ROS and oncogenesis with special reference to EMT and stemness

Liou, 2010, Reactive oxygen species in cancer, Free Radic. Res., 44, 479, 10.3109/10715761003667554 Bedard, 2007, The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology, Physiol. Rev., 87, 245, 10.1152/physrev.00044.2005 Jastroch, 2010, Mitochondrial proton and electron leaks, Essays Biochem., 47, 53, 10.1042/bse0470053 Schieber, 2014, ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress, Curr. Biol., 24, R453, 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.034 Tiana, 1998, Alterations of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage to macromolecules in different organs of rats during aging, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 24, 1477, 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00025-2 Li, 2016, Defining ROS in biology and medicine, React. Oxyg. Species Apex (Apex), 1, 9 Paiva, 2014, Are reactive oxygen species always detrimental to pathogens?, Antioxid. Redox Signal., 20, 1000, 10.1089/ars.2013.5447 DeNicola, 2011, Oncogene-induced Nrf2 transcription promotes ROS detoxification and tumorigenesis, Nature, 475, 106, 10.1038/nature10189 Trush, 1982, Activation of pharmacologic agents to radical intermediates: implications for the role of free radicals in drug action and toxicity, Biochem. Pharmacol., 31, 3335, 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90609-8 Trachootham, 2009, Targeting cancer cells by ROS-mediated mechanisms: a radical therapeutic approach?, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 8, 579, 10.1038/nrd2803 Pan, 2009, Reactive oxygen species: a double-edged sword in oncogenesis, World J. Gastroenterol., 15, 1702, 10.3748/wjg.15.1702 Han, 2007, The pathways to tumor suppression via route p38, Trends Biochem. Sci., 32, 364, 10.1016/j.tibs.2007.06.007 Kang, 2008, The role of p38 MAPK and JNK in Arsenic trioxide‐induced mitochondrial cell death in human cervical cancer cells, J. Cell. Physiol., 217, 23, 10.1002/jcp.21470 Wang, 2007, Effects of scutellarin on apoptosis induced by cobalt chloride in PC12 cells, Chin. J. Physiol., 50, 301, 10.4103/0304-4920.365461 Takahashi, 2008, Angiotensin II and tumor necrosis factor-α synergistically promote monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression: roles of NF-κB, p38, and reactive oxygen species, Am. J. Physiol. Heart and Circ. Phys., 294, H2879, 10.1152/ajpheart.91406.2007 Kimball, 2008, Melatonin represses oxidative stress‐induced activation of the MAP kinase and mTOR signaling pathways in H4IIE hepatoma cells through inhibition of Ras, J. Pineal Res., 44, 379, 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00539.x Han, 2007, The pathways to tumor suppression via route p38, Trends Biochem. Sci., 32, 364, 10.1016/j.tibs.2007.06.007 Wu, 2004, Regulation of cellular response to oncogenic and oxidative stress by seladin-1, Nature, 432, 640, 10.1038/nature03173 Faust, 2007, p38α MAPK is required for contact inhibition. Regulation of malignant cell transformation by the stress-activated kinase p38α, Oncogene, 24, 7941, 10.1038/sj.onc.1208948 Lafarga, 2007, p18Hamlet mediates different p53-Dependent responses to DNA damage inducing agents, Cell Cycle, 6, 2319, 10.4161/cc.6.19.4741 Cuadrado, 2007, A new p38 MAP kinase‐regulated transcriptional coactivator that stimulates p53‐dependent apoptosis, EMBO J., 26, 2115, 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601657 Bulavin, 2001, Initiation of a G2/M checkpoint after ultraviolet radiation requires p38 kinase, Nature, 411, 102, 10.1038/35075107 Hirose, 2003, The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway links the DNA mismatch repair system to the G2 checkpoint and to resistance to chemotherapeutic DNA-methylating agents, Mol. Cell. Biol., 23, 8306, 10.1128/MCB.23.22.8306-8315.2003 Zhang, 2008, Roles of reactive oxygen species and MAP kinases in the primary rat hepatocytes death induced by toosendanin, Toxicology, 249, 62, 10.1016/j.tox.2008.04.005 Wolfman, 2002, Cellular N-Ras promotes cell survival by downregulation of Jun N-terminal protein kinase and p38, Mol. Cell. Biol., 22, 1589, 10.1128/MCB.22.5.1589-1606.2002 Qi, 2004, p38 MAPK activation selectively induces cell death in K-ras-mutated human colon cancer cells through regulation of vitamin D receptor, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 22138, 10.1074/jbc.M313964200 Loft, 1996, Cancer risk and oxidative DNA damage in man, J. Mol. Med., 74, 297, 10.1007/BF00207507 Waris, 2006, Reactive oxygen species: role in the development of cancer and various chronic conditions, J. Carcinog., 5, 14, 10.1186/1477-3163-5-14 Higinbotham, 1992, GGT to GTT transversions in codon 12 of the K-ras oncogene in rat renal sarcomas induced with nickel subsulfide or nickel subsulfide/iron are consistent with oxidative damage to DNA, Cancer Res., 52, 4747 Du, 1994, Induction of activating mutations in the human c‐Ha‐ras‐1 proto‐oncogene by oxygen free radicals, Mol. Carcinog., 11, 170, 10.1002/mc.2940110308 Denissenko, 1996, Site-specific induction and repair of benzo [a] pyrene diol epoxide DNA damage in human H-ras protooncogene as revealed by restriction cleavage inhibition, Mutat. Res. Repair, 363, 27, 10.1016/0921-8777(95)00059-3 Lunec, 2002, Urinary 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine: redox regulation of DNA repair in vivo?, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 33, 875, 10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00882-1 Retèl, 1993, Mutational specificity of oxidative DNA damage, Mutat. Res. Toxicol., 299, 165, 10.1016/0165-1218(93)90094-T Brash, 1991, A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 88, 10124, 10.1073/pnas.88.22.10124 Hollstein, 1991, p53 mutations in human cancers, Science, 253, 49, 10.1126/science.1905840 Harris, 1993, Clinical implications of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene, N. Engl. J. Med., 329, 1318, 10.1056/NEJM199310283291807 Behrend, 2003, Reactive oxygen species in oncogenic transformation, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 31, 1441, 10.1042/bst0311441 Aikawa, 1997, Oxidative stress activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases through Src and Ras in cultured cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats, J. Clin. Invest., 100, 1813, 10.1172/JCI119709 McCubrey, 2007, Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in cell growth, malignant transformation and drug resistance, Biochim Biophys Acta., 1773, 1263, 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.10.001 Shinohara, 2007, Nox1 redox signaling mediates oncogenic Ras-induced disruption of stress fibers and focal adhesions by down-regulating Rho, J. Biol. Chem., 282, 17640, 10.1074/jbc.M609450200 Komatsu, 2008, NADPH oxidase 1 plays a critical mediating role in oncogenic Ras-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression, Oncogene, 27, 4724, 10.1038/onc.2008.102 Cook, 2004, Oxidative stress, redox, and the tumor microenvironment, Semin. Radiat. Oncol., Vol. 3, 259, 10.1016/j.semradonc.2004.04.001 Xia, 2014, NF-κB, an active player in human cancers, Cancer Immunol. Res., 2, 823, 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0112 Durand, 2017, Targeting IKK and NF-κB for therapy, Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol., 107, 77, 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.11.006 Irwin, 2014 Zheng, 2013, Cancer stem cell hypothesis: a brief summary and two proposals, Cytotechnology, 65, 505, 10.1007/s10616-012-9517-3 Kim, 2009, Cancer stem cells and their mechanism of chemo-radiation resistance, Int. J. Stem Cells, 2, 109, 10.15283/ijsc.2009.2.2.109 Phi, 2018, Cancer stem cells (CSCs) in drug resistance and their therapeutic implications in Cancer treatment, Stem Cells Int., 2018, 5416923, 10.1155/2018/5416923 Peitzsch, 2017, Cancer stem cells: the root of tumor recurrence and metastases Ayob, 2018, Cancer stem cells as key drivers of tumour progression, J. Biomed. Sci., 25, 20, 10.1186/s12929-018-0426-4 Li, 2018, Expansion of cancer stem cell pool initiates lung cancer recurrence before angiogenesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 115, E8948, 10.1073/pnas.1806219115 Yu, 2012, Cancer stem cells, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 44, 2144, 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.08.022 Morrison, 2011, Targeting the mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy with the cancer stem cell hypothesis, J. Oncol., 2011, 941876, 10.1155/2011/941876 Kim, 2009, Cancer stem cells and their mechanism of chemo-radiation resistance, Int. J. Stem Cells, 2, 109, 10.15283/ijsc.2009.2.2.109 Hirschmann-Jax, 2004, A distinct “side population” of cells with high drug efflux capacity in human tumor cells, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 101, 14228, 10.1073/pnas.0400067101 Shi, 2008, Identification of side population cells in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines with stepwise metastatic potentials, J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 134, 1155, 10.1007/s00432-008-0407-1 Keshet, 2008, MDR1 expression identifies human melanoma stem cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 368, 930, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.022 Bao, 2006, Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response, Nature, 444, 756, 10.1038/nature05236 Korkaya, 2012, Activation of an IL6 inflammatory loop mediates trastuzumab resistance in HER2+ breast cancer by expanding the cancer stem cell population, Mol. Cell, 47, 570, 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.06.014 Saha, 2016, Aspirin suppresses the acquisition of chemoresistance in breast cancer by disrupting an NFκB–IL6 signaling axis responsible for the generation of cancer stem cells, Cancer Res., 76, 2000, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1360 Lee, 2017, Induction of metastasis, cancer stem cell phenotype, and oncogenic metabolism in cancer cells by ionizing radiation, Mol. Cancer, 16, 10, 10.1186/s12943-016-0577-4 Mitra, 2015, EMT, CTCs and CSCs in tumor relapse and drug-resistance, Oncotarget, 6, 10697, 10.18632/oncotarget.4037 Heerboth, 2015, EMT and tumor metastasis, Clin. Transl. Med., 4, 6, 10.1186/s40169-015-0048-3 Sarkar, 2017, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopic signatures for lung cells’ epithelial mesenchymal transition: a preliminary report, Spectrochim. Acta A. Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 173, 809, 10.1016/j.saa.2016.10.019 Brabletz, 2018, EMT in cancer, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 18, 128, 10.1038/nrc.2017.118 Yilmaz, 2009, EMT, the cytoskeleton, and cancer cell invasion, Cancer Metastasis Rev., 28, 15, 10.1007/s10555-008-9169-0 Wang, 2010, Signaling mechanism (s) of reactive oxygen species in epithelial-mesenchymal transition reminiscent of cancer stem cells in tumor progression, Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther., 5, 74, 10.2174/157488810790442813 Das, 2013, Epithelio-mesenchymal transitional attributes in oral sub-mucous fibrosis, Exp. Mol. Pathol., 95, 259, 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.08.006 Mandal, 2016, Modeling continuum of epithelial mesenchymal transition plasticity, Integr. Biol., 8, 167, 10.1039/C5IB00219B Mandal, 2019, Regulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition under compliant polydimethylsiloxane substrate, Biophys. J., 116, 549a, 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.2954 Gheldof, 2013, Cadherins and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, 10.1016/B978-0-12-394311-8.00014-5 De Herreros, 2010, Snail family regulation and epithelial mesenchymal transitions in breast cancer progression, J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia, 15, 135, 10.1007/s10911-010-9179-8 Galván, 2015, Expression of E-cadherin repressors SNAIL, ZEB1 and ZEB2 by tumour and stromal cells influences tumour-budding phenotype and suggests heterogeneity of stromal cells in pancreatic cancer, Br. J. Cancer, 112, 1944, 10.1038/bjc.2015.177 Hanrahan, 2017, The role of epithelial–mesenchymal transition drivers ZEB1 and ZEB2 in mediating docetaxel‐resistant prostate cancer, Mol. Oncol., 11, 251, 10.1002/1878-0261.12030 Chen, 2018, Prognostic significance of zinc finger E-Box-Binding homeobox family in Glioblastoma, Med Sci Monit., 24, 1145, 10.12659/MSM.905902 Fidler, 2003, The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the’seed and soil’hypothesis revisited, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 3, 453, 10.1038/nrc1098 Thompson, 2005, Carcinoma invasion and metastasis: a role for epithelial-mesenchymal transition?, Cancer Res., 65, 5991, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0616 Shibue, 2017, EMT, CSCs, and drug resistance: the mechanistic link and clinical implications, Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol., 14, 611, 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.44 Mani, 2008, The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells, Cell, 133, 704, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.027 Morel, 2008, Generation of breast cancer stem cells through epithelial-mesenchymal transition, PLoS One, 3, e2888, 10.1371/journal.pone.0002888 Shimono, 2009, Downregulation of miRNA-200c links breast cancer stem cells with normal stem cells, cell, 138, 592, 10.1016/j.cell.2009.07.011 Pirozzi, 2011, Epithelial to mesenchymal transition by TGFβ-1 induction increases stemness characteristics in primary non small cell lung cancer cell line, PLoS One, 6, e21548, 10.1371/journal.pone.0021548 Mulholland, 2012, Pten loss and RAS/MAPK activation cooperate to promote EMT and metastasis initiated from prostate cancer stem/progenitor cells, Cancer Res., 72, 1878, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-3132 Wellner, 2009, The EMT-activator ZEB1 promotes tumorigenicity by repressing stemness-inhibiting microRNAs, Nat. Cell Biol., 11, 1487, 10.1038/ncb1998 Chen, 2009, Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 is a putative marker for cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cancer, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 385, 307, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.048 Pang, 2010, A subpopulation of CD26+ cancer stem cells with metastatic capacity in human colorectal cancer, Cell Stem Cell, 6, 603, 10.1016/j.stem.2010.04.001 Wu, 2015, FHIT loss confers cisplatin resistance in lung cancer via the AKT/NF-κB/Slug-mediated PUMA reduction, Oncogene, 34, 2505, 10.1038/onc.2014.184 Vega, 2004, Snail blocks the cell cycle and confers resistance to cell death, Genes Dev., 18, 1131, 10.1101/gad.294104 Escriva, 2008, Repression of PTEN phosphatase by Snail1 transcriptional factor during gamma radiation-induced apoptosis, Mol. Cell. Biol., 28, 1528, 10.1128/MCB.02061-07 Lu, 2014, E-cadherin couples death receptors to the cytoskeleton to regulate apoptosis, Mol. Cell, 54, 987, 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.04.029 Saxena, 2011, Transcription factors that mediate epithelial–mesenchymal transition lead to multidrug resistance by upregulating ABC transporters, Cell Death Dis., 2, e179, 10.1038/cddis.2011.61 Byers, 2013, An epithelial–mesenchymal transition gene signature predicts resistance to EGFR and PI3K inhibitors and identifies Axl as a therapeutic target for overcoming EGFR inhibitor resistance, Clin. Cancer Res., 19, 279, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-1558 Chen, 2014, Metastasis is regulated via microRNA-200/ZEB1 axis control of tumour cell PD-L1 expression and intratumoral immunosuppression, Nat. Commun., 5, 5241, 10.1038/ncomms6241 Jing, 2011, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in tumor microenvironment, Cell Biosci., 1, 29, 10.1186/2045-3701-1-29 Higgins, 2007, Hypoxia promotes fibrogenesis in vivo via HIF-1 stimulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, J. Clin. Invest., 117, 3810 Copple, 2010, Hypoxia stimulates hepatocyte epithelial to mesenchymal transition by hypoxia‐inducible factor and transforming growth factor‐β‐dependent mechanisms, Liver Int., 30, 669, 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02205.x Luo, 2011, Mouse snail is a target gene for HIF, Mol. Cancer Res., 9, 234, 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-10-0214 Bao, 2012, The biological kinship of hypoxia with CSC and EMT and their relationship with deregulated expression of miRNAs and tumor aggressiveness, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on Cancer, 1826, 272, 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.04.008 Yang, 2017, HIF-1α induces the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer stem cells through the Snail pathway, Oncotarget, 8, 9535, 10.18632/oncotarget.14484 Salnikov, 2012, Hypoxia induces EMT in low and highly aggressive pancreatic tumor cells but only cells with cancer stem cell characteristics acquire pronounced migratory potential, PLoS One, 7, e46391, 10.1371/journal.pone.0046391 Hamanaka, 2009, Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate hypoxic signaling, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 21, 894, 10.1016/j.ceb.2009.08.005 Zhou, 2009, Hypoxia-induced alveolar epithelial-mesenchymal transition requires mitochondrial ROS and hypoxia-inducible factor 1, American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 297, L1120, 10.1152/ajplung.00007.2009 Radisky, 2005, Rac1b and reactive oxygen species mediate MMP-3-induced EMT and genomic instability, Nature, 436, 123, 10.1038/nature03688 Rhyu, 2005, Role of reactive oxygen species in TGF-β1-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular epithelial cells, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 16, 667, 10.1681/ASN.2004050425 Karicheva, 2016, PARP3 controls TGFβ and ROS driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stemness by stimulating a TG2-Snail-E-cadherin axis, Oncotarget, 7, 64109, 10.18632/oncotarget.11627 Giannoni, 2011, Cancer associated fibroblasts exploit reactive oxygen species through a proinflammatory signature leading to epithelial mesenchymal transition and stemness, Antioxid. Redox Signal., 14, 2361, 10.1089/ars.2010.3727 Kim, 2013, Hydrogen peroxide promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition and stemness in human malignant mesothelioma cells, Asian Pacific J. Cancer Prev., 14, 3625, 10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.6.3625 Chang, 2019, Nicotine-induced oxidative stress contributes to EMT and stemness during neoplastic transformation through epigenetic modifications in human kidney epithelial cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 374, 65, 10.1016/j.taap.2019.04.023 Qian, 2018 Shi, 2012, Reactive oxygen species in cancer stem cells, Antioxid. Redox Signal., 16, 1215, 10.1089/ars.2012.4529 Diehn, 2009, Association of reactive oxygen species levels and radioresistance in cancer stem cells, Nature, 458, 780, 10.1038/nature07733 Chang, 2014, Distinct subpopulations of head and neck cancer cells with different levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species exhibit diverse stemness, proliferation, and chemosensitivity, Cancer Res., 74, 6291, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-0626 Dey-Guha, 2011, Asymmetric cancer cell division regulated by AKT, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 108, 12845, 10.1073/pnas.1109632108 Xu, 2015, Aldehyde dehydrogenases and cancer stem cells, Cancer Lett., 369, 50, 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.08.018 Tomita, 2016, Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 in stem cells and cancer, Oncotarget, 7, 11018, 10.18632/oncotarget.6920 Basakran, 2015, CD44 as a potential diagnostic tumor marker, Saudi Med. J., 36, 273, 10.15537/smj.2015.3.9622 Ishimoto, 2011, CD44 variant regulates redox status in cancer cells by stabilizing the xCT subunit of system xc− and thereby promotes tumor growth, Cancer Cell, 19, 387, 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.01.038 Zhang, 2019, CD44 splice isoform switching determines breast cancer stem cell state, Genes Dev., 33, 166, 10.1101/gad.319889.118