Quantitative risk assessment of salmon louse-induced mortality of seaward-migrating post-smolt Atlantic salmon

Ådlandsvik, 2015, Forslag til produksjonsomrÅder i norsk lakse og årretoppdrett, Rapport fra havforskningen, 20, 57 Aldrin, 2013, Space-Time modelling of the spread of salmon lice between and within norwegian marine salmon farms, PLoS One, 8, e64039, 10.1371/journal.pone.0064039 Aldrin, 2017, A stage-structured hierarchical model for salmon lice populations at individual salmon farms − Estimated from multiple farm data sets, Ecol. Modell., 359, 333, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.05.019 Anderson, 1991 Anon, 2015 Anon, 2016, 1 Anon, 2017, 61 Anon, 2017, 242 Asplin, 2014, Dispersion of salmon lice in the Hardangerfjord, Mar. Biol. Res., 10, 216, 10.1080/17451000.2013.810755 Bates, 2015, Fitting linear mixed-Effects models using lme4, Journal of Statistical Software, 67, 1, 10.18637/jss.v067.i01 Bjørn, 2011, Area protection may reduce salmon louse infection risk to wild salmonids, Aquacult. Environ. Interact., 1, 233, 10.3354/aei00023 Browman, 2004, The effect of light on the settlement of the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L, J. Fish Dis., 27, 701, 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00592.x Chaput, 2012, Overview of the status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the North Atlantic and trends in marine mortality, Ices J. Mar. Sci., 69, 1538, 10.1093/icesjms/fss013 Costello, 2006, Ecology of sea lice parasitic on farmed and wild fish, Trends Parasitol., 22, 475, 10.1016/j.pt.2006.08.006 Davidsen, 2009, ). Migratory behaviour and survival rates of wild northern Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post-smolts: effects of environmental factors, J. Fish Biol., 75, 1700, 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02423.x Dohoo, 2003 Finstad, 2011, Present status and implications of salmon lice on wild salmonids in Norwegian coastal zones, 281 Finstad, 2000, Laboratory and field investigations of salmon lice [Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer)] infestation on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts, Aquacult. Res., 31, 795, 10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00511.x Fiskeridirektoratet, 2017 Fiskeridirektoratet, 2017 Forseth, 2017, The major threats to Atlantic salmon in Norway, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 10.1093/icesjms/fsx020 Frazer, 2012, Critical thresholds in sea lice epidemics: evidence, sensitivity and subcritical estimation, Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci., 279, 1950, 10.1098/rspb.2011.2210 Frazer, 2009, Sea-Cage aquaculture, sea lice, and declines of wild fish, Conserv. Biol., 23, 599, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01128.x Gargan, 2012, Evidence for sea lice-induced marine mortality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in western Ireland from experimental releases of ranched smolts treated with emamectin benzoate, Can. J. Fish. Aquat.Sci., 69, 343, 10.1139/f2011-155 Glover, 2017, half a century of genetic interaction between farmed and wild Atlantic salmon: status of knowlege and unanswered questions, Fish Fish., 1 Grimnes, 1996, The physiological effects of salmon lice infection on post-smolt of Atlantic salmon, J. Fish Biol., 48, 1179, 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01813.x Hamre, 2013, The salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: caligidae) life cycle has only two chalimus stages, PLoS One, 8, e73539, 10.1371/journal.pone.0073539 Hedger, 2008, Active migration of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolt through a coastal embayment, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 355, 235, 10.3354/meps07239 Helgesen, 2017, Lakselus ? lepeophtheirus salmonis Helland, 2015, Statistical and ecological challenges of monitoring parasitic salmon lice infestations in wild salmonid fish stocks, Aquacult. Environ. Interact., 7, 267, 10.3354/aei00155 Heuch, 1997, Detection of infrasonic water oscillations by copepodids of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: caligida), J. Plankton Res., 19, 735, 10.1093/plankt/19.6.735 Heuch, 2001, A model of salmon louse production in Norway: effects of increasing salmon production and public management measures, Dis. Aquat. Organ., 45, 145, 10.3354/dao045145 Heuch, 2009, Temporal and spatial variations in lice numbers on salmon farms in the Hardanger fjord 2004-06, J. Fish Dis., 32, 89, 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.01002.x Heuch, 1995, Experimental-Evidence for aggregation of salmon louse copepodids (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in step salinity gradients, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. United Kingdom, 75, 927, 10.1017/S002531540003825X Hijmans, 2016 Hindar, 2007, Gytebestandsmål for laksebestander i Norge, vol. 78 Hindar, 2011, Stock, recruitment and exploitation, 229 Hvidsten, 1995, Downstream migration of Atlantic salmon smolts in relation to water flow, water temperature, moon phase and social interaction, Nordic J. Freshwater Res. (Sweden) Jackson, 2013, Impact of Lepeophtheirus salmonis infestations on migrating Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts at eight locations in Ireland with an analysis of lice-induced marine mortality, J. Fish Dis., 36, 273, 10.1111/jfd.12054 Jansen, 2012, Sea lice as a density-dependent constraint to salmonid farming, Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci., 279, 2330, 10.1098/rspb.2012.0084 Jansen, 2016, Surveillance of the sensitivity towards antiparasitic bath-Treatments in the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), PLoS One, 11, e0149006, 10.1371/journal.pone.0149006 Jensen, 2012, Timing of smolt migration in sympatric populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), Can. J. Fish. Aquat.Sci., 69, 711, 10.1139/f2012-005 Johansen, 2011, Disease interaction and pathogens exchange between wild and farmed fish populations with special reference to Norway, Aquaculture, 315, 167, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.02.014 Johnsen, 2016, Salmon lice dispersion in a northern Norwegian fjord system and the impact of vertical movements, Aquacult. Environ. Interact., 8, 99, 10.3354/aei00162 Johnson, 1991, The developmental stages of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer, 1837) (Copepoda, caligidae), Can. J. Zool., 69, 929, 10.1139/z91-138 Jones, 2015, Prioritization of knowledge needs for sustainable aquaculture: a national and global perspective, Fish Fish., 16, 668, 10.1111/faf.12086 Jonsson, 2004, Size and age of maturity of Atlantic salmon correlate with the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI), J. Fish Biol., 64, 241, 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00269.x Jonsson, 2014, Time and size at seaward migration influence the sea survival of Salmo salar, J. Fish Biol., 84, 1457, 10.1111/jfb.12370 Kristoffersen, 2013, Understanding sources of sea lice for salmon farms in Chile, Prev. Vet. Med., 111, 165, 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.03.015 Kristoffersen, 2014, Large scale modelling of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infection pressure based on lice monitoring data from Norwegian salmonid farms, Epidemics, 9, 31, 10.1016/j.epidem.2014.09.007 Krkosek, 2006, Epizootics of wild fish induced by farm fish, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 103, 15506, 10.1073/pnas.0603525103 Krkosek, 2007, Declining wild salmon populations in relation to parasites from farm salmon, Science, 318, 1772, 10.1126/science.1148744 Krkosek, 2013, Impact of parasites on salmon recruitment in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci., 280, 20122359, 10.1098/rspb.2012.2359 Marra, 2005, When will we tame the oceans?, Nature, 436, 175, 10.1038/436175a Marty, 2010, Relationship of farm salmon, sea lice, and wild salmon populations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 107, 22599, 10.1073/pnas.1009573108 Murray, 2014, Treatment rates for sea lice of Scottish inshore marine salmon farms depend on local (sea loch) farmed salmon biomass and oceanography, Aquacult. Environ. Interact., 5, 117, 10.3354/aei00099 NVE, 2017 Naylor, 2009, Feeding aquaculture in an era of finite resources, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 106, 15103, 10.1073/pnas.0905235106 Okland, 2006, Swimming speeds and orientation of wild Atlantic salmon post-smolts during the first stage of the marine migration, Fish. Manage. Ecol., 13, 271, 10.1111/j.1365-2400.2006.00498.x Otero, 2014, Basin-scale phenology and effects of climate variability on global timing of initial seaward migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Global Change Biol., 20, 61, 10.1111/gcb.12363 R Development Coar Team, 2017 Rittenhouse, 2016, A model for sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) dynamics in a seasonally changing environment, Epidemics, 16, 8, 10.1016/j.epidem.2016.03.003 Salama, 2013, Development and assessment of a biophysical dispersal model for sea lice, J. Fish Dis., 36, 323, 10.1111/jfd.12065 Samsing, 2016, Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) development times, body size, and reproductive outputs follow universal models of temperature dependence, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 73, 1, 10.1139/cjfas-2016-0050 Sandvik, 2016, Toward a model-based prediction system for salmon lice infestation pressure, Aquacult. Environ. Interact., 8, 527, 10.3354/aei00193 Schram, 1998, Seasonal occurrence of Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus (Copepoda: caligidae) on sea trout (Salmo trutta), off southern Norway, Ices J. Mar. Sci., 55, 163, 10.1006/jmsc.1997.0357 Shepard, 2017, Quantifying the contribution of sea lice from auaculture to declining annual returns in a wild Atlantic salmon population, Aquacult. Environ. Interact., 9, 181, 10.3354/aei00223 Shepard, 2016, Aquaculture and environmental drivers of salmon lice infestation and body condition in sea trout, Aquacult. Environ. Interact., 8, 597, 10.3354/aei00201 Skilbrei, 2013, Impact of early salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, infestation and differences in survival and marine growth of sea-ranched Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts 19972009, J. Fish Dis., 36, 249, 10.1111/jfd.12052 Skilbrei, 2012, The importance of escaped farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a vector for the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) depends on the hydrological conditions in the fjord, Hydrobiologia, 686, 287, 10.1007/s10750-012-1028-x Stien, 2005, Population dynamics of salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis on Atlantic salmon and sea trout, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 290, 263, 10.3354/meps290263 Taranger, 2015, Risk assessment of the environmental impact of Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming, Ices J. Mar. Sci., 72, 997, 10.1093/icesjms/fsu132 Thorstad, 2012, A critical life stage of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: behaviour and survival during the smolt and initial post-smolt migration, J. Fish Biol., 81, 500, 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03370.x Torrissen, 2013, Salmon lice − impact on wild salmonids and salmon aquaculture, J. Fish Dis., 36, 171, 10.1111/jfd.12061 Urke, 2013, Riverine and fjord migration of wild and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon smolts, Fish. Manage. Ecol., 20, 544, 10.1111/fme.12042 Veterinærinstituttet, 2017 Vollset, 2014, Salmon lice increase the age of returning Atlantic salmon, Biol. Lett., 10, 20130896, 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0896 Vollset, 2015, Impacts of parasites on marine survival of Atlantic salmon: a meta-analysis, Fish Fish., 17, 714, 10.1111/faf.12141 Vollset, 2016, Estimating the temporal overlap between post-smolt migration of Atlantic salmon and salmon lice infestation pressure from fish farms, Aquacult. Environ. Interact., 8, 511, 10.3354/aei00195 Vollset, 2017, Disentangling the roles of sea lice on the marine survival of Atlantic salmon, ICES J. Mar. Sci. Vose, 2000 Wagner, 2008, Physiology and immunology of Lepeophtheirus salmonis infections of salmonids, Trends Parasitol., 24, 176, 10.1016/j.pt.2007.12.010 Windsor, 2012 van Etten, 2017, R package gdistance: distances and routes on geographical grids, J. Stat. Software, 76, 1, 10.18637/jss.v076.i13