Rainfall intensity and intermittency over timescales of minutes: Measurement using low sampling-rate acoustic recording

Alsarayreh, 2011, Quantifying snowfall rates using underwater sound, Atmosphere-Ocean, 49, 61, 10.1080/07055900.2011.573463 Anagnostou, 2022, Application of underwater passive acoustic measurements of ocean sound in precipitation estimation, 37 Au, 2016 Beacham, 2020, Sound generation by water drop impact on surfaces, Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci., 117, 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2020.110138 Beason, 2019, AURITA: an affordable, autonomous recording device for acoustic monitoring of audible and ultrasonic frequencies, Bioacoustics, 28, 381, 10.1080/09524622.2018.1463293 Bedoya, 2017, Automatic identification of rainfall in acoustic recordings, Ecol. Indic., 75, 95, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.018 Connolly, 1998, A daily rainfall disaggregation model, Agric. For. Meteorol., 92, 105, 10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00088-4 Crockford, 1991, A comparison of methods for measuring the angle and direction of rainfall, Agric. For. Meteorol., 55, 213, 10.1016/0168-1923(91)90063-V de Lima, 1990, The effect of oblique rain on inclined surfaces: a nomograph for the rain-gauge correction factor, J. Hydrol., 115, 407, 10.1016/0022-1694(90)90218-M Dunkerley, 2020, Acquiring unbiased rainfall duration and intensity data from tipping-bucket rain gauges: a new approach using synchronised acoustic recordings, Atmos. Res., 244, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105055 Dunkerley, 2021, Rainfall drop arrival rate at the ground: a potentially informative parameter in the experimental study of infiltration, soil erosion, and related land surface processes, CATENA, 206, 10.1016/j.catena.2021.105552 Dunkerley, 2021, Light and low-intensity rainfalls: a review of their classification, occurrence, and importance in landsurface, ecological and environmental processes, Earth Sci. Rev., 103529 Farina, 2014 Gasc, 2018, Soundscapes reveal disturbance impacts: biophonic response to wildfire in the Sonoran Desert Sky Islands, Landsc. Ecol., 33, 1399, 10.1007/s10980-018-0675-3 Gaucherel, 2015, The pluviophone: measuring rainfall by its sound, J. Vib. Acoust., 137, 10.1115/1.4029645 Gires, 2018, Two months of disdrometer data in the Paris area, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 941, 10.5194/essd-10-941-2018 Guico, 2018, Design and development of a novel acoustic rain sensor with automated telemetry, MATEC Web Conf., 201, 03003, 10.1051/matecconf/201820103003 Guo, 2019, Chaac: real-time and fine-grained rain detection and measurement using smartphones, IEEE Internet Things J., 6, 997, 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2866690 Guzzetti, 2008, The rainfall intensity–duration control of shallow landslides and debris flows: an update, Landslides, 5, 3, 10.1007/s10346-007-0112-1 Jackson, 1972, Rainfall measurements at Taita experimental station, New Zealand: 2 — tilted raingauges and vectopluviometers, J. Hydrol. N. Z., 11, 15 Karlsson, 2021, The Kinabalu Recorder, a new passive acoustic and environmental monitoring recorder, Methods Ecol. Evol., 12, 2109, 10.1111/2041-210X.13671 Lamont, 2022, HydroMoth: testing a prototype low-cost acoustic recorder for aquatic environments, Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv., 8, 362, 10.1002/rse2.249 Lanza, 2022, Accuracy assessment and intercomparison of precipitation measurement instruments, 3 Leeper, 2015, Evaporation from weighing precipitation gauges: impacts on automated gauge measurements and quality assurance methods, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2291, 10.5194/amt-8-2291-2015 Li, 2020, Prediction of acoustic energy radiated by bubble produced by raindrops, Math. Probl. Eng., 2020, 10.1155/2020/4581937 Lu, 2012, Acoustic measurements of soil pipeflow and internal erosion, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 76, 853, 10.2136/sssaj2011.0308 Ma, 2005, Passive acoustic detection and measurement of rainfall at sea, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 22, 1225, 10.1175/JTECH1773.1 Ma, 2005, Prediction of underwater sound levels from rain and wind, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 117, 3555, 10.1121/1.1910283 Mandeep, 2008, 60- to 1-min rainfall-rate conversion: comparison of existing prediction methods with data obtained in the Southeast Asia Region, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 47, 925, 10.1175/2007JAMC1600.1 Muñoz, 2016, Effect of the resolution of tipping-bucket rain gauge and calculation method on rainfall intensities in an Andean Mountain gradient, Water, 8, 534, 10.3390/w8110534 Nystuen, 2001, Listening to raindrops from underwater: an acoustic disdrometer, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 18, 1640, 10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<1640:LTRFUA>2.0.CO;2 Peleg, 2022, Brief communication: the potential use of low-cost acoustic sensors in short-term urban flood warnings, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 2022, 1 Pendergrass, 2014, Changes in the distribution of rain frequency and intensity in response to global warming, J. Clim., 27, 8372, 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00183.1 Rinehart, 1983, Out-of-level instruments: errors in hydrometeor spectra and precipitation measurements, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 22, 1404, 10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1404:OOLIEI>2.0.CO;2 Rostami, 2022, Application of active acoustic transducers in monitoring and assessment of terrestrial ecosystem health—a review, Methods Ecol. Evol., 13, 2682, 10.1111/2041-210X.14004 Ryżak, 2016, Sound wave energy resulting from the impact of water drops on the soil surface, PLoS One, 11, e0158472, 10.1371/journal.pone.0158472 Sánchez-Giraldo, 2020, Ecoacoustics in the rain: understanding acoustic indices under the most common geophonic source in tropical rainforests, Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv., 6, 248, 10.1002/rse2.162 Schleiss, 2018, How intermittency affects the rate at which rainfall extremes respond to changes in temperature, Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 955, 10.5194/esd-9-955-2018 Sieck, 2007, Challenges in obtaining reliable measurements of point rainfall, Water Resour. Res., 43, 10.1029/2005WR004519 Stagnaro, 2016, Performance of post-processing algorithms for rainfall intensity using measurements from tipping-bucket rain gauges, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5699, 10.5194/amt-9-5699-2016 Steiner, 2005, Revisiting “ground-truth” — Assessment of wind and out-of-level collector funnel effects on rain gauge catch Tapiador, 2017, On the optimal measuring area for pointwise rainfall estimation: a dedicated experiment with 14 laser disdrometers, J. Hydrometeorol., 18, 753, 10.1175/JHM-D-16-0127.1 Trono, 2012, Rainfall monitoring using acoustic sensors Trucco, 2022, A supervised learning approach for rainfall detection from underwater noise analysis, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., 47, 213, 10.1109/JOE.2021.3091769 Vasconcelos, 2022, A low-cost multi-purpose IoT sensor for biologging and soundscape activities, Sensors, 22, 7100, 10.3390/s22197100 Wang, 2022, Rainfall observation using surveillance audio, Appl. Acoust., 186, 10.1016/j.apacoust.2021.108478 Whytock, 2017, Solo: an open source, customizable and inexpensive audio recorder for bioacoustic research, Methods Ecol. Evol., 8, 308, 10.1111/2041-210X.12678 Wijers, 2021, CARACAL: a versatile passive acoustic monitoring tool for wildlife research and conservation, Bioacoustics, 30, 41, 10.1080/09524622.2019.1685408 Williams, 2014, Nonlinear circuits. Chapter 15 Winder, 2013, Direct and indirect measurement of rain drop size distributions using an acoustic water tank disdrometer, Meas. Sci. Technol., 24, 10.1088/0957-0233/24/6/065801 Wu, 2018, Effects of soil type and rainfall intensity on sheet erosion processes and sediment characteristics along the climatic gradient in central-South China, Sci. Total Environ., 621, 54, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.202 Yang, 2016, Structure and evolution of flash flood producing storms in a small urban watershed, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 3139, 10.1002/2015JD024478