Racial and gender achievement gaps in an economics classroom

Al-Bahrani, Abdullah A., 2020. Classroom Management and Student Interaction Interventions: Fostering Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging in Undergraduate Economics. SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3644803. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3644803. Allgood, Sam, Badgett, Lee, Bayer, Amanda, Bertand, Marianne, Black, Sandra E., Bloom, Nick, Cook, Lisa D., 2019. AEA Professional Climate Survey: Final Report. https://www.aeaweb.org/resources/member-docs/final-climate-survey-results-sept-2019. Ambady, 2004, Deflecting negative self-relevant stereotype activation: the effects of individuation, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 40, 401, 10.1016/j.jesp.2003.08.003 Ambrose, 2010 Aronson, 2002, Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 38, 113, 10.1006/jesp.2001.1491 Ballen, 2017, Enhancing diversity in undergraduate science: Self-efficacy drives performance gains with active learning, CBE—Life Sci. Educ., 16, ar56, 10.1187/cbe.16-12-0344 Cai, Xiqian, Yi, Lu, Pan, Jessica, Zhong, Songfa, 2015. Gender Gap under Pressure: Performance and Reaction to Shocks. Chaudhury, Parama, Buttle, Hannah, Otso, Hao, Asher, Samuel, 2021. Diversity and Inclusion in the Economics Classroom. https://ctale.org/diversity-and-inclusion-in-the-economics-classroom/. Cook, Lisa D., Opoku-Agyeman, Anna Gifty, 2019. Opinion | ‘It Was a Mistake for Me to Choose This Field'. The New York Times, September 30, 2019, sec. Opinion. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/opinion/economics-black-women.html. Croizet, 1998, Extending the concept of stereotype threat to social class: the intellectual underperformance of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds, Person. Soc. Psychol. Bullet., 24, 588, 10.1177/0146167298246003 Dee, 2004, Teachers, race, and student achievement in a randomized experiment, Rev. Econ. Stat., 86, 195, 10.1162/003465304323023750 Dynan, 1997, The underrepresentation of women in economics: a study of undergraduate economics students, J. Econ. Educ., 28, 350, 10.1080/00220489709597939 Emerson, 2012, Women and the choice to study economics, J. Econ. Educ., 43, 349, 10.1080/00220485.2012.714306 FeldmanHall, 2015, The effects of social context and acute stress on decision making under uncertainty, Psychol. Sci., 26, 1918, 10.1177/0956797615605807 Foster, Irene, 2019. An Evidence-Based Approach to Preparing Our Weakest Students for Success in Large Introductory STEM Courses. Cornell University, September 20. Freeman, 2014, Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111, 8410, 10.1073/pnas.1319030111 Hale, 2014, Gender ratios at Top Ph.D. programs in economics, Econ. Educ. Rev., 41, 55, 10.1016/j.econedurev.2014.03.007 Johns, 2005, Knowing is half the battle: teaching stereotype threat as a means of improving women’s math performance, Psychol. Sci., 16, 175, 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00799.x Leder, 2015, Exploring the underpinnings of impaired strategic decision-making under stress, J. Econ. Psychol., 49, 133, 10.1016/j.joep.2015.05.006 Lorenzo, 2006, Reducing the gender gap in the physics classroom, Am. J. Phys., 74, 118, 10.1119/1.2162549 Lyle, 2007, Estimating and interpreting peer and role model effects from randomly assigned social groups at West Point, Rev. Econ. Stat., 89, 289, 10.1162/rest.89.2.289 Mani, 2013, Poverty impedes cognitive function, Science, 341, 976, 10.1126/science.1238041 McKee, Douglas, Orlov, George, 2019a. Developing a Concept Inventory For Econometrics: The Applied Econometrics Skills Assessment (AESA). Working Paper. McKee, Douglas, Orlov, George, 2019b. Developing a Concept Inventory for Economic Statistics: The Economic Statistics Skills Assessment (ESSA). Working Paper. Ngoma, 2016, 2016 Oliver, 2021, Minority Student and Teaching Assistant Interactions in STEM Orlov, George, McKee, Douglas, Foster, Irene, Bottan, Daria, Thomas, Stephanie, Wissink, Jennifer, 2021. “Identifying Students-at-Risk Using a New Math Skills Assessment.” American Economic Review Papers & Proceedings. “Profile: Class of 2024.” n.d. Cornell University Institutional Research and Planning. http://irp.dpb.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Profile2020_first-year.pdf. (Accessed 31 July 2021). Rask, 2002, Are faculty role models? Evidence from major choice in an undergraduate institution, J. Econ. Educ., 33, 99, 10.1080/00220480209596461 Rask, 2008, The role of grade sensitivity in explaining the gender imbalance in undergraduate economics, Econ. Educ. Rev., 27, 676, 10.1016/j.econedurev.2007.09.010 Salehi, 2019, Gender performance gaps across different assessment methods and the underlying mechanisms: The case of incoming preparation and test anxiety, Front. Educ., 4 Spencer, 1999, Stereotype threat and women’s math performance, J. Exp. Soc.Psychol., 35, 4, 10.1006/jesp.1998.1373 Steele, 1995, Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans, J. Person. Soc. Psychol., 69, 797, 10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 Stevenson, 2018, Representations of men and women in introductory economics textbooks, AEA Papers Proc., 108, 180, 10.1257/pandp.20181102 Theobald, 2020, Active learning narrows achievement gaps for underrepresented students in undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and math, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 117, 6476, 10.1073/pnas.1916903117 Zacchia, Giulia, 2017. Diversity in Economics: A Gender Analysis of Italian Academic Production. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Papers, no. Working Paper No. 61 (August). https://www.ineteconomics.org/uploads/papers/WP_61-Zacchia-Diversity-Final.pdf.