RETRACTED: Mnemonic Discrimination Deficits in First-Episode Psychosis and a Ketamine Model Suggests Dentate Gyrus Pathology Linked to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Hypofunction

Johnston, 2016, Paradox of pattern separation and adult neurogenesis: A dual role for new neurons balancing memory resolution and robustness, Neurobiol Learn Mem, 129, 60, 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.10.013 Leutgeb, 2007, Pattern separation in the dentate gyrus and CA3 of the hippocampus, Science, 315, 961, 10.1126/science.1135801 Leutgeb, 2007, Pattern separation, pattern completion, and new neuronal codes within a continuous CA3 map, Learn Mem, 14, 745, 10.1101/lm.703907 Rolls, 2016, Pattern separation, completion, and categorisation in the hippocampus and neocortex, Neurobiol Learn Mem, 129, 4, 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.07.008 Treves, 1992, Computational constraints suggest the need for two distinct input systems to the hippocampal CA3 network, Hippocampus, 2, 189, 10.1002/hipo.450020209 Rolls, 2013, The mechanisms for pattern completion and pattern separation in the hippocampus, Front Syst Neurosci, 7, 74, 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00074 Neunuebel, 2014, CA3 retrieves coherent representations from degraded input: direct evidence for CA3 pattern completion and dentate gyrus pattern separation, 81, 416 Bakker, 2008, Pattern separation in the human hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus, Science, 319, 1640, 10.1126/science.1152882 Lacy, 2011, Distinct pattern separation related transfer functions in human CA3/dentate and CA1 revealed using high-resolution fMRI and variable mnemonic similarity, Learn Mem, 18, 15, 10.1101/lm.1971111 English, 2014, Excitation and inhibition compete to control spiking during hippocampal ripples: Intracellular study in behaving mice, J Neurosci, 34, 16509, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2600-14.2014 Nitz, 2004, Differential modulation of CA1 and dentate gyrus interneurons during exploration of novel environments, J Neurophysiol, 91, 863, 10.1152/jn.00614.2003 McHugh, 2007, Dentate gyrus NMDA receptors mediate rapid pattern separation in the hippocampal network, Science, 317, 94, 10.1126/science.1140263 Olney, 1995, Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52, 998, 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240016004 Coyle, 2004, NMDA receptor function, neuroplasticity, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, Int Rev Neurobiol, 59, 491, 10.1016/S0074-7742(04)59019-0 Heckers, 2014, GABAergic mechanisms of hippocampal hyperactivity in schizophrenia, Schizophr Res, 167, 4, 10.1016/j.schres.2014.09.041 Reid, 2016, A combined diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of patients with schizophrenia, Schizophr Res, 170, 341, 10.1016/j.schres.2015.12.003 Hutcheson, 2012, Multimodal analysis of the hippocampus in schizophrenia using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging, Schizophr Res, 140, 136, 10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.039 Hutcheson, 2015, Effective connectivity during episodic memory retrieval in schizophrenia participants before and after antipsychotic medication, Human Brain Mapp, 36, 1442, 10.1002/hbm.22714 Kraguljac, 2012, Regional decoupling of N-acetyl-aspartate and glutamate in schizophrenia, Neuropsychopharmacology, 37, 2635, 10.1038/npp.2012.126 Kraguljac, 2012, Neurometabolites in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder - A systematic review and meta-analysis, Psychiatry Res, 203, 111, 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.02.003 Kraguljac, 2013, Increased hippocampal glutamate and volumetric deficits in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia, JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 1294, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2437 Kraguljac, 2014, Hippocampal-parietal dysconnectivity and glutamate abnormalities in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia, Hippocampus, 24, 1524, 10.1002/hipo.22332 Kraguljac, 2016, Aberrant hippocampal connectivity in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and effects of antipsychotic medication: A longitudinal resting state functional MRI study, Schizophr Bull, 42, 1046, 10.1093/schbul/sbv228 Kraguljac, 2017, Ketamine modulates hippocampal neurochemistry and functional connectivity: A combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy and resting-state fMRI study in healthy volunteers, Mol Psychiatry, 22, 562, 10.1038/mp.2016.122 Sapkota, 2016, GluN2D N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit contribution to the stimulation of brain activity and gamma oscillations by ketamine: Implications for schizophrenia, 356, 702 Yamamoto, 2016, Role of the NMDA receptor GluN2D subunit in the expression of ketamine-induced behavioral sensitization and region-specific activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, Neurosci Lett, 610, 48, 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.049 von Engelhardt, 2015, GluN2D-containing NMDA receptors-mediate synaptic currents in hippocampal interneurons and pyramidal cells in juvenile mice, Front Cell Neurosci, 9, 95 2014 Lahti, 2001, Effects of ketamine in normal and schizophrenic volunteers, Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, 455, 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00243-3 Lahti, 1995, Subanesthetic doses of ketamine stimulate psychosis in schizophrenia, Neuropsychopharmacology, 13, 9, 10.1016/0893-133X(94)00131-I Lahti, 2003, Schizophrenia, VIII: pharmacologic models, Am J Psychiatry, 160, 2091, 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.12.2091 Anticevic, 2015, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist effects on prefrontal cortical connectivity better model early than chronic schizophrenia, Biol Psychiatry, 77, 569, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.022 Mathew, 2014, Medial temporal lobe structures and hippocampal subfields in psychotic disorders: Findings from the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) study, JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 769, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.453 Haukvik, 2015, In vivo hippocampal subfield volumes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 77, 581, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.06.020 Kawano, 2015, Hippocampal subfield volumes in first episode and chronic schizophrenia, PLoS One, 10, e0117785, 10.1371/journal.pone.0117785 Ho, 2017, Progression from selective to general involvement of hippocampal subfields in schizophrenia, Mol Psychiatry, 22, 142, 10.1038/mp.2016.4 Martinelli, 2015, Clarifying the role of pattern separation in schizophrenia: The role of recognition and visual discrimination deficits, Schizophr Res, 166, 328, 10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.004 Das, 2014, Loss of pattern separation performance in schizophrenia suggests dentate gyrus dysfunction, Schizophr Res, 159, 193, 10.1016/j.schres.2014.05.006 Tamminga, 2013, Psychosis is emerging as a learning and memory disorder, Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 247, 10.1038/npp.2012.187 Carpenter, 2000, Decisional capacity for informed consent in schizophrenia research, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 57, 533, 10.1001/archpsyc.57.6.533 Stark, 2013, A task to assess behavioral pattern separation (BPS) in humans: Data from healthy aging and mild cognitive impairment, Neuropsychologia, 51, 2442, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.12.014 Nurnberger, 1994, Diagnostic interview for genetic studies. Rationale, unique features, and training. NIMH Genetics Initiative, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 51, 849, 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950110009002 Yassa, 2011, Pattern separation deficits associated with increased hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus activity in nondemented older adults, Hippocampus, 21, 968 Adriano, 2012, Hippocampal volume reduction in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia: A review and meta-analysis, Neuroscientist, 18, 180, 10.1177/1073858410395147 Kuhn, 2012, Hippocampal subfields predict positive symptoms in schizophrenia: First evidence from brain morphometry, Transl Psychiatry, 2, e127, 10.1038/tp.2012.51 Kirov, 2013, In vivo 7 Tesla imaging of the dentate granule cell layer in schizophrenia, Schizophr Res, 147, 362, 10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.020 Narr, 2004, Regional specificity of hippocampal volume reductions in first-episode schizophrenia, Neuroimage, 21, 1563, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.011 Zierhut, 2013, Hippocampal CA1 deformity is related to symptom severity and antipsychotic dosage in schizophrenia, Brain, 136, 804, 10.1093/brain/aws335 Ho, 2003, Untreated initial psychosis: Relation to cognitive deficits and brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 160, 142, 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.142 Walker, 2002, Estimated neuronal populations and volumes of the hippocampus and its subfields in schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 159, 821, 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.821 Schmitt, 2009, Stereologic investigation of the posterior part of the hippocampus in schizophrenia, Acta Neuropathol, 117, 395, 10.1007/s00401-008-0430-y Konradi, 2011, Hippocampal interneurons are abnormal in schizophrenia, Schizophr Res, 131, 165, 10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.007 Reif, 2006, Neural stem cell proliferation is decreased in schizophrenia, but not in depression, Mol Psychiatry, 11, 514, 10.1038/sj.mp.4001791 Steiner, 2016, GABAergic system impairment in the hippocampus and superior temporal gyrus of patients with paranoid schizophrenia: A post-mortem study, Schizophr Res, 177, 10, 10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.018 Schobel, 2009, Differential targeting of the CA1 subfield of the hippocampal formation by schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66, 938, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.115 Talati, 2014, Increased hippocampal CA1 cerebral blood volume in schizophrenia, Neuroimage Clin, 5, 359, 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.07.004 Schobel, 2013, Imaging patients with psychosis and a mouse model establishes a spreading pattern of hippocampal dysfunction and implicates glutamate as a driver, Neuron, 78, 81, 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.02.011 Li, 2015, Synaptic proteins in the hippocampus indicative of increased neuronal activity in CA3 in schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 172, 373, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14010123 Umbricht, 2000, Ketamine-induced deficits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in healthy volunteers: Implications for models of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 57, 1139, 10.1001/archpsyc.57.12.1139 Stefanovic, 2009, Acute and chronic effects of ketamine on semantic priming: Modeling schizophrenia?, J Clin Psychopharmacol, 29, 124, 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31819a4b91 Parwani, 2005, The effects of a subanesthetic dose of ketamine on verbal memory in normal volunteers, Psychopharmacology, 183, 265, 10.1007/s00213-005-0177-2 Rowland, 2005, Selective cognitive impairments associated with NMDA receptor blockade in humans, Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 633, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300642 LaPorte, 2005, Subtle effects of ketamine on memory when administered following stimulus presentation, Psychopharmacology, 180, 385, 10.1007/s00213-005-2179-5 Passie, 2005, Effects of different subanesthetic doses of (S)-ketamine on neuropsychology, psychopathology, and state of consciousness in man, Neuropsychobiology, 51, 226, 10.1159/000085724 Day, 2003, Glutamate-receptor-mediated encoding and retrieval of paired-associate learning, Nature, 424, 205, 10.1038/nature01769 Kannangara, 2015, GluN2A-/- mice lack bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus and perform poorly on spatial pattern separation tasks, Cereb Cortex, 25, 2102, 10.1093/cercor/bhu017 Stan, 2015, Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and tissue protein concentrations together suggest lower glutamate signaling in dentate gyrus in schizophrenia, Mol Psychiatry, 20, 433, 10.1038/mp.2014.54 Hanson, 2010, Imbalanced pattern completion vs. separation in cognitive disease: Network simulations of synaptic pathologies predict a personalized therapeutics strategy, BMC Neurosci, 11, 96, 10.1186/1471-2202-11-96 Faghihi, 2015, A computational model of pattern separation efficiency in the dentate gyrus with implications in schizophrenia, Front Syst Neurosci, 9, 42, 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00042 Berron, 2016, Strong evidence for pattern separation in human dentate gyrus, 36, 7569 Kesner, 2016, Dentate gyrus supports slope recognition memory, shades of grey-context pattern separation and recognition memory, and CA3 supports pattern completion for object memory, Neurobiol Learn Mem, 129, 29, 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.08.010 Kim, 2013, Assessing recollection and familiarity of similar lures in a behavioral pattern separation task, Hippocampus, 23, 287, 10.1002/hipo.22087 Yassa, 2010, High-resolution structural and functional MRI of hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, Neuroimage, 51, 1242, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.040 Liu, 2016, Tests of pattern separation and pattern completion in humans-A systematic review, Hippocampus, 26, 705, 10.1002/hipo.22561 Pidgeon, 2016, Cortical pattern separation and item-specific memory encoding, Neuropsychologia, 85, 256, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.026