Race and sentencing

Andrews, 1990, Does correctional treatment work? A clinically relevant and psychologically informed meta-analysis, Criminology, 28, 369, 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01330.x Austin, 1981, The influence of court location on type of criminal sentence, Journal of Criminal Justice, 9, 305, 10.1016/0047-2352(81)90003-9 Barkan, 1994, Racial prejudice and support for the death penalty by whites, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 202, 10.1177/0022427894031002007 Barnes, 1996, Race, drug, and criminal sentencing, Journal of Criminal Justice, 24, 39, 10.1016/0047-2352(95)00051-8 Beck, A. J., and Gilliard, D. K. (1995). Prison in 1994. In Bureau of justice statistics bulletin. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Beggs, 1995, The institutional environment, American Sociological Review, 60, 612, 10.2307/2096297 Blalock, H. M., Jr. (1972). Social statistics. Revised 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Blumstein, 1982, On the racial disproportionality of United States’ prison populations, The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 73, 1259, 10.2307/1143193 Blumstein, 1983 Brereton, 1981, Does it pay to plead guilty? Differential sentencing and the functioning of criminal courts, Law and Society Review, 16, 45, 10.2307/3053549 Bridges, 1987, Crime, social structure, and criminal punishment, Social Problems, 34, 345, 10.1525/sp.1987.34.4.03a00030 Burke, 1975, Factors affecting postarrest dispositions, Social Problems, 22, 313, 10.1525/sp.1975.22.3.03a00010 Chambliss, 1971 Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Revised ed. New York: Academic Press. Conley, 1994, Adding color to a black and white picture, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 135, 10.1177/0022427894031002003 Crew, 1991, Race differences in felony charging and sentencing, Journal of Crime and Justice, 14, 99, 10.1080/0735648X.1991.9721428 Crutchfield, R. D., Weis, J. G., Engen, R. L., and Gainey, R. R. (1993). Racial/ethnic disparities and exceptional sentences in Washington State. Final Report to the Washington State Minority and Justice Commission. Olympia, WA. Crutchfield, 1994, Analytical and aggregation biases in analyses of imprisonment, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 166, 10.1177/0022427894031002005 Cullen, 1982 Eisenstein, 1977 Farnworth, 1980, Separate justice, Social Science Research, 9, 381, 10.1016/S0049-089X(80)80004-4 Garber, S., Klepper, S., and Nagin, D. (1983). The role of extralegal factors in determining criminal case disposition. In Research on sentencing: The search for reform, eds. A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, S. E. Martin and M. H. Tonry. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Gaylin, 1975 Gibson, 1978, Race as a determinant of criminal sentences, Law and Society Review, 12, 455, 10.2307/3053289 Glass, 1981 Hagan, 1974, Extra-legal attributes and criminal sentencing, Law and Society, 8, 357, 10.2307/3053080 Hagan, J. (1979). Criminal justice in rural and urban communities: A study of the bureaucratization of justice. In Criminology review yearbook, eds. S. L. Messinger and E. Bittner. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Hagan, 1979, Conflict in context, Social Problems, 27, 109, 10.1525/sp.1979.27.1.03a00090 Hagan, 1982, Race, class, and the perception of criminal injustice in America, American Journal of Sociology, 88, 329, 10.1086/227674 Hagan, J., and Bumiller, K. (1983). Making sense of sentencing: A review and critique of sentencing research. In Research on sentencing: The search for reform, eds. A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, S. E. Martin and M. H. Tonry. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Hagan, 1985, The social organization of criminal justice processing, Social Science Research, 14, 103, 10.1016/0049-089X(85)90006-7 Hanushek, 1977 Heumann, 1978 Heumann, 1979, Mandatory sentencing and the abolition of plea bargaining, Law and Society Review, 13, 393, 10.2307/3053261 Hindelang, 1969, Equality under the law, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 60, 306, 10.2307/1141984 Hindelang, 1978, Race and involvement in common law personal crimes, American Sociological Review, 43, 93, 10.2307/2094764 Hunter, 1982 Keil, 1989, Race, homicide severity, and application of the death penalty, Criminology, 27, 511, 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01044.x Kempf, 1986, Older and more recent evidence on racial discrimination in sentencing, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2, 29, 10.1007/BF01064594 Kleck, 1981, Racial discrimination in criminal sentencing, American Sociological Review, 46, 783, 10.2307/2095079 Kleck, 1985, Life support for ailing hypotheses, Law and Human Behavior, 9, 271, 10.1007/BF01044505 Klepper, S., Nagin, D., and Tierney, L. J. (1983). Discrimination in the criminal justice system: A critical appraisal of the literature. In Research on sentencing: The search for reform, eds. A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, S. E. Martin and M. H. Tonry. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Kramer, 1996, Sentencing disparity and departure from guidelines, Justice Quarterly, 13, 81, 10.1080/07418829600092831 LaFree, 1980, The effect of sexual stratification by race on official reactions to rape, American Sociological Review, 45, 842, 10.2307/2094898 Langan, 1985, Racism on trial, The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 76, 666, 10.2307/1143517 Levin, 1977 Lipsey, M. W. (1992). Juvenile delinquency treatment: A meta-analytic inquiry into the variability of effects. In Meta-analysis for explanation: A casebook, eds. T. D. Cook, H. Cooper, D. S. Cordray, H. Hartmann, L. V. Hedges, R. J. Light, T. A. Louis and F. Mosteller. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Lipsey, 1993, The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment, American Psychologist, 48, 1181, 10.1037/0003-066X.48.12.1181 Lipsey, M. W., and Derzon, J. H. (1997). Predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: A synthesis of longitudinal research. Paper prepared for: OJJDP Study Group on Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders (unpublished manuscript). Lizotte, 1978, Extra-legal factors in Chicago’s criminal courts, Social Problems, 25, 564, 10.1525/sp.1978.25.5.03a00110 Loeber, R., and Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In Crime and justice: An annual review of research, eds. M. Tonry and N. Morris. Vol. 7. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Lotz, 1977, The influence of legally irrelevant factors on felony sentencing, Sociological Inquiry, 47, 39, 10.1111/j.1475-682X.1977.tb00777.x Lynch, M. J., and Patterson, E. B. (1990). Racial discrimination in the criminal justice system: Evidence from four jurisdictions. In Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial issues in crime and criminology, ed. R. C. Monk. 3d ed. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing Group. Mann, 1987, The reality of a racist criminal justice system, Criminal Justice Research Bulletin, 3, 1 Mann, 1993 Marenin, 1995, The state of plea bargaining in Alaska, Journal of Criminal Justice, 18, 167, 10.1080/0735648X.1995.9721039 McDonald, 1979, From plea negotiation to coercive justice, Law and Society Review, 13, 385, 10.2307/3053260 Miethe, 1986, Racial differences in criminal processing, Sociological Quarterly, 27, 217, 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1986.tb00258.x Mosteller, F. M., and Bush, R. R. (1954). Selected quantitative techniques. In Handbook of social psychology, ed. G. Lendzey. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley. Nardulli, 1988 Nelson, 1994, A dollar or day, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 183, 10.1177/0022427894031002006 Petersilia, 1983 Petersilia, 1985, Racial disparities in the criminal justice system, Crime and Delinquency, 31, 15, 10.1177/0011128785031001002 Peterson, 1984, Changing conceptions of race, American Sociological Review, 49, 56, 10.2307/2095557 Pruitt, 1983, A longitudinal study of the effect of race on sentencing, Law and Society Review, 17, 613, 10.2307/3053490 Quinney, 1970 Rosenthal, 1978, Combining results of independent studies, Psychological Bulletin, 65, 185, 10.1037/0033-2909.85.1.185 Rosenthal, 1984 Schmidt, 1980, Validity generalization, Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 643, 10.1037/0021-9010.65.6.643 Spohn, C. (1994). Crime and the social control of blacks: Offender/victim race and the sentencing of violent offenders. In Inequality, crime, and social control, eds. G. S. Bridges and M. A. Meyers. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Inc. Spohn, 1981, The effect of race on sentencing, Law and Society Review, 16, 71, 10.2307/3053550 Stecher, B., and Sparks, R. F. (1982). Removing the effects of discrimination in sentencing guidelines. In Sentencing reform: Experiments in reducing disparity, ed. M. L. Forst. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Thompson, 1981, Detecting sentencing disparity, American Journal of Sociology, 86, 869, 10.1086/227320 Unnever, 1982, Direct and organizational discrimination in the sentencing of drug offenders, Social Problems, 30, 212, 10.1525/sp.1982.30.2.03a00070 Unnever, 1980, Race differences in criminal sentencing, The Sociological Quarterly, 21, 197, 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1980.tb00604.x Walker, 1994 Walker, 1996 Welch, 1985, Convicting and sentencing differences among Black, Hispanic, and White males in six localities, Justice Quarterly, 2, 67, 10.1080/07418828500088391 Whatley, 1996, Victim characteristics influencing attributions of responsibility to rape victims, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1, 81, 10.1016/1359-1789(95)00011-9 Wilbanks, 1987 Wilbanks, 1987, The myth of a racist criminal justice system, Criminal Justice Research Bulletin, 3, 1 Wilson, 1985 Wolf, 1986 Wooldredge, J. D. (In press). Analytical rigor in studies of disparities in criminal case processing. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. Wordes, 1994, Locking up youth, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 149, 10.1177/0022427894031002004 Wright, 1987 Zatz, 1984, Race, ethnicity, and determinate sentencing, Criminology, 22, 147, 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1984.tb00294.x Zatz, 1987, The changing forms of racial/ethnic biases in sentencing, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 24, 69, 10.1177/0022427887024001005