Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial Comparing Room-Temperature and Heated Lidocaine for Digital Nerve Block

Wrightman, 1976, Comparison of compounds used for intradermal anesthetic, Anesthesiology, 45, 687, 10.1097/00000542-197612000-00024 Morris, 1984, A controlled trial of pain on skin infiltration with local anesthetics, Anaesth Intensive Care, 12, 113, 10.1177/0310057X8401200204 Cristoph, 1988, Pain reduction in local anaesthetic administration through pH buffering, Ann Emerg Med, 17, 117, 10.1016/S0196-0644(88)80293-2 MacKay, 1987, Sodium bicarbonate attenuates pain on skin infiltration with lidocaine, with or without epinephrine, Anesth Analg, 66, 572 Bartfield, 1992, Buffered lidocaine as a local anaesthetic: An investigation of shelf life, Ann Emerg Med, 21, 16, 10.1016/S0196-0644(05)82230-9 Finkel, 1987, Heating lidocaine appears to prevent painful injection, Am J Radiol, 148, 651 Davidson, 1992, Warming lignocaine to reduce pain associated with injection, BMJ, 305, 617, 10.1136/bmj.305.6854.617 Kaplan, 1987, Does heating lidocaine decrease the pain of injection?, Am J Radiol, 149, 1291 Arndt, 1983, Minimizing the pain of local anaesthesia, Plast Reconstr Surg, 72, 676, 10.1097/00006534-198311000-00017 Alonso, 1993, Pain-temperature relation in the application of local anaesthesia, Br J Plast Surg, 46, 76, 10.1016/0007-1226(93)90070-R Bainbridge, 1991, Comparison of room temperature and body temperature local anaesthetic solutions, Br J Plast Surg, 44, 147, 10.1016/0007-1226(91)90050-T Cragg, 1988, A prospective blinded trial of warm and cold lidocaine for intradermal injection, Am J Radiol, 150, 1183 Bartfield, 1993, Buffered versus plain lidocaine for digital nerve blocks, Ann Emerg Med, 22, 216, 10.1016/S0196-0644(05)80206-9 Moore, 1981, The pH of local anesthetic solutions, Anesth Analg, 60, 833, 10.1213/00000539-198111000-00012 Scott, 1976, Graphic representation of pain, Pain, 2, 175, 10.1016/0304-3959(76)90113-5 McGlone, 1990, Reducing the pain of intradermal lignocaine injection by pH buffering, Arch Emerg Med, 7, 65, 10.1136/emj.7.2.65 Long, 1991, Taking the “sting” out of local anaesthetics, Br J Dermatol, 125, 452, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb14771.x Shulkin, 1989, The burning truth (abstract), Int J Dermatol, 28, 483, 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1989.tb02524.x Bartfield, 1990, Buffered versus plain lidocaine as a local anesthetic for simple laceration repair, Ann Emerg Med, 19, 1387, 10.1016/S0196-0644(05)82603-4 Lugo-Janer, 1993, Less painful alternatives for local anesthesia, J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 19, 237, 10.1111/j.1524-4725.1993.tb00342.x Stewart, 1994, A clinical investigation using buffered lidocaine as a local anesthetic (abstract), Ann Emerg Med, 23, 626, 10.1016/S0196-0644(94)80359-5 Harrison, 1991, Does lignocaine temperature alter pain perception during cutaneous local anaesthesia?, Clin Exp Dermatol, 16, 312, 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1991.tb00389.x Bruce, 1989, Techniques of Regional Anaesthesia, 114