Quantities and Fluxes of Dissolved and Particulate Black Carbon in the Changjiang and Huanghe Rivers, China

Bird, M.I., C. Moyo, E.M. Veenendaal, L. Lloyd, and P. Frost. 1999. Stability of elemental carbon in a savanna soil. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(4): 923–932.

Coppola, A.I., B.D. Walker, and E.R. Druffel. 2015. Solid phase extraction method for the study of black carbon cycling in dissolved organic carbon using radiocarbon. Marine Chemistry 177: 697–705.

Coppola, A.I., L.A. Ziolkowski, C.A. Masiello, and E.R. Druffel. 2014. Aged black carbon in marine sediments and sinking particles. Geophysical Research Letters 41(7): 2427–2433.

Currie, L.A., B.A. Benner Jr., J.D. Kessler, and D.B. Klinedinst. 2002. A critical evaluation of interlaboratory data on total, elemental, and isotopic carbon in the carbonaceous particle reference material, NIST SRM 1649a. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 107(3): 279.

Cusack, D.F., O.A. Chadwick, W.C. Hockaday, and P.M. Vitousek. 2012. Mineralogical controls on soil black carbon preservation. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 26(2). doi: 10.1029/2011GB004109 .

Czimczik, C.I., and C.A. Masiello. 2007. Controls on black carbon storage in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21(3). doi: 10.1029/2006GB002798 .

De Jesus, R.P. 2008. Natural abundance radiocarbon studies of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the marine environment, PhD thesis, Univ. of Calif., San Diego.

Ding, Y., Y. Yamashita, W.K. Dodds, and R. Jaffé. 2013. Dissolved black carbon in grassland streams: is there an effect of recent fire history? Chemosphere 90(10): 2557–2562.

Dittmar, T. 2008. The molecular level determination of black carbon in marine dissolved organic matter. Organic Geochemistry 39(4): 396–407.

Dittmar, T., B. Koch, N. Hertkorn, and G. Kattner. 2008. A simple and efficient method for the solid-phase extraction of dissolved organic matter (SPE-DOM) from seawater. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 6(6): 230–235.

Dittmar, T., and J. Paeng. 2009. A heat-induced molecular signature in marine dissolved organic matter. Nature Geoscience 2(3): 175–179.

Dittmar, T., J. Paeng, T.M. Gihring, I.G. Suryaputra, and M. Huettel. 2012. Discharge of dissolved black carbon from a fire-affected intertidal system. Limnology and Oceanography 57(4): 1171.

Druffel, E.R. 2004. Comments on the importance of black carbon in the global carbon cycle. Marine Chemistry 92(1): 197–200.

Druffel, E.R., P.M. Williams, J.E. Bauer, and J.R. Ertel. 1992. Cycling of dissolved and particulate organic matter in the open ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 97(C10): 15639–15659.

Goldberg, E.D. 1985. Black carbon in the environment: properties and distribution. New York: Wiley.

Gustafsson, Ö., T.D. Bucheli, Z. Kukulska, M. Andersson, C. Largeau, J.N. Rouzaud, and T.I. Eglinton. 2001. Evaluation of a protocol for the quantification of black carbon in sediments. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15(4): 881–890.

Gustafsson, Ö., and P.M. Gschwend. 1998. The flux of black carbon to surface sediments on the New England continental shelf. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62(3): 465–472.

Hammes, K., M.W. Schmidt, R.J. Smernik, L.A. Currie, W.P. Ball, T.H. Nguyen, and G. Cornelissen. 2007. Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived (black/elemental) carbon in soils and sediments using reference materials from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21(3). doi: 10.1029/2006GB002914 .

Hockaday, W.C., A.M. Grannas, S. Kim, and P.G. Hatcher. 2007. The transformation and mobility of charcoal in a fire-impacted watershed. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71(14): 3432–3445.

Huang, L., J. Zhang, Y. Wu, and J. Wang. 2015. Distribution and preservation of black carbon in the East China Sea sediments: perspectives on carbon cycling at continental margins. Deep Sea Research Part II 124: 43–52.

Jaffé, R., Y. Ding, J. Niggemann, A.J. Vähätalo, A. Stubbins, R.G.M. Spencer, J. Campbell, and T. Dittmar. 2013. Global charcoal mobilization from soils via dissolution and riverine transport to the oceans. Science 340(6130): 345–347.

Kang, Y., X.C. Wang, M.H. Dai, H. Feng, A. Li, and Q. Song. 2009. Black carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of China’s marginal seas. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 27: 297–308.

Kuhlbusch, T., and T. Crutzen. 1995. Toward a global estimate of black carbon in residues of vegetation fires representing a sink of atmospheric CO2 and a source of O2. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9(4): 491–501.

Laflamme, R.E., and R.A. Hites. 1978. The global distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in recent sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica 42(3): 289–303.

Lohmann, R., K. Bollinger, M. Cantwell, J. Feichter, I.F. Bruns, and M. Zabel. 2009. Fluxes of soot black carbon to South Atlantic sediments. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23(1). doi: 10.1029/2008GB003253 .

Lohmann, R., J.K. MacFarlane, and P.M. Gschwend. 2005. Importance of black carbon to sorption of native PAHs, PCBs, and PCDDs in Boston and New York harbor sediments. Environmental Science and Technology 39(1): 141–148.

Mannino, A., and H.R. Harvey. 2004. Black carbon in estuarine and coastal ocean dissolved organic matter. Limnology and Oceanography 49(3): 735–740.

Masiello, C., and E.R.M. Druffel. 1998. Black carbon in deep-sea sediments. Science 280(5371): 1911–1913.

Masiello, C.A., and E.R.M. Druffel. 2001. Carbon isotope geochemistry of the Santa Clara River. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15(2): 407–416.

Masiello, C.A. 2004. New directions in black carbon organic geochemistry. Marine Chemistry 92(1–4): 201–213.

Middelburg, J.J., J. Nieuwenhuize, and P. van Breugel. 1999. Black carbon in marine sediments. Marine Chemistry 65(3): 245–252.

Milliman, J.D., and R.H. Meade. 1983. World-wide delivery of river sediment to the oceans. The Journal of Geology 91: 1–21.

Mitra, S., T.S. Bianchi, B.A. McKee, and M. Sutula. 2002. Black carbon from the Mississippi River: quantities, sources, and potential implications for the global carbon cycle. Environmental Science and Technology 36(11): 2296–2302.

Nguyen, B.T., J. Lehmann, W.C. Hockaday, S. Joseph, and C.A. Masiello. 2010. Temperature sensitivity of black carbon decomposition and oxidation. Environmental Science and Technology 44(9): 3324–3331.

Ohlson, M., B. Dahlberg, T. Økland, K.J. Brown, and R. Halvorsen. 2009. The charcoal carbon pool in boreal forest soils. Nature Geoscience 2(10): 692–695.

Penner, J.E., H. Eddleman, and T. Novakov. 1993. Toward the development of a global inventory for black carbon emissions. Atmospheric Environment 27(8): 1277–1295.

Reddy, C.M., A. Pearson, L. Xu, A.P. McNichol, B.A. Benner, S.A. Wise, and T.I. Eglinton. 2002. Radiocarbon as a tool to apportion the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon in environmental samples. Environmental Science and Technology 36(8): 1774–1782.

Rust, A.J., R.M. Burgess, A.E. McElroy, M.G. Cantwell, and B.J. Brownawell. 2004. Influence of soot carbon on the bioaccumulation of sediment-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by marine benthic invertebrates: an interspecies comparison. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 3(11): 2594–2603.

Santín, C., S.H. Doerr, C.M. Preston, and G. González-Rodríguez. 2015. Pyrogenic organic matter production from wildfires: a missing sink in the global carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 21(4): 1621–1633.

Schmidt, M.W. 2004. Biogeochemistry: carbon budget in the black. Nature 427(6972): 305–307.

Skjemstad, J.O., D.C. Reicosky, A.R. Wilts, and J.A. McGowan. 2002. Charcoal carbon in US agricultural soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 66(4): 1249–1255.

Shrestha, G., S.J. Traina, and C.W. Swanston. 2010. Black carbon’s properties and role in the environment: a comprehensive review. Sustainability 2(1): 294–320.

Stubbins, A., E. Hood, P.A. Raymond, G.R. Aiken, R.L. Sleighter, P.J. Hernes, and H.A. Abdulla. 2012. Anthropogenic aerosols as a source of ancient dissolved organic matter in glaciers. Nature Geoscience 5(3): 198–201.

Tao, S., T.I. Eglinton, D.B. Montluçon, C. McIntyre, and M. Zhao. 2015. Pre-aged soil organic carbon as a major component of the Yellow River suspended load: regional significance and global relevance. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 414: 77–86.

Verardo, D.J., and W.F. Ruddiman. 1996. Late Pleistocene charcoal in tropical Atlantic deep-sea sediments: climatic and geochemical significance. Geology 24(9): 855–857.

Wagner, S., K.M. Cawley, F.L. Rosario-Ortiz, and R. Jaffé. 2015. In-stream sources and links between particulate and dissolved black carbon following a wildfire. Biogeochemistry 124(1–3): 145–161.

Wagner, S., and R. Jaffé. 2015. Effect of photodegradation on molecular size distribution and quality of dissolved black carbon. Organic Geochemistry 86: 1–4.

Wang, X.C., and A. Li. 2007. Preservation of black carbon in the shelf sediments of the East China Sea. Chinese Science Bulletin 52(22): 3155–3161.

Wang, X.C., C.L. Xu, E.M. Druffel, Y.J. Xue, and Y. Z. Qi. 2016. Two black carbon pools transported by the Changjiang and Huanghe Rivers. Global biogeochemical cycles, (in review).

Wang, X.C., H. Ma, R. Li, Z. Song, and J. Wu. 2012. Seasonal fluxes and source variation of organic carbon transported by two major Chinese rivers: the Yellow River and Changjiang (Yangtze) river. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 26(2). doi: 10.1029/2011GB004130 .

Wang, X.C., T. Ge, C. Xu, Y. Xue, and C. Luo. 2015. Carbon isotopic (14C and 13C) characterization of fossil-fuel derived dissolved organic carbon in wet precipitation in Shandong Province, China. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry: 73, 207–221. doi: 10.1007/s10874-015-9323-3 .

Xue, Y. J. 2016. Carbon isotopic (13C, 14C) studies of the sources, seasonal variation and flux of organic carbon transported by the Huanghe River, MS thesis, Ocean University of China (in Chinese).

Zhang, L.J., M. Xue, M. Wang, W.J. Cai, L. Wang, and Z.G. Yu. 2014. The spatiotemporal distribution of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon in the main stem of the Changjiang (Yangtze) river and the effect of the three gorges reservoir. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 119(5): 741–757.

Zhang, L.J., L. Wang, W.J. Cai, D.M. Liu, and Z.G. Yu. 2013. Impact of human activities on organic carbon transport in the Yellow River. Biogeosciences 10(4): 2513–2524.

Zhang, J., W.W. Huang, R. Letolle, and C. Jusserand. 1995. Major element chemistry of the Huanghe (Yellow River), China-weathering processes and chemical fluxes. Journal of Hydrology 168(1): 173–203.

Ziolkowski, L.A., and E.R. Druffel. 2010. Aged black carbon identified in marine dissolved organic carbon. Geophysical Research Letters 37(16). doi: 10.1029/2010GL043963 .

Ziolkowski, L.A., A.R. Chamberlin, J. Greaves, and E.R.M. Druffel. 2011. Quantification of black carbon in marine systems using the benzene polycarboxylic acid method: a mechanistic and yield study. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 9: 140–149.