Radicalism and Life Meaningfulness Among Hong Kong Youth
Tóm tắt
According to significance quest theory, radicalism arises from a deficit in life meaningfulness. However, radicalism springs from life meaningfulness, according to meaning maintenance and other principles in existentialist How life meaningfulness predicts radicalism is thus a research question. This study addresses the question with a survey of 4,385 youths in Hong Kong, China. Results indicate that life meaningfulness positively predicted radicalism, slightly more positively when radicalism in the previous year had been higher. Meanwhile, education, employment, and native status positively predicted radicalism and life meaningfulness, showing their homology in meaning sources. These results imply that radicalism prevention needs to reform the meaning basis for life meaningfulness to be socially desirable.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adorjan, M., Khiatani, P. V., & Chui, W. H. (2021). The rise and ongoing legacy of localism as collective identity in Hong Kong: Resinicisation anxieties and punishment of political dissent in the post-colonial era. Punishment & Society, 146247452110403, doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211040308.
Amjad, N., & Wood, A. M. (2009). Identifying and changing the normative beliefs about aggression which lead young muslim adults to join extremist anti-semitic groups in Pakistan. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 514–519.
Aviad-Wilchek, Y., Ne’eman-Haviv, V., & Malka, M. (2017). Connection between suicidal ideation, life meaning, and Leisure Time Activities. Deviant Behavior, 38, 621–632. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1197590.
Barr, A. B., & Simons, R. L. (2015). Different dimensions, different mechanisms? Distinguishing relationship status and quality effects on desistance. Journal of Family Psychology, 29, 360–370. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000079.
Berger, J. M. (2018). Extremism. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
Bernstein, A. (2012). Capitalist solutions: a philosophy of american moral dilemmas. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Bogg, R. A. (1999). Dostoevsky’s enigmas. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 4, 371–386. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-1789(98)00010-x.
Botticher, A. (2017). Towards academic consensus definitions of radicalism and extremism. Perspectives on Terrorism, 11(4), 73–77.
Brynner, J. (2000). Social change and the sequence of developmental transitions. In L. J. Crockett, & R. K. Silbereisen (Eds.), Negotiating adolescence in times of social change (pp. 89–103). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Bukit, M. L. (2022). Bangsamoro separatism and classical counterinsurgency: reconsidering revolutionary war in the Southern Philippines. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2021.2016541.
Chan, M. (2020). Partisan selective exposure and the perceived effectiveness of contentious political actions in Hong Kong. Asian Journal of Communication, 30, 279–296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2020.1781219.
Chen, F. R., & Raine, A. (2018). Effects of harsh parenting and positive parenting practices on youth aggressive behavior: the moderating role of early pubertal timing. Aggressive Behavior, 44, 18–28.
Cheung, K. C. K. (2015). Child poverty in Hong Kong single-parent families. Child Indicators Research, 8, 517–536.
Clubb, G., & O’connor, R. (2019). Understanding the effectiveness and desirability of de-radicalisation: how de-radicalisation is framed in the Daily Mail. British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 21, 349–366. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148118819067.
Cooney, W. (2000). The quest for meaning: a journey through philosophy, the arts, and creative genius. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Cosic, K., Srbljinovi, A., & Popovi, S. (2018). Emotionally based strategic communications in the process of societal deradicalization. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 12, 196–214.
Cote, J. (2014). Youth studies: fundamental issues and debates. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave.
Cotterell, J. (2007). Social networks in youth and adolescence (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Crewe, D., & Lippens, R. (2009). Existentialism: Freedom, being and crime. In R. Lippens, & D. Crewe (Eds.), Existentialist criminology (pp. 1–11). Abingdon, UK: Routledge-Cavendish.
Dilts, A. (2017). Justice as failure. Law Culture & the Humanities, 13, 184–192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1743872115623518.
Drasch, K., & Matthes, B. (2011). Improving retrospective life course data by combining modularized self-reports and event history calendars: experiences from a large scale survey. Quality & Quantity, 47, 817–838. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9568-0.
Duffy, R. D., & Raque-Bogdan, T. L. (2010). The motivation to serve others: exploring relations to career development. Journal of Career Assessment, 18, 250–265.
Duncan, G. (2014). Politics, paradoxes and pragmatics of happiness. Culture Theory & Critique, 55, 79–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14735784.2013.782676.
Dunlap, W. P., & Kemery, E. R. (1987). Failure to detect moderating effects: is multicollinearity the problem? Psychological Bulletin, 102, 418–420. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.418.
Ebers, A., & Stephan, L. T. (2022). Evaluating an interactive film on the prevention of political radicalization. Journal for Deradicalization, 30, 169–222.
Eliason, G. T., Samide, J. L., Williams, G., & Lepore, M. F. (2010). Existential theory and our search for spirituality. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 12, 86–111. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19349631003730068.
Elshimi, M. S. (2017). De-radicalisation in the UK prevent strategy: security, identity, and Religion. Abington, UK: Routledge.
Frounfelker, R. L., Frissen, T., Miconi, D., Lawson, J., Brennan, R. T., d’Haenens, L., & Rousseau, C. (2021). Transnational evaluation of the Sympathy for violent radicalization scale: measuring population attitudes toward violent radicalization in two countries. Transcultural Psychiatry, 58, 669–682. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615211000550.
Gaskell, G. D., Wright, D. B., & O’Muircheartaigh, C. A. (2000). Telescoping of landmark events. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64, 77–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/316761.
Ghosh, R., Chan, W. Y. A., Manuel, A., & Dilimulati, M. (2017). Can education counter violent religious extremism? Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 23, 117–133. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2016.1165713.
Giambra, L. M. (2018). Character strengths: Stability and change from a military college education. Military Psychology, 30, 598–608.
Gibson, J. L. (2013). Measuring political tolerance and general support for pro-civil liberties policies. Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(S1), 45–68.
Gottschalk, P. (2020). Theory of convenience: determinants of white-collar crime intention. Deviant Behavior, 41, 1431–1439. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2019.1624101.
Hallerod, B. (2006). Sour grapes: relative deprivation adaptive preferences and the measurement of poverty. Journal of Social Policy, 35, 371–390.
Hui, T., Yuen, M., & Chen, G. (2018). Career-related filial piety and career adaptability in Hong Kong university students. Career Development Quarterly, 66, 358–370. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12156.
Hunter, B. (2009). White-collar offenders after the fall from grace: Stigma, blocked paths and resettlement. In R. Lippens, & D. Crewe (Eds.), Existentialist criminology (pp. 145–168). Abingdon, UK: Routledge-Cavendish.
Jakubowska, U., Kozeniowski, K., & Radkiewicz, P. (2021). Social worldviews and personal beliefs as risk factors for radicalization: a comparison between Muslims and non-Muslims living in Poland. International Journal of Conflict & Violence, 15, 1–14.
Jasko, K., Szastok, M., Grzymala-Moszczynska, J., Maj, M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2019). Rebel with a cause: personal significance from political activism predicts willingness to self-sacrifice. Journal of Social Issues, 75, 314–349. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12307.
Johnston, N., & Bose, S. (2020). Violence, power and meaning: the moral logic of terrorism. Global Policy, 11, 315–325.
Kerrissey, J., & Schofer, E. (2013). Civic and political participation: Union membership and political participation in the United States. Social Forces, 91, 895–928.
Koehler, D., & Fiebig, V. (2019). Knowing what to do: academic and practitioner understanding of how to counter violent radicalization. Perspectives on Terrorism, 13, 44–62.
Koirikivi, P., Benjamin, S., Hietajärvi, L., Kuusisto, A., & Gearon, L. (2021). Resourcing resilience: educational considerations for supporting well-being and preventing violent extremism amongst finnish youth. International Journal of Adolescence & Youth, 26, 553–569. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2021.2010578.
Koole, S. L., McCullough, M. E., Kuhl, J., & Roelofsma, P. H. M. P. (2010). Why religion’s burdens are light: from religiosity to implicit self-regulation. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 14, 95–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309351109.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Bertelsen, P. (2020). Life psychology and significance quest: a complementary approach to violent extremism and counter-radicalisation. Journal of Policing Intelligence & Counter Terrorism, 15, 1–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2020.1725098.
Kruglanski, A. W., Jasko, K., Chernikova, M., Dugas, M., & Webber, D. (2017). To the fringe and back: violent extremism and the psychology of deviance. American Psychologist, 72, 217–230. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000091.
Kuah-Pearce, K. E., & Fong, Y. C. (2010). Identity and sense of belonging in post-colonial education in Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 30, 433–448.
Kuang, X., & Kennedy, K. (2018). Hong Kong adolescents’ future civic engagement: do protest activities count? Compare, 50, 428–446. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2018.1535268.
Kuhl, D. C., Warner, D., & Wilczak, A. (2012). Adolescent violent victimization and precocious union formation. Criminology, 50, 1089–1127.
Lawson, A., Tan, A. C., Naylor, J., & Harris, I. A. (2020). Is retrospective assessment of health-related quality of life valid? BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 21, 415. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-03434-8.
Lee, F. L. F. (2018). Internet alternative media, movement experience, and radicalism: the case of post-Umbrella Movement Hong Kong. Social Movement Studies, 17, 219–233. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2017.1404448.
Leontiev, D. A. (2013). Personal meaning: a challenge for psychology. Journal of Positive Psychology, 8, 459–470. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.830767.
Lester, D. (1995). Theories of personality: a systems approach. Washington, DC: Taylor.
Lobato, R. M., Moya, M., Moyano, M., & Trujillo, H. M. (2018). From oppression to violence: the role of oppression, radicalism, identity, and cultural intelligence in violent disinhibition. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1505. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01505.
Lyng, S. (2012). Existential transcendence in late modernity: Edgework and hermeneutic reflexivity. Human Studies, 35, 401–414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-012-9242-0.
Lyons, C. J. (2008). Individual perceptions and the social construction of hate crimes: a factoiral survey. Social Science Journal, 45, 107–131.
Malin, H., Reilly, T. S., Quinn, B., & Moran, S. (2014). Adolescent purpose development: exploring empathy, discovering roles, shifting priorities, and creating pathways. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24, 186–199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12051.
McGlynn, C., & McDaid, S. (2019). Radicalisation and higher education: students’ understanding and experiences. Terrorism & Political Violence, 31, 559–576. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2016.1258637.
Moskolenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2009). Measuring political mobilization: the distinction between activism and radicalism. Terrorism & Political Violence, 21, 239–260.
Moynihan, A. B., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2017). Free, connected, and meaningful: Free will beliefs promote meaningfulness through belongingness. Personality & Individual Differences, 107, 54–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.006.
Mundia, L. (2011). Social desirability, non-response bias and reliability in a long self‐report measure: illustrations from the MMPI‐2 administered to Brunei student teachers. Educational Psychology, 31, 207–224.
Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (2006). Mplus user’s guide. Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen.
Ng, H. Y., & Kennedy, K. J. (2019). Localist groups and populist radical regionalism in Hong Kong. China, 17, 111–134.
Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response bias. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes, Vol.1: measures of social psychological attitudes (pp. 17–60). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). Legacies: the story of the immigrant second generation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Proulx, T. (2013). Meaning maintenance model: introducing Soren to existential social psychology. In J. A. Hicks, & C. Routledge (Eds.), The experience of meaning in life: classical perspectives, emerging themes, and controversies (pp. 47–59). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Renstrom, E. A., Bäck, H., & Knapton, H. M. (2020). Exploring a pathway to radicalization: the effects of social exclusion and rejection sensitivity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23, 1204–1229.
Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2015). The nature of the association between moral neutralization and aggression: a systematic test of causality in early adolescence. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 61, 68–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.61.1.0068.
Richter, J., Faragó, F., Swadener, B. B., Roca-Servat, D., & Eversman, K. A. (2020). Tempered radicalism and intersectionality: Scholar‐activism in the neoliberal university. Journal of Social Issues, 76, 1014–1035. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12401.
Roberts, D., & Robertson, P. J. (1992). Positive-findings bias and measuring methodological rigor in evaluations of organization development. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 918–925.
Rousseau, C., Oulhote, Y., Lecompte, V., Mekki-Berrada, A., Hassan, G., & Hage, E., H (2021). Collective identity, social adversity and college student sympathy for violent radicalization. Transcultural Psychiatry, 58, 654–668. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461519853653.
Schnell, T. (2009). The sources of meaning and meaning in Life Questionnaire (SoMe): relations to demographics and well-being. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 483–499.
Scott, M. J., & Cohen, A. B. (2020). Surviving and thriving: fundamental social motives provide purpose in life. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 46, 944–960. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219883604.
Seidler, M. (2013). The beauty and the beast: Jean-Paul Sartre and the Baader-Meinhof Gang. Terrorism & Political Violence, 25, 597–605. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2013.814501.
Shen, C. T., Chiu, M. Y. L., & Gao, J. (2012). Predictors of dating violence among chinese adolescents: the role of gender-role beliefs and justification of violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27, 1066–1089.
Sinko, L., Munro-Kramer, M., Conley, T., & Saint Arnault, D. (2021). Internalized messages: the role of sexual violence normalization on meaning-making after campus sexual violence. Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma, 30, 565–585. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1796872.
Steger, M. F., Oishi, S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Meaning in life across the life span: levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 43–52.
Strenger, C. (2011). The fear of insignificance: searching for meaning in the twenty-first century. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave.
Sukabdi, Z. A. (2019). Psychological rehabilitation for ideology-based terrorism offenders. In R. Gunaratina, & S. Hussin (Eds.), Deradicalisation and terrorist rehabilitation: a framework for police making and implementation (pp. 95–116). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Summers, J. J., & Falco, L. D. (2020). The development and validation of a new measure of adolescent purpose. Journal of Experimental Education, 88, 47–71.
Susilo, S., & Dalimunthe, R. (2019). Moderate southeast asian islamic education as a parent culture in deradicalization: urgencies, strategies, and challenges. Religions, 10, 45. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10010045.
Tang, G., Hung, E., Au-Yeung, H. K., & Yuen, S. (2020). Politically motivated internet addiction: relationships among online information exposure, internet addiction, FOMO, psychological well-being, and radicalism in massive political turbulence. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 17, 633. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020633.
Temple, M., & Gall, T. L. (2018). Working through existential anxiety toward authenticity: a spiritual journey of meaning making. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 58, 168–193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167816629968.
To, S. M., Tam, H. L., Ngai, S. S. Y., & Sung, W. L. (2014). Sense of meaningfulness, sources of meaning, and self-evaluation of economically disadvantaged youth in Hong Kong: implications for youth development programs. Children & Youth Services Review, 47, 352–361.
Tourangeau, R., Rips, L. J., & Rasinski, K. (2000). The psychology of survey response. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
van Deurzen, E. (2021). Rising from existential crisis: life beyond calamity. Monmouth, UK: PCCS.
van Tilburg, W. A. P., & Igou, E. R. (2011). On boredom and social identity. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1679–1691. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211418530.
Vander Ven, T. M., Cullen, F. T., Carrozza, M. A., & Wright, J. P. (2001). Home alone: the impact of maternal employment on delinquency. Social Problems, 48, 236–257.
Vogel, F. R., & Human-Vogel, S. (2018). The relevance of identity style and professional identity to academic commitment and academic achievement in a higher education setting. Higher Education Research & Development, 37, 620–634. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2018.1436526.
Walters, G. D. (2021). Explaining the drug-crime connection with peers, proactive criminal thinking and victimization: systemic cognition, social learning, and person proximity mechanisms. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 35, 366–376. \d22-2.27.
Wang, Y. (2019). Local identity in a global city: Hong Kong localist movement on social media. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 36, 419–433. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2019.1652837.
Webber, D., Babush, M., Schori-Eyal, N., Vazeou-Nieuwenhuis, A., Hettiarachchi, M., Bélanger, J. J., & Gelfand, M. J. (2018). The road to extremism: field and experimental evidence that significance loss-induced need for closure fosters radicalization. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 114, 270–285. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000111.
Welzel, C., & Inglehart, R. (2010). Agency, values, and well-being: a human development model. Social Indicators Research, 97, 43–63.
Wen, M., Wang, W., Wan, N., & Su, D. (2020). Family income and student educational and cognitive outcomes in China: exploring the material and psychosocial mechanisms. Social Sciences, 9, 225–223. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9120225.
Moskolenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2009). Measuring political mobilization: The distinction between activism and radicalism. Terrorism & Political Violence 21, 239-260.
Womick, J., Woody, B., & King, L. A. (2022). Religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and meaning in life. Journal of Personality, 90, 277–293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12665.
Wong, M. Y. H., Khiatani, P. V., & Chui, W. H. (2019). Understanding youth activism and radicalism: chinese values and socialization. Social Science Journal, 56, 255–267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.08.006.
Wong, V., & Au-Yeung, T. C. (2018). How do ideas and discourses construct youth policies? The case of Hong Kong. International Journal of Sociology & Social Policy, 38, 280–294.
Wright, E. M., Pinchevsky, G. M., Benson, M. L., & Radatz, D. L. (2015). Intimate Partner violence and subsequent depression: examining the Roles of Neighborhood supportive mechanisms. American Journal of Community Psychology, 56, 342–356.
Zamecki, L. (2018). Hong Kong youth radicalization from the perspective of relative deprivation. Contemporary Chinese Political Economy & Strategic Relations, 4, 451–485.
Zubok, I. A., & Chuprov, V. I. (2010). The nature and characteristics of youthful extremism. Russian Education & Society, 52, 45–68.