REVIEW ARTICLE: RESILIENCE, POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT
Tóm tắt
Resilience has become prominent in academia where it is used as a central framework in disciplines such as ecology, climate change adaptation or urban planning. Policy makers and international development agencies also increasingly refer to it. The objective of this paper is to assess the advantages and limits of resilience in the context of development. Although the review highlights some positive elements—for example, the ability to foster an integrated approach—it also shows that resilience has important limitations. In particular, it is not a pro‐poor concept, in the sense that it does not exclusively apply to, or benefit, the poor. As such, resilience building cannot replace poverty reduction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adger WN, 2009, Adapting to Climate Change: Thresholds, Values, Governance
Allison HE, 2004, Resilience, adaptive capacity, and the lock‐in trap of the western Australian agricultural region, Ecology & Society, 9, 10.5751/ES-00641-090103
AusAID.2007.Aid and the environment: building resilience sustaining growth an environment strategy of the Australian Aid Australian Agency for International Development Canberra viewed 11 August 2012 www.ausaid.gov.au/Publications/Pages/4121_7933_3453_1780_7334.aspx
BahadurAV IbrahimM TannerT.2010.The resilience renaissance? unpacking of resilience for tackling climate change and disasters CSR Discussion Paper No.1 Strengthening Climate Resilience programme Brighton: IDS viewed 11 August 2012 http://community.eldis.org/.59e0d267/resilience‐renaissance.pdf.
BénéC.2013.Towards a quantifiable measure of resilience. IDS working Paper 434 Brighton: Institute of Development Studies p. 27.
BénéC Godfrey‐WoodR NewshamA DaviesM.2012.Resilience: New utopia or new tyranny?—Reflection about the potentials and limits of the concept of resilience in relation to vulnerability reduction programmes. IDS working Paper 405 Brighton: Institute of Development Studies p. 61.
Berkhaut F, 2008, Re‐framing Resilience: a Symposium Report
Berkes F, 1998, Linking Social and Ecological Systems Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience
Berkes F, 2003, Navigating Social‐Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change
BohleHG EtzoldB KeckM.2009.Resilience as agency. update 2 International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change p. 6.
Brown D, 1996, The concept of resiliency: theoretical lessons from community research, Health and Canadian Society, 4, 29
CARE.2012.Participatory monitoring evaluation reflection and learning for community‐based adaptation: PMERL manual a manual for local practitioners CARE international www.careclimatechange.org/files/adaptation/CARE_PMERL_Manual_2012.pdf [accessed 11 August 2012].
ClarkDA.2007.Adaptation poverty and well‐being: some issues and observations with special reference to the capability approach and development studies.Working paper GPRG‐WPS‐081Global Poverty Research Group University of Manchester UK.
Cooke B, 2001, Participation: The New Tyranny?
DFID2011.Defining disaster resilience: a DFID approach paper. London: Department for International Development p. 20.
Dodman D, 2009, State of the World 2009: Into a Warming World
EC‐FAO. nd.Measuring resilience: a concept note on the resilience tool Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization EC‐FAO Programme on “Linking Information and Decision Making to Improve Food Security” p. 4.
EnforsE VidalA GordonL.2011.A resilience perspective on the water‐food‐poverty challenge Launch of theCPWF ResilienceTWG inception workshop Tempe Arizona http://www.slideshare.net/CPWF/cpwf‐resilience‐twg‐inception‐workshop‐11‐march.
Ferguson J, 1990, The Anti Politics Machine: ‘Development’ Depoliticisation and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho
Fischer A, 2011, Resilience in an unequal capitalist world – virtual issue, Journal of International Development
FolkeC CarpenterS ElmqvistT GundersonL HollingSC WalkerB BengtssonJ BerkesF ColdingJ DanellK FalkenmarkM GordonL KaspersonR NautskyN KinzigA LevinS MälerK‐G MobergF OhlssonL OlssonP OstromE ReidW RockströmJ SavenijeH SvedinU.2002.Resilience and sustainable development—building adaptive capacity in a world of transformation. Scientific Background Paper on Resilience for the process of The World Summit on Sustainable Development on behalf of The Environmental Advisory Council to the Swedish Government Stockholm: Environmental Advisory Council p. 73.
Folke C, 2010, Resilience thinking: integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability, Ecology & Society, 15, 4, 10.5751/ES-03610-150420
GalazV.2009.Machine fetishism money and resilience theory.coping with ecological surprise in a human dominated world. http://rs.resalliance.org/2009/05/19/machine‐fetishism‐money‐and‐resilience‐theory/.
Giddens A, 1984, The Constitution of Society—Outline of the Theory of Structuration
Gunderson LH, 2001, Panarchy—Understanding Transformations in Systems of Humans and Nature
HeadeyD TaffesseAS YouL.2012.Enhancing resilience in the horn of Africa: an exploration into alternative investment options. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01176. April 2012.
Holling CS, 1973, Resilience and stability of ecological systems, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 2, 10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC, 2012, A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Interagency Resilience Working Group (IRWG).2012.The characteristics of resilience building An Interagency Resilience Working Group discussion paper viewed 11 August 2012 http://community.eldis.org/resiliencewg/
Kuriakose A, 2012, Climate Responsive Social Protection: Background Paper for the World Bank's New Social Protection Strategy
Leach M, 2008, Re‐framing Resilience: A Symposium Report
LevineS LudiE JonesL.2011.Rethinking support for adaptive capacity to climate change—the role of development interventions A report for the Africa Climate Change Resilience Alliance. Overseas Development Institute: London.
Lister R., 2004, Poverty
Martin‐BreenP AnderiesJM.2012.Resilience: a literature review. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies Resource Alliance and Rockefeller Foundation for the Bellagio Initiative p. 4.
McGranahan G, 2013, Adaptation to Climate Change and Population Issues
McLaughlin P, 2007, Structure, agency and environment: toward an integrated perspective on vulnerability, Global Environmental Change, 39, 99
MitchellT.HarrisK.2012.Resilience a risk management approach. Overseas Development Institute: Background note London viewed 11 August 2012 www.dochas.ie/Shared/Files/4/Resilience_a_risk_management_approach.pdf
MoenchM TylerS LageJ(eds).2011.Catalyzing urban climate resilience: applying resilience concepts to planning practice in the ACCCRN program (2009–2011) Institute for Social and Environmental Transition viewed September 2012 http://www.i‐s‐e‐t.org/publications
MoserC NortonA SteinA GeorgievaS.2010.Pro‐poor adaptation to climate change in urban centres: case studies of vulnerability and resilience in Kenya and Nicaragua Report No.54947‐GLB Washington World Bank Social Development Department.
OsbahrH.2007.Building resilience: adaptation mechanisms and mainstreaming for the poor Occasional Paper for theHuman Development Report 2007/08 Fighting climate change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World Human Development Report Office UNDP.
Ostrom E, 2004, Globalisation, Poverty and Conflict, 239
PainA LevineS.2012.A conceptual analysis of livelihoods and resilience: addressing the insecurity of agency. HPG Working Paper London: Overseas Development Institute Humanitarian Policy Group p. 21.
Pelling M, 2011, Adaptation to Climate Change: From Resilience to Transformation
Pfefferbaum B, 2005, Handbook on Injury and Violence Prevention Interventions
Resilience Alliance.2012.Research on resilience in social‐ecological systems—a basis for sustainability viewed 11 August 2012 www.resalliance.org/
Roumasset J, 1979, Risk, Uncertainty and Agricultural Development
Sen AK, 1999, Development as Freedom
Stow C, 2007, Evaluating discontinuities in complex systems: toward quantitative measures of resilience, Ecology & Societies, 12
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC and World Food Programme WFP.2011.Building resilience: bridging food security climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction viewed 11 August 2012 http://www.preventionweb.net/files/24163_workshopbuildingresiliencecasestudi.pdf
TANGO.2012.Enhancing resilience to food security shocks in Africa Discussion Paper No.7 Tuscon: Tango International.
TannerT MitchellT PolackE GuentherB.2009.Urban governance for adaptation: assessing climate change resilience in ten Asian cities.IDS Working Paper 315 Brighton: Institute of Development Studies p. 47.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction UNISDR.2012.Making cities resilient world disaster reduction campaign viewed 11 August 2012 www.unisdr.org/campaign/resilientcities/
USAID.2012.Building resilience to recurrent crisis USAID policy and program guidance US Agency for International Development p. 32.
VFL.2011.If we do not join hands. View from the Front Line. Global Network for civil Society Organizations for Disaster Reduction p. 52.
WisnerB BlaikieP CannonT DavisI.2004.At risk natural hazards people's vulnerability and disasters. Routledge: New York NY 2nd edition p. 471.
WorldBank.2000.Word Development Report 2000/2001. Attacking Poverty.Published for the World Bank by Oxford University Press:New York.
World Bank.2011.Building resilience and opportunities World Bank's Social Protection and Labour Strategy 2012‐2022. World Bank: Washington DC.
World Vision UK.2013.Promoting resilience in development programming: World Vision UK's Approach Policy and Practice Paper September 2013 World Vision UK‐PP‐RU‐02. World Vision UK: London.