were prepared recently (1998 and 2015). Three extracts were analyzed, and 2 contained aconitine. Informants reported many indications for the use of the extract; it was used internally and, in some cases, externally as well. The extract was also used in animals. The extract was measured in drops, but the number of drops differed among the informants. The informants reported nine poisonings with Aconitum spp., but none of them occurred as a result of medicinal use of the extract. In this study, we determined that folk knowledge of the medicinal use of Aconitum spp. is still present in Solčavsko, but Aconitum preparations are used only infrequently.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Norton S. Toxic effects of plants. In: Klaassen CD (editor). Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The basic science of poisons. Sixth edition. McGraw-Hill 2001. 965–976.
Kang Y, Łuczaj ŁJ, Ye S. The highly toxic Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux as a root vegetable in the Qinling Mountains (Shaanxi, China). Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2012;59(7):1569–75.
Jović P. Normativne lekarniške knjige na Slovenskem skozi stoletja (=Standard pharmaceutical books in Slovenija during centuries). Farmacevtski vestnik 2006. 56 (5):305–309.
Pharmacopoea Austriaca. Vindobonae: Apud Kupffer et Wimmer; 1812.
Austriaca P. Editio altera, emendata. Kupffer et Wimmer: Vindobonae; 1814.
Austriaca P. Editio tertia, emendata. Apud Carolum Gerold: Vindobonae; 1820.
Austriaca P. Editio quatra emendata. Typis Cæs. Reg. Aluae et Status Typographiae: Vindobonae; 1834.
Austriaca P. Editio quinta. Caes. Reg. Aulae et Imperii Typographia: Viennae; 1855.
Austriaca P. Editio sexta. Caes. Reg. Aulae et Imperii Typographia: Viennæ; 1869.
Pharmacopoea austriaca. Editio septima. Viennae: Caes. Reg. Aulae et Imperii Typographia; 1889.
Pharmacopoea austriaca. Editio octava. Viennae: Caes. Reg. Aulae et Imperii Typographia; 1906.
Pharmacopoea serbica: Editio secunda. Beograd: Apotekarska komora Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca; 1926.
Jugoslavica P. Jugoslovenska farmakopeja 1933. Apotekarska komora kraljevine Jugoslavije: Beograd; 1934.
Pharmakopöe für das Königreich Württemberg. Neue Bearbeitung (1847). Stuttgart: Deutscher Apotheker Verlag; 1989.
Pharmacopoea germanica: Deutsche Pharmakopöe : aus dem Lateinishcen Texte ins Deutsche übersetzt von Hermann Hager: Unveränderter Nachdruck der Ausgabe von 1872. Stuttgart: Deutscher Apotheker Verlag; 1981.
Pharmacopoea germanica: Deutscher, der lateinischen Ausgabe zu Grunde liegender Entwurf: Unveränderter Nachdruck der Ausgabe von 1882. Editio altera. Stuttgart: Deutscher Apotheker Verlag; 1983.
Arzneibuch für das Deutsche Reich: Pharmacopoea Germanica, editio III: Unveränderter Nachdruck der Ausgabe von 1890. Dritte Ausgabe. Stuttgart: Deutscher Apotheker Verlag; 1984.
Arzneibuch für das Deutsche Reich: Pharmacopoea Germanica, editio IV: Unveränderter Nachdruck der Ausgabe von 1900. Vierte Ausgabe. Stuttgart: Deutscher Apotheker Verlag; 1986.
Deutsches Arzneibuch : 5. Ausgabe 1910. Berlin: Decker; 1910.
Deutsches Arzneibuch : 6. Ausgabe 1926, Neudruck 1951. Stuttgart: Deutscher Apotheker-Verlag; 1951.
Klemperer G, Rost E. Handbuch der allgemeinen und speziellen Arzneiverordnungslehre für Ärzte: mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der deutschen Arzneimittel-Gesetzgebung: zugleich als Pharmacopoea universalis. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1929.
Bohinc P. Koren lečen, koren strupen: kulturna zgodovina naravnih učinkovin. Ljubljana : Državna založba Slovenije. 1992;
Möderndorfer V. Ljudska medicina pri Slovencih. Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti: Ljubljana; 1964.
Makarovič M. O ljudskem zdravilstvu iz Dolenjskega in Bele krajine. Traditiones 2001;30/2: 92–98.
Mariborski delavec. Tiskovna zadruga, 27. Junij 1919;143:2. http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-T2G2SJAA. Accessed 14 Feb 2017.
Jutro: dnevnik za gospodarstvo, prosveto in politiko. Konzorcij jutra, 5.10.1939; 232a:8. http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-6WKU88AJ. Accessed 14 Feb 2017.
Karawanken Bote. Kärntner Volksbund, 11.10.1941;16:5. http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-FQQGGMXM. Accessed 14 Feb 2017.
Celjski tednik: glasilo osvobodilne fronte okrajev Celje-mesto, Celje-okolica in Šoštanj. Okrožni odbor OF, 14.10.1950;41:2. http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-VYY02N76. Accessed 14 Feb 2017.
Dolenjski list. Dolenjski list, 21.07.1966;28:7. http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-WH0RPPOK. Accessed 14 Feb 2017.
Slovenec: političen list za slovenski narod. Ljudska tiskarna, 28.04.1935;97a:10. http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-11KYS7J0. Accessed 14 Feb 2017.
Slovenec: političen list za slovenski narod. Ljudska tiskarna, 24.04.1938;93a: 12. http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-C75YGUTT. Accessed 14 Feb 2017.
Cilenšek M. Naše škodljive rastline v podobi in besedi. Družba sv. Mohorja: Celovec; 1892.
Ašič S. Pomoč iz domače lekarne : ob 850-letnici stiškega samostana (1135–1985). Mohorjeva družba: Celje; 1984.
Ašič S. Pomoč iz domače lekarne II. Mohorjeva družba: Celje; 1987.
Ašič S. Priročnik za nabiranje zdravilnih rastlin. Mohorjeva družba: Celje; 1989.
Treben M. Zdravje iz Božje lekarne : nasveti in izkušnje z zdravilnimi zelišči. Mavrica: Celje; 1992.
Polunin M, Robbins C. Naravna lekarna. Domus: Ljubljana; 1993.
Saupe J. Naravni zdravnik : zdravje iz zdravilnih rastlin. Slovenska knjiga: Ljubljana; 1998.
Pravilnik o razvrstitvi zdravilnih rastlin. In: Uradni list Republike Slovenije, 103/2008, 30.10.2008. https://www.uradni-list.si/glasilo-uradni-list-rs/vsebina/88951. Accessed 14 Feb 2017.
Makarovič M. Zdravstvena kultura agrarnega prebivalstva v 19. stoletju. Slovenski etnograf 1988; 33/34:481–528.
Dolenc M. Bibliografija rokopisnih ljudsko-medicinskih bukev in zapisov s slovenskega etničnega območja. Slovenski Etnograf. 1983;31:31–74.
Lemery N. Dictionaire, ou traité universel des drogues simples. 4. Ed. Rotterdam: Chez Jean Hofhout; 1727.
Sarić-Kundalić B, Dobeš C, Klatte-Asselmeyer V, Saukel J. Ethnobotanical survey of traditionally used plants in human therapy of east, north and north-east Bosnia and Herzegovina. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(3):1051–76.
Mustafa B, Hajdari A, Krasniqi F, Hoxha E, Ademi H, Quave CL, Pieroni A. Medical ethnobotany of the Albanian alps in Kosovo. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2012; doi:10.1186/1746-4269-8-6.
Bellia G, Pieroni A. Isolated, but transnational: the glocal nature of Waldensian ethnobotany, western alps. NW Italy J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2015; doi:10.1186/s13002-015-0027-1.
Kramar N. Zasnova tematske turistične poti v občini Solčava. Graduation Thesis. Ljubljana: Faculty of arts, University of Ljubljana; 2013.
Pajek J. Črtice iz duševnega žitka štajerskih Slovencev. Matica Slovenska: Ljubljana; 1884.
Videčnik A. Rože in čarovnije. Zavod za kulturo: Mozirje; 1995.
Fužir K. Potovke v Zgornji Savinjski dolini. Šaleški razgledi. 2012;13 http://www.knjiznica-velenje.si/filelib/2010-knjiznica/domoznanstvo/saleski_razgledi/fuzir_potovke.pdf. Accessed 14 Feb 2017.
Tongco MDC. Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobot Res Appl. 2007;5:147–58.
Bernard HR. Research methods in anthropology: qualitative and quantitative methods. 4th ed. Oxford: AltaMira Press; 2007.
Martinčič A, Wraber T, Jogan N, Ravnik V, Podobnik A, Turk B, et al. Mala flora Slovenije: ključ za določanje praprotnic in semenk. Tehniška založba Slovenije: Ljubljana; 1999.
Caravati EM, McCowan CL, Marshall SW. Plants. In: Dart RC, editor. Medical Toxicology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004. p. 1671–714.
Jogan N, Bačič T, Frajman B, Leskovar I, Naglič D, Podobnik A, et al. Materials for the atlas of flora of Slovenia. Miklavž na Dravskem Polju: Center Za kartografijo favne in Flore; 2001.
Pravilnik o uvrstitvi ogroženih rastlinskih in živalskih vrst v rdeči seznam. In: Uradni list Republike Slovenije, 82/2002, 24.9.2002. https://www.uradni-list.si/glasilo-uradni-list-rs/vsebina?urlid=200282&stevilka=4055. Accessed 14 Feb 2017.