Racial differences in self-rated health diminishing from 1972 to 2008
Tóm tắt
In addition to higher morbidity and mortality, Black adults have reported lower self-rated health than White adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diminishing difference in self-rated health between races from 1972 to 2008. Data from 37,936 participants over a 36-year span of the General Social Survey were used to evaluate the effects of race and time on self-rated health. Results confirmed that Black adults reported significantly worse health than White adults. Overall health was rated slightly better across both groups as time went on (
$$ \hat{\beta } $$
= .002, P < .0005). However, this increase in health ratings has slowed, even reversing with a decline in health ratings as of late (
$$ \hat{\beta } $$
= −.014, P = .001). Significant interactions between race and time indicated that the racial difference on this self-rated health measure has changed over time. The rate of change in the difference has slowed over time (
$$ \hat{\beta } $$
= −.010, P = .021), suggesting that the reduction in the racial difference in self-rated health may be decelerating.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adams, P. F., & Benson, V. (1990). Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1989. Vital and Health Statistics, 10, 1–221.
Allen, J., & Walsh, J. A. (2000). A construct-based approach to equivalence: Methodologies for cross-cultural/multicultural personality assessment research. In R. H. Dana (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural and multicultural personality assessment. Personality and clinical psychology series (pp. 63–85). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Blaum, C. S., Liang, J., & Liu, X. (1994). The relationship of chronic diseases and health status to the health services utilization of older Americans. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 42, 1087–1093.
Blendon, R. J., Scheck, A. C., Donelan, K., Hill, C. A., Smith, M., Beatrice, D., et al. (1995). How white and African Americans view their health and social problems. Different experiences, different expectations. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 341–346.
Cagney, K. A., Browning, C. R., & Wen, M. (2005). Racial disparities in self-rated health at older ages: What difference does the neighborhood make? The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences, Social Sciences, 60, S181–S190.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). CDC health disparities and inequalities report—United States, 2011. MMWR, 60, 1–114.
Coward, R. T., Peek, C. W., Henretta, J. C., Duncan, R. P., Dougherty, M. C., & Gilbert, G. H. (1997). Race differences in the health of elders who live alone. Journal of Aging and Health, 9, 147–170.
Davis, J. A., & Smith, T. W. (2009). General social surveys, 1972–2008 [machine-readable data file]/Principal Investigator, James A Davis; Director and Co-Principal Investigator, Tom W. Smith; Co-Principal Investigator, Peter V. Marsden; Sponsored by National Science Foundation.—NORC ed.—Chicago: National Opinion Research Center [producer] Storrs, CT: The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut [distributor].
Dowd, J. J., & Bengtson, V. L. (1978). Aging in minority populations. An examination of the double jeopardy hypothesis. The Journal of Gerontology, 33, 427–436.
Engle, V. F., & Graney, M. J. (1985–1986). Self-assessed and functional health of older women. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 22, 301–313.
Epstein, R. A. (2005). Disparities and Discrimination In Health Care Coverage: A critique of the institute of medicine study. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 48, S26–S41.
Erwin, J. (2007). Understanding race differences in health disparities: An award address by James S. Jackson, APS Observer, 20(11). Retrieved from http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=2262.
Finch, B. K., Hummer, R. A., Reindl, M., & Vega, W. A. (2002). Validity of self-rated health among Latino(a)s. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155, 755–759.
Fiscella, K., Frank, P., Clancy, C. M., Doescher, M. P., & Banthin, J. S. (1999). Does skepticism toward medical care predict mortality? Medical Care, 37, 409–414.
Geisinger, K. F. (1994). Cross-cultural normative assessment: Translation and adaptation issues influencing the normative interpretation of assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 6, 304–312.
Gibson, R. C. (1991). Race and the self-reported health of elderly persons. The Journal of Gerontology, 46, S235–S242.
Groessl, E. J., Ganiats, T. G., & Sarkin, A. J. (2006). Sociodemographic differences in quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis. PharmacoEconomics, 24, 109–121.
Idler, E. L., & Benyamini, Y. (1997). Self-rated health and mortality: A review of twenty-seven community studies. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38, 21–37.
Klick, J., & Satel, S. (2006). The health disparities myth: Diagnosing the treatment gap. The AEI Press—American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Retrieved from http://www.aei.org/docLib/20060201_SatelKlickPR_g.pdf.
Krause, N. M., & Jay, G. M. (1994). What do global self-rated health items measure? Medical Care, 32, 930–942.
Kung, H. C., Hoyert, D. L., Xu, J., & Murphy, S. L. (2008). Deaths: Final data for 2005. National Vital Statistics Reports, 56, 4–26.
Larson, C. O., Colangelo, M., & Goods, K. (1998). Black-white differences in health perceptions among the indigent. The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 21, 35–433.
LaVeist, T. A. (2005). Minority populations and health: An introduction to health disparities in the United States. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Lee, S. J., Moody-Ayers, S. Y., Landefeld, C. S., Walter, L. C., Lindquist, K., & Segal, M. R. (2007). The relationship between self-rated health and mortality in older Black and White Americans. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55, 1624–1629.
McGinnis, J. M., Williams-Russo, P., & Knickman, J. R. (2002). The case for more active policy attention to health promotion. Health Affairs, 21, 78–93.
Mermelstein, R., Miller, B., Prohaska, T., Benson, V., & Van Nostrand, J. F. (1993). Health data on older Americans: United States, 1992. Measures of health. Vital and Health Statistics, 3, 9–21.
Mettler, S., & Soss, J. (2004). The consequences of public policy for democratic citizenship: Bridging policy studies and mass politics. Perspectives on Politics, 2, 55–73.
Mutchler, J. E., & Burr, J. A. (1991). Racial differences in health and health care service utilization in later life: The effect of socioeconomic status. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32, 342–356.
National Center for Health Statistics. (2007). Health, United States, 2008 with chartbook trends in the health of Americans. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus08.pdf.
Okazaki, S., & Sue, S. (1995). Methodological issues in assessment research with ethnic minorities. Psychological Assessment, 7, 367–375.
Pamuk, E., Makuk, D., Heck, K., & Reuben, C. (1998). Socioeconomic status and health chartbook. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
Peek, C. W., Coward, R. T., Henretta, J. C., Duncan, R. P., & Dougherty, M. C. (1997). Differences by race in the decline of health over time. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences, Social Sciences, 52B, S336–S344.
Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., West, T. V., Gaertner, S. L., Albrecht, T. L., Dailey, R. K., et al. (2010). Aversive racism and medical interactions with Black patients: A field study. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 436–440.
Perez, L. (2002). Statement at IOM press conference (as cited in Klick and Satel, 2006).
Pierson, P. (1992). Policy feedbacks and political change: Contrasting Reagan and Thatcher’s pension-reform initiatives. Studies in American Political Development, 6, 360–392.
Pierson, P. (1993). When effect becomes cause: Policy feedback and political change. World Politics, 45, 595–628.
Pierson, P. (2000). Increasing returns, path dependence, and the study of politics. American Political Sciences Review, 94, 251–266.
Ren, X. S., & Amick, B. C. (1996). Racial and ethnic disparities in self-assessed health status: Evidence from the national survey of families and households. Ethnicity & Health, 1, 293–303.
Rohrer, J. E., Arif, A., Denison, A., Young, R., & Adamson, S. (2007). Overall self-rated health as an outcome indicator in primary care. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 13, 882–888.
Rohrer, J. E., & Borders, T. F. (2004). Healthy skepticism. Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39(6), 1234–1237.
Sarkin, A. J., Tally, S. R., Groessl, E. J., Harvey, J., Mulligan, B., Mendoza, S., & Ganiats, T. (2007). Healthy, wealthy, and wise: Structural equation modeling of the pathways to health and happiness. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, Washington, DC.
Schulz, R., Mittelmark, M., Kronmal, R., Polak, J. F., Hirsch, C. H., German, P., et al. (1994). Predictors of perceived health status in elderly men and women: The cardiovascular health study. Journal of Aging and Health, 6, 419–447.
Shanock, L. R., Baran, B. E., Gentry, W. A., Pattison, S. C., & Heggestad, E. D. (2010). Polynomial regression with response surface analysis: A powerful approach for examining moderation and overcoming limitations of difference scores. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 543–554.
Solomon, J. A., Nordhagen, S., Oza, S., & Murray, C. J. L. (2009). Are Americans feeling less healthy? The puzzle of trends in self-rated health. American Journal of Epidemiology, 170, 343–351.
Stronks, K., Van De Mheen, H., Van Den Bos, J., & Mackenbach, J. P. (1997). The interrelationship between income, health, and employment status. International Journal of Epidemiology, 26, 592–600.
University of California—Los Angeles. (2006). Race-based discrimination contributes to African-American health disparities. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com-/releases/2006/10/061027183652.htm.
van Ryn, M., Burgess, D., Malat, J., & Griffin, J. (2006). Physicians’ perception of patients’ social and behavioral characteristics and race disparities in treatment recommendations for men with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 351–357.
Ware, J., Snow, K., Kosinski, M., et al. (1993). SF-36 health survey manual and interpretation, Boston. Mass: Health Institute, New England Medical Center.
Williams, D. R. (1999). Race, socioeconomic status, and health. The added effects of racism and discrimination. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 173–188.
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009). Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 20–47.