Radiative forcing and albedo feedback from the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere between 1979 and 2008

Déry, S. J. & Brown, R. D. Recent Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent trends and implications for the snow-albedo-feedback. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L22504 (2007).

Serreze, M. C., Holland, M. M. & Stroeve, J. Perspectives on the Arctic’s shrinking sea-ice cover. Science 315, 1533–1536 (2007).

Groisman, P. Y., Karl, T. R. & Knight, R. W. Observed impact of snow cover on the heat balance and the rise of continental spring temperatures. Science 263, 198–200 (1994).

Hall, A. & Qu, X. Using the current seasonal cycle to constrain snow albedo feedback in future climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L03502 (2006).

Qu, X. & Hall, A. Assessing snow albedo feedback in simulated climate change. J. Clim. 19, 2617–2630 (2006).

Fernandes, R. et al. Controls on Northern Hemisphere snow albedo feedback quantified using satellite earth observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L21702 (2009).

Colman, R. A comparison of climate feedbacks in general circulation models. Clim. Dyn. 20, 865–873 (2003).

Winton, M. Surface albedo feedback estimates for the AR4 climate models. J. Clim. 19, 359–365 (2006).

Shell, K. M., Kiehl, J. T. & Shields, C. A. Using the radiative kernel technique to calculate climate feedbacks in NCAR’s community atmospheric model. J. Clim. 21, 2269–2282 (2008).

Soden, B. J. et al. Quantifying climate feedbacks using radiative kernels. J. Clim. 21, 3504–3520 (2008).

Trenberth, K. E. & Fasullo, J. T. Global warming due to increasing absorbed solar radiation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L07706 (2009).

Qu, X. & Hall, A. Surface contribution to planetary albedo variability in cryosphere regions. J. Clim. 18, 5239–5252 (2005).

Wielicki, B. A. et al. Changes in Earth’s albedo measured by satellite. Science 308, 825 (2005).

Robinson, D. A. & Frei, A. Seasonal variability of Northern Hemisphere snow extent using visible satellite data. Professional Geogr. 51, 307–314 (2000).

Cavalieri, D., Parkinson, C., Gloersen, P. & Zwally, H. J. Sea ice concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I passive microwave data, [1979–2008] (1996, updated 2008). Boulder, CO, USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media.

Wang, X. & Key, J. R. Arctic surface, cloud, and radiation properties based on the AVHRR polar pathfinder dataset. Part I: Spatial and temporal characteristics. J. Clim. 18, 2558–2574 (2005).

Fowler, C., Emery, W. J. & Maslanik, J. Satellite-derived evolution of Arctic sea ice age: October 1978 to March 2003. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 1, 71–74 (2004).

Maslanik, J. A. et al. A younger, thinner Arctic ice cover: Increased potential for rapid, extensive sea-ice loss. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L24501 (2007).

Perovich, D. K., Grenfell, T. C., Light, B. & Hobbs, P. V. Seasonal evolution of the albedo of multiyear Arctic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 8044 (2002).

Tschudi, M. A., Fowler, C., Maslanik, J. A. & Stroeve, J. Tracking the movement and changing surface characteristics of Arctic sea ice. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Earth Obs. Remote Sens. 3, 536–540 (2010).

Barlage, M., Zeng, X., Wei, H. & Mitchell, K. E. A global 0.05° maximum albedo dataset of snow-covered land based on MODIS observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L17405 (2005).

Rossow, W. & Schiffer, R. Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 80, 2261–2288 (1999).

Qu, X. & Hall, A. What controls the strength of snow-albedo feedback? J. Clim. 20, 3971–3981 (2007).

Eastman, R. & Warren, S. Interannual variations of Arctic cloud types in relation to sea ice. J. Clim. 23, 4216–4232 (2010).

Kay, J. E. & Gettelman, A. Cloud influence on and response to seasonal arctic sea ice loss. J. Geophys. Res. 114, D18204 (2009).

Perovich, D. K., Nghiem, S. V., Markus, T. & Schweiger, A. Seasonal evolution and interannual variability of the local solar energy absorbed by the arctic sea ice–ocean system. J. Geophys. Res. 112, C03005 (2007).

Markus, T., Stroeve, J. C. & Miller, J. Recent changes in arctic sea ice melt onset, freezeup, and melt season length. J. Geophys. Res. 114, C12024 (2009).

Mote, T. L. Greenland surface melt trends 1973–2007: Evidence of a large increase in 2007. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L22507 (2007).

Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M. & Lo, K. Global surface temperature change. Rev. Geophys. 48, RG4004 (2010).

Brohan, P., Kennedy, J. J., Harris, I., Tett, S. F. B. & Jones, P. D. Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: a new dataset from 1850. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D12106 (2006).

Stroeve, J., Holland, M. M., Meier, W., Scambos, T. & Serreze, M. Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L09501 (2007).

Zender, C. S. et al. Atmospheric absorption during the atmospheric radiation measurement (ARM) enhanced shortwave experiment (ARESE). J. Geophys. Res. 102, 29901–29915 (1997).