Rôle du conditionnement dans l’effet placebo
Tóm tắt
En psychopharmacologie, on constate régulièrement que les effets affectifs (plaisants/déplaisants) d’une substance pharmacologique s’associent, au niveau de l’organisme, avec les stimuli environnementaux présents au moment de la prise de la substance. Ce processus de conditionnement (apprentissage associatif) permet de comprendre les aspects particuliers de nombreux phénomènes comme la tolérance aux opiacés ou le syndrome de sevrage. II semble, de plus, jouer un rôle prépondérant dans l’effet placebo que l’on observe au cours du traitement de la douleur. Au cours de cette analyse, nous nous attacherons à expliciter les connaissances modernes en matière de conditionnement, à comprendre le rôle de celui-ci dans les effets des opiacés, et enfin à appréhender son impact dans l’effet placebo tel qu’observé au cours de l’analgésie. Conditioning is a useful tool to analyse associative learning processes in many different species. This is especially obvious in psychopharmacology, where it is regularly observed that the affective effect (aversive/appetitive) of a drug can enter into association with the surrounding environmental stimuli. Such a conditioning processes (associative learning) allows us to better understand various phenomena like opites-induced tolerance or withdrawal syndromes. Moreover, conditioning seems to play a crucial role in the placebo effect, at least, as it is observed during analgesia. The purpose of the present analysis is to have a closer insight into modern theories of associative learning and their impact on the effects of opiates. Ultimately, we will discuss the placebo effect during analgesia in the framework of conditioning processes.
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