Rare earth element-bearing fluorite deposits of Turkey: An overview

Altuncu, 2009, 147 Altunkaynak, 2012, Spatial, temporal and geochemical evolution of Oligo-Miocene granitoid magmatism in western Anatolia, Turkey, Gondwana Res., 21, 961, 10.1016/j.gr.2011.10.010 Altunkaynak, 2012, Eocene granitic magmatism in NW Anatolia (Turkey) revisited: new implications from comparative zircon SHRIMP U-Pb and 40Ar-39Ar geochronology and isotope geochemistry on magma genesis and emplacement, Lithos, 155, 289, 10.1016/j.lithos.2012.09.008 Aysal, 2015, Mineral chemistry, crystallization conditions and geodynamic implications of the Oligo-Miocene granitoids in the Biga Peninsula, Northwest Turkey, J. Asian Earth Sci., 105, 68, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.03.026 Bakker, 2003, Package FLUIDS 1. Computer programs for analysis of fluid inclusion data and for modelling bulk fluid properties, Chem. Geol., 194, 3, 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00268-1 Bau, 1991, Rare-earth element mobility during hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid–rock interaction and the significance of the oxidation state of europium, Chem. Geol., 93, 219, 10.1016/0009-2541(91)90115-8 Bau, 2003, Tracing element sources of hydrothermal mineral deposits: REE and Y distribution and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes in fluorite from MVT deposits in the Pennine Orefield, England, Mineralum Deposita, 38–8, 992, 10.1007/s00126-003-0376-x Bensurov, 1966, On the forms in which tin is transported in hydrothermal solutions, Geochent. Int., 3, 759 Bodnar, 1984, Systematics of stretching of fluid inclusions I: fluorite and sphalerite at 1 atmosphere confining pressure, Econ. Geol., 79, 141, 10.2113/gsecongeo.79.1.141 Bodnar, 2014, Fluid inclusions in hydrothermal ore deposits, 119 Boynton, 1984, Geochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies, 63 Boztuğ, 1998, Post-collisional Central Anatolian alkaline plutonism, Turkey, Turk. J. Earth Sci., 7, 145 Boztuğ, 1998, Geodynamic significance of metamorphism-magmatism synchronization and S-I-A type magmatic rock associations in Central Anatolia, Turkey, 31 Boztuğ, 2007, K-Ar age, whole-rock and isotope geochemistry of A-type granitoids in the Divriği-Sivas region, eastern-central Anatolia, Turkey, Lithos, 97, 193, 10.1016/j.lithos.2006.12.014 Bühn, 2002, The nature of orthomagmatic carbonatitic fluids precipitating REE, Sr-rich fluorite: fluid inclusion evidence from the Okorusu fluorite deposit, Namibia, Chem. Geol., 186, 75, 10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00421-1 Bünyamin, 2015, Geochemical associations between fluorite mineralization and A-type shoshonitic magmatism in the Keban-Elazıg area, East Anatolia, Turkey, J. Afr. Earth Sc., 111, 222, 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.08.003 Chakhmouradian, 2012, Rare earth elements: minerals, mines, magnets (and more), Elements, 8, 347, 10.2113/gselements.8.5.347 Darling, 1991, An extended equation to calculate NaCl contents from final clathrate melting temperatures in H2O-CO2-NaCl fluid inclusions: implications for P-T isochore location, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 55, 3869, 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90079-K Denny, 2008, The Illinois-Kentucky Fluorite District, Hicks Dome, and Garden of the Gods in southeastern Illinois and northwestern Kentucky, 11 Dill, 2008, Fossil fuels, ore and industrial minerals, 1341 Dill, 2010, The “chessboard” classification scheme of mineral deposits: mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium, Earth-Sci. Rev., 100, 1, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.10.011 Dill, 2015, Pegmatites and aplites: their genetic and applied ore geology, Ore Geol. Rev., 69, 417, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.02.022 Dill, 2016, Chemical, isotopic and mineralogical characteristics of volcanogenic epithermal fluorite deposits on the Permo-Mesozoic foreland of the Andean volcanic arc in Patagonia (Argentina), Chemie der Erde (Geochemistry), 76, 275, 10.1016/j.chemer.2016.03.002 Dingwell, 1998, Melt viscosities in the system Na-Fe-Si-O-F-Cl: contrasting effects of F and Cl in alkaline melts, Am. Mineral., 83, 1016, 10.2138/am-1998-9-1009 Dingwell, 1985, The effect of fluorine on viscosities in the system Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2: implications for phonolites, trachytes and rhyolites, Am. Mineral., 70, 80 Edgar, 1985, Fluorine and chlorine contents of phlogopites crystallized from ultrapotassic rock compositions in high pressure experiments: implication for halogen reservoirs in source regions, Am. Mineral., 70, 529 Elliott, 2018, Fenites associated with carbonatite complexes: a review, Ore Geol. Rev., 93, 38, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.12.003 European Commission, 2014. Report on critical raw materials for the EU, Report of the ad-hoc working group on defining critical raw materials. European Commission, Raw Materials Supply Group, May 2014, 41 pp. http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/raw-materials/specific-interest/critical_en. Gagnon, 2003, Compositional heterogeneity in fluorite and the genesis of fluorite deposits: insights from LA-ICP-MS analysis, Canad. Mineral., 41, 365, 10.2113/gscanmin.41.2.365 Gammons, 2002, Complexation of the rare earth elements with aqueous chloride at 200 °C and 300 °C and saturated water vapour pressure, Geochem. Soc. Spec. Publ., 7, 191 Genç, 2006, Genessis of the Neogene interstratal karst-type Pöhrenk fluorite-barite (± lead) deposit (Kırşehir, Central Anatolia, Turkey), Ore Geol. Rev., 29, 105, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.11.005 Giordano, 2008, Viscosity of magmatic liquids: a model, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 271, 123, 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.038 Goldschmidt, 1954, 730 González-Partida, 2003, Fluorite deposits at Encantada-Buenavista, Mexico: products of Mississippi Valley type processes, Ore Geol. Rev., 23, 107, 10.1016/S0169-1368(03)00018-0 Goodenough, 2016, Europe's rare earth element resource potential: an overview of REE metallogenetic provinces and their geodynamic setting, Ore Geol. Rev., 72, 838, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.09.019 Goodenough, 2018, The rare earth elements: demand, global resources, and challenges for resourcing future generations, Nat. Resour. Res., 27, 201, 10.1007/s11053-017-9336-5 Gültekin, 2003, Geology, mineralogy and fluid inclusion data of the Kızılcaören fluorite barite REE deposit, Eskisehir, Turkey, J. Asian Earth Sci., 21, 365, 10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00019-6 Gürsu, 2015, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 4329 Hatzl, 1992, 271 Hein, 1990, The fluorite vein mineralization of the southern Alps: combined application of fluid inclusions and rare earth element (REE) distribution, Mineral. Mag., 54, 325, 10.1180/minmag.1990.054.375.18 Hess, 1995, The influence of excess alkalis on the viscosity of a haplogranitic melt, Am. Mineral., 80, 297, 10.2138/am-1995-3-411 Hou, 2009, The Himalayan Mianning–Dechang REE belt associated with carbonatite–alkaline complexes, eastern Indo-Asian collision zone, SW China, Ore Geol. Rev., 36, 65, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2009.03.001 Iglesias, 1994, Geological, geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the Asturias fluorspar district, northern Spain, Explor. Min. Geol., 3, 31 Işık, 2008, 39Ar/40Ar ages from the Yozgat Batholith: preliminary data on the timing of Late Cretaceous extension in the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey, J. Geol., 116, 510, 10.1086/590922 Kalender, 2011, Oxygen, carbon and sulphur isotope studies in the Keban Pb-Zn deposits, eastern Turkey: an approach on the origin of hydrothermal fluids, J. Afr. Earth Sc., 59, 341, 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.01.001 Kaplan, 1977, Rare earth element and thorium deposit of the Kızılcaören (Eskişehir-Sivrihisar), Geol. Eng., 2, 29 Kaplan, H., 1977b. Final report of the Eskişehir-Sivrihisar-Kızılcaören “bastnasite-barite –flourite complex ore. MTA Report no: 482, Ankara. Kimberly, 1979, High-temperature uranium geochemistry. Uranium deposits: their- Mineralogy and Origin, 101 Koç, 2003, Geochemistry of fluorite mineralization in Kaman, Kırşehir, Turkey, J. Geol. Soc. India, 62, 302 Koç, 2001, Rare earth element geochemistry and fluid inclusion study of Akçakent fluorite veins in central Anatolian massif of Turkey, Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 26, 97 Köksal, 2004, Timing of post-collision H-type to A-type granitic magmatism: U-Pb titanite ages from the Alpine central Anatolian granitoids Turkey, Int. J. Earth Sci., 93, 974, 10.1007/s00531-004-0432-5 Kuşcu, 2013, Late Cretaceous to middle Eocene magmatism and metallogeny of a portion of the Southeastern Anatolian Orogenic Belt, east central Turkey, Econ. Geol., 108, 641, 10.2113/econgeo.108.4.641 Lai, 2012, Geochemical constraints on genesis of dolomite marble in the Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit, Inner Mongolia: implications for REE mineralization, J. Asian Earth Sci., 57, 90, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.06.008 Lange, 1994, The effect of H2O, CO2 and F on the density and viscosity of silicate melts, Mineral. Soc. Am. Rev. Mineral., 30, 331 Leo, 1978, 1429 Levresse, 2003, Fluid characteristics of the world-class, carbonate-hosted Las Cuevas fluorite-deposit (San Luis Potosí, Mexico), J. Geochem. Explor., 78–79, 537, 10.1016/S0375-6742(03)00145-6 Levresse, 2006, The “El Pilote” fluorite skarn: a crucial deposit in the understanding and interpretation of the origin and mobilization of F from northern Mexico deposits, J. Geochem. Explor., 89, 205, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.11.042 Liu, 2017, A synthesis of mineralization styles with an integrated genetic model of carbonatite-syenite-hosted REE deposits in the Cenozoic Mianning-Dechang REE metallogenic belt, the eastern Tibetan Plateau, southwestern China, J. Asian Earth Sci., 137, 35, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.01.010 Liu, 2018, Development of REE mineralization in the giant Maoniuping deposit (Sichuan, China): insights from mineralogy, fluid inclusions, and trace-element geochemistry, Miner. Deposita, 10.1007/s00126-018-0836-y Migdisov, 2008, A Spectrophotometric study of Nd(III), Sm(III) and Er(III) complexation in sulfate- bearing solutions at elevated temperatures, Geoochem. Cosmochem. Acta, 725291 Migdisov, 2014, Hydrothermal transport and deposition of the rare earth elements by fluorine-bearing aqueous liquids, Miner. Deposita, 49, 987, 10.1007/s00126-014-0554-z Moix, 2008, A new classification of the Turkish terranes and sutures and its implication for the paleotectonic history of the region, Tectonophysics, 451, 7, 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.044 Möller, 1976, The Application of Tb/Ca-Tb/La Abundance Ratios to Problems Fluorspar Genesis, Miner. Deposita, 11, 111, 10.1007/BF00203098 Möller, 1983, On the chemical fractionation of REE during the formation of Ca-minerals and its application to problems of the genesis of ore deposits, 747 MTA, 1979. Fluorite Deposits of Turkey. Publ. of Mineral Research and Exploration Gen. Dir. Ankara, Ankara, No. 176. MTA, 1989. Fluorite deposits of Turkey: Publ. of Mineral Research and Exploration Gen. Dir. Ankara, No: 179. Nikiforov, 2014, Kızılcaören ore-bearing complex with carbonatites (Northwestern Anatolia, Turkey): formation time and mineralogy of rocks, Geol. Ore Deposits, 56, 35, 10.1134/S107570151401005X O’Connor, 1993, Fluid inclusion studies, rare-earth element chemistry and age of hydrothermal mineralization in western Ireland- a link with continental rifting? Transection of Institution Mining and, Metallurgy (Section B: Appl. Earth Sci.), 102, 141 Okay, 2008, Geology of Turkey: A Synopsis. Anschnitt, 21, 19 Okay, 2011, Tavşanlı Zone: the Northern subducted margin of the Anatolide- Tauride Block, Mineral Res. Expl. Bull. Turkey, 142, 191 Okay, 2006, Geochronology of Eocene plutonism and metamorphism in northwest Turkey: evidence for a possible magmatic arc, Geodin. Acta, 19, 251, 10.3166/ga.19.251-266 Özgenç, 1993, Geology and REE geochemisty of the Kızılcaören (Sivrihisar-Eskişehir) carbothermal bastnasite -fluorite-barite deposit, Geol. Bull. Turkey, 36, 1 Özgenç, 1993, Geology and genesis of fluorite deposit of Ovacık (Tavşanlı-Kütahya). Turkey, Geol. Eng., 43, 5 Özgenç, 1994, The geology and chemical-mineralogical properties of Britholite veins of Başören village (Kuluncak-Malatya), Turkey, Geol. Bull. Turkey, 37, 77 Öztürk, 2016, Geochemical characteristics of iron ore deposits in central eastern Turkey: an approach to their genesis, Int. Geol. Rev., 58, 673, 10.1080/00206814.2016.1183236 Özüş, 1986, Akkaya (Feke-Adana) Fluorit-Barit minealization and its genesis, Bull. Geol. Soc. Turkey, 29, 35 Rajabzadeh, 2007, A fluid inclusion study of a large MVT barite-fluorite deposit: Komshecheh, Central Iran, Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. A, 31, 73 Revan, 2003, Malatya-Yeşilyurt altınlı fluorit cevherleşmesi: Toroslarda Paleokarst tipi bir yatak, Jeoloji Müh. Der., 27, 76 Richardson, 1979, Fluorite deposition in hydrothermal systems, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 43, 1327, 10.1016/0016-7037(79)90122-4 Roedder, 1984, Fluid Inclusions: Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 12, 646p Sanchez, 2009, Sources and composition of fluids associated with fluorite deposits of Asturias (N Spain), Geofluids, 9, 338, 10.1111/j.1468-8123.2009.00259.x Şaşmaz, 2007, REE geochemistry and fluid-inclusion studies of fluorite deposits from the Yaylagözü area (Yıldızeli-Sivas) in Central Turkey, N. Jb. Miner. Abh., 183, 215, 10.1127/0077-7757/2007/0077 Şaşmaz, 1999, Geochemie der fluorite von Karamagara des Lagerstatten-distriktes Keban, Elazig, Türkei. Z. Geol. Wiss., 26, 409 Şaşmaz, 2005, Origin and nature of the mineralizing fluids of thrust zone fluorites in Çelikhan (Adıyaman, Eastern Turkey): a geochemical approach, Geochem. J., 39, 131, 10.2343/geochemj.39.131 Şaşmaz, 2005, Geochemical patterns of the Akdagmadeni (Yozgat, Central Turkey) fluorite deposits and implications, J. Asian Earth Sci., 24, 469, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.01.003 Sato, 2003, Fluorite deposits at Voznesenka in the Khanka Massif, Russia: geology and age of mineralization, Resour. Geol., 53, 193, 10.1111/j.1751-3928.2003.tb00169.x Schneider, 1975, Rare earth element distribution in fluorites and carbonate sediments of the East-Alpine Mid-Trassic sequences in the Nördliche Kalkalpen, Miner. Deposita, 10, 330, 10.1007/BF00207892 Schönenberger, 2008, REE systematics of fluorides, calcite and siderite in peralkaline plutonic rocks from the Gardar Province, South Greenland, Chem. Geol., 247, 16, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.10.002 Şengör, 1981, Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach, Tectonophysics, 75, 181, 10.1016/0040-1951(81)90275-4 Shannon, 1976, Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides, Acta Crystallogr. A, 32, 751, 10.1107/S0567739476001551 Shepherd, 1985, 239 Smith, 2015, A review of the world class Bayan Obo Fe-REE-Nb deposits, Inner Mongolia, China. Multistage processes and outstanding questions, Ore Geol. Rev., 64, 459, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.03.007 Smith, 2000, Preliminary fluid inclusion constraints on fluid evolution in the Bayan Obo Fe-REE-Nb deposit, Inner Mongolia, China, Econ. Geol., 95, 1371, 10.2113/gsecongeo.95.7.1371 Strong, 1984, Genesis of the St Lawrence fluorspar deposits as indicated by fluid inclusion, rare earth element and isotopic data, Econ. Geol., 79, 1142, 10.2113/gsecongeo.79.5.1142 Stumpel, 1985, Fluorite-barite-rare earths deposits at Kızılcaören, Turkey, Mitt. Österr. Geol. Ges., 78, 193 Taş, 2009, 131 Tekin, 2002, Epigenetic origin of celestite deposits in the Tertiary Sivas Basin: new mineralogical and geochemical evidence, Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, 7, 289, 10.1127/0028-3649/2002/2002-0289 Thomas, 2005, Formation of extremely F-rich hydrous melt fractions and hydrothermal fluids during differentiation of highly evolved tin-granite magmas: a melt/fluid-inclusion study, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 148, 582, 10.1007/s00410-004-0624-9 Tsay, 2014, Efficient mobilization and fractionation of rare-earth elements by aqueous fluids upon slab dehydration, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 398, 101, 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.04.042 Ucurum, 1997, Fluid inclusion study of the Tad Deresi fluorite deposits, Akdağmadeni, Central Turkey, Turk. J. Earth Sci., 6, 13, 10.55730/1300-0985.1721 Uras, 2004, REE geochemisty of the İsahocalı (Kırşehir) and e Feke (Adana) region fluorites, Geosound, 44–45, 124 Van den Berg, 2017, 132 Van den Kerkhof, 2001, Fluid inclusion petrography, 27 Van Den Kerkhof, 2001, Carbonic inclusions, 49 Verplanck, 2016, Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits, Rev. Econ. Geol., 18, 365 p Verplanck, 2014, A deposit model for carbonatite and peralkaline intrusion-related rare earth element deposits, 58 Weng, 2015, A Detailed assessment of global rare earth element resources: opportunities and challenges, Econ. Geol., 110, 1925, 10.2113/econgeo.110.8.1925 Willams-Jones, 2000, The genessis of hydrothermal fluorite±ree deposits in the gallinas mountains, New Mexico, Econ. Geol., 95, 327, 10.2113/gsecongeo.95.2.327 Williams-Jones, 2012, Hydrothermal Mobilisation of the Rare Earth Elements-a Tale of “Ceria” and “Yttria”, Elements, 8, 355, 10.2113/gselements.8.5.355 Xu, 2008, Comparison of the Daluxiang and Maoniuping carbonatitic REE deposits with Bayan Obo REE deposit, China, Lithos, 106, 12, 10.1016/j.lithos.2008.06.005 Xu, 2012, Comparison of fluorite geochemistry from REE deposits in the Panxi region and Bayan Obo, China, J. Asian Earth Sci., 57, 76, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.06.007 Yaman, 1984, Thermo optic analyse of the Bayındır (Kaman) fluorite veins, 23 Yaman, 1985, Geology and fluid inclusion study of the Akçakent (Çiçekdağı-Kırşehir) Region Fluorite deposits, Bull. Geol. Soc. Turkey, 22, 73 Yang, 2003, A rare earth element-rich carbonatite dyke at Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, North China, Mineral. Petrol., 78, 93, 10.1007/s00710-002-0220-5 Yang, 2009, Geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit in Inner Mongolia, China, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73, 1417, 10.1016/j.gca.2008.12.003 Yigit, 2009, Mineral deposits of turkey in relation to tethyan metallogeny: implications for future mineral exploration, Econ. Geol., 104, 19, 10.2113/gsecongeo.104.1.19 Yılmaz, 1997, Geology and Tectonic evolution of the Pontides: in A.G.Robinson, ed., Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region, AAPG Mem., 68, 183 Zhongxin, 1992, Geological features and genesis of the Bayan Obo REE ore deposit, Inner Mongolia, China, Appl. Geochem., 7, 429, 10.1016/0883-2927(92)90004-M