Quantitative Evidence for Increasing Forest Fire Severity in the Sierra Nevada and Southern Cascade Mountains, California and Nevada, USA
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Agee JK. 1993. Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests. Washington, DC: Island Press
Allen CD. 2007. Interactions across spatial scales among forest dieback, fire, and erosion in northern New Mexico landscapes. Ecosystems 10: 797–808
Allen CD, Savage M, Falk DA, Suckling KF, Swetnam TW, Schulke T, Stacey PB, Morgan P, Hoffman M, Klingel JT. 2002. Ecological restoration of Southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: a broad perspective. Ecol Appl 12: 1418–33
Arno SF, Fiedler CE. 2005. Mimicking nature’s fire: restoring fire-prone forests in the west. Washington, DC: Island Press
Avery TE, Berlin GL. 1992. Fundamentals of remote sensing and airphoto interpretation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
Beaty RM, Taylor AH. 2007. Fire disturbance and forest structure in old-growth mixed conifer forests in the northern Sierra Nevada, California. J Veg Sci 18: 879–90
Breashears DD, Allen CD. 2002. The importance of rapid, disturbance-induced losses in carbon management and sequestration. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 11:1–5
Brohman R, Bryant L, Eds. 2005. Existing vegetation classification and mapping technical guide, Gen. Tech. Report WO-67. USDA Forest Service, Washington Office, Ecosystem Management Coordination Staff
Brown TJ, Hall BL, Westerling AL. 2004. The impact of twenty-first century climate change on wildland fire danger in the Western United States: an applications perspective. Clim Change 62: 365
Calkin DE, Gebert KM, Jones JG, Neilson RP. 2005. Forest Service large fire area burned and suppression expenditure trends, 1970–2002. J Forest 103: 179–83
CDF. 2007a. California statewide fire history 1906–2007. http://www.fire.ca.gov . Accessed December 2007
CDF. 2007b. California Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection. http://www.frap.cdf.ca.gov/data/frapgisdata/ . Accessed July 2007
Chander G, Markham BL. 2003. Revised Landsat 5 TM radiometric calibration procedures, and post calibration dynamic ranges. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 41: 2674–7
Cocke AE, Fulé PZ, Crouse JE. 2005. Comparison of burn severity assessments using differenced normalized burn ratio and ground data. Int J Wildland Fire 14: 189–98
Cohen WB, Fiorella M, Gray J, Helmer E, Anderson K. 1998. An efficient and accurate method for mapping forest clearcuts in the Pacific Northwest using Landsat imagery. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 64: 293–300
Collins BM. 2007. Natural wildfires in Sierra Nevada wilderness areas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
Coops NC, Wulder MA, White JC. 2006. Identifying and describing forest disturbance and spatial pattern: data selection issues and methodological implications. In: Wulder MA, Franklin SE, Eds. Understanding forest disturbance and spatial pattern. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp 31–62
Coppin PR, Bauer ME. 1996. Digital change detection in forest ecosystems with remote sensing imagery. Remote Sens Rev 13: 207–34
Daniel TC, Carroll MS, Moseley C, Raish C, Eds. 2007. People, fire, and forests. A synthesis of wildfire social science. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press
DeWilde L, Chapin FS III. 2006. Human impacts on the fire regime of interior Alaska: interactions among fuels, ignition sources, and fire suppression. Ecosystems 9: 1342–53
Dixon GE. 2002. Essential FVS: a user’s guide to the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Fort Collins, CO: USDA-Forest Service, Forest Management Service Center
Ekstrand S. 1996. Landsat TM-based forest damage assessment: correction for topographic effects. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 62: 151–61
Epting J, Verbyla D, Sorbel B. 2005. Evaluation of remotely sensed indices for assessing burn severity in interior Alaska using Landsat TM and ETM+. Remote Sens Environ 96: 328–39
Erman DC, Jones R. 1996. Fire frequency analysis of Sierra forests. Sierra Nevada ecosystems project: in final report to congress. Davis, CA: University of California. pp 1139–53
Falk DA, Miller C, McKenzie D, Black AE. 2007. Cross-scale analysis of fire regimes. Ecosystems 10: 809–23
Field CB, Daily GC, Davis FW, Gaines S, Matson PA, Melack J, Miller NL. 1999. Confronting climate change in California; Ecological impacts on the golden state. The Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA; and The Ecological Society of America, Washington, DC
Fraser RH, Hall RJ, Landry R, Lynham T, Raymond D, Lee B, Li Z. 2004. Validation and calibration of Canada-wide coarse-resolution satellite burned-area maps. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 70: 451–60
Gershunov A, Barnett TP. 1998. Interdecadal modulation of ENSO teleconnections. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 79: 2715–25
Graham RT, McCaffrey S, Jain TB. 2004. Science basis for changing forest structure to modify wildfire behavior and severity. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station
Gresswell RE. 1999. Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America. Trans Am Fish Soc 128: 193–221
Gruell GE. 2001. Fire in Sierra Nevada forests: a photographic interpretation of ecological change since 1849. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press
Hessl AE, McKenzie D, Schellhaas R. 2004. Drought and Pacific Decadal Oscillation linked to fire occurrence in the inland Pacific Northwest. Ecol Appl 14: 425–42
Heyerdahl EK, Brubaker LB, Agee JK. 2001. Spatial controls of historical fire regimes: a multiscale example from the Interior West, USA. Ecology 82: 660–78
Hobbs SD, Tesch SD, Owston PW, Stewart RE, Tappeniner JC, Wells GE, Eds. 1992. Reforestation practices in southwestern Oregon and northern California. Corvallis, OR: Forestry Research Laboratory, Oregon State University
Holden ZA, Morgan P, Crimmins MA, Steinhorst RK, Smith AMS. 2007. Fire season precipitation variability influences fire extent and severity in a large southwestern wilderness area, United States. Geophys Res Lett 34: doi: 16710.11029/12007/GL030804
IPCC. 2007. Summary for policymakers. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL, Eds. Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
JISAO. 2007. Joint institute for the study of the atmosphere and cean, Standardized Pacific Decadal Oscillation index 1900–2007. Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean. http://jisao.washington.edu/pdo . Accessed July 2007
Keeley JE. 2008. Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage. Int J Wildland Fire, in press
Key CH, Benson NC. 2005a. Landscape assessment: ground measure of severity, the Composite Burn Index. In: Lutes DC, Keane RE, Caratti JF, Key CH, Benson NC, Gangi L, Eds. FIREMON: Fire Effects Monitoring and Inventory System. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station
Key CH, Benson NC. 2005b. Landscape assessment: remote sensing of severity, the Normalized Burn Ratio. In: Lutes DC, Keane RE, Caratti JF, Key CH, Benson NC, Gangi L, Eds. FIREMON: Fire Effects Monitoring and Inventory System. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station
KNMI. 2007. The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, NIÑO 3.4 Index (Kaplan-Reynolds), 1856–2007. Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. http://climexp.knmi.nl . Accessed July 2007
Kokaly RF, Rockwell BW, Hiare SL, King TVV. 2007. Characterization of post-fire surface cover, soils, and burn severity at the Cerro Grande Fire, New Mexico, using hyperspectral and multispectral remote sensing. Remote Sens Environ 106: 305–25
Kowalik WS, Lyon RJP, Switzer P. 1983. The effects of additive radiance terms on ratios of Landsat data. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 49: 659–69
Leiberg JB. 1902. Forest conditions in the northern Sierra Nevada, California, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 8, Series H, Forestry. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
Lenihan JM, Drapeck R, Bachelet D, Neilson RP. 2003. Climate change effects on vegetation distribution, carbon and fire in Califonia. Ecol Appl 13: 1667–81
Lentile LB, Holden ZA, Smith AMS, Falkowski MJ, Hudak AT, Morgan P, Lewis SA, Gessler PE, Benson NC. 2006. Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects. Int J Wildland Fire 15: 319–45
McKelvey KS, Busse KK. 1996. Twentieth century fire patterns on forest service lands. in Sierra Nevada ecosystems project: final report to congress. Davis, CA: University of California. pp 1119–38
McKelvey KS, Skinner CN, Chang C, Erman DC, Hussari SJ, Parsons DJ, van Wagtendonk JW, Weatherspoon CP. 1996. An overview of fire in the Sierra Nevada. In Sierra Nevada ecosystems project: final report to congress. Davis, CA: University of California. pp 1033–40
Miller C, Urban DL. 1999. Forest pattern, fire, and climatic change in the Sierra Nevada. Ecosystems 2: 76–87
Miller JD, Thode AE. 2007. Quantifying burn severity in a heterogeneous landscape with a relative version of the delta Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR). Remote Sens Environ 109: 66–80
Miller NL, Bashford KE, Strem E. 2003. Potential impacts of climate change on California hydrology. J Am Water Resour Assoc 39: 771–84
Morgan P, Hardy C, Swetnam TW, Rollins MG, Long DG. 2001. Mapping fire regimes across time and space: understanding coarse and fine-scale patterns. Int J Wildland Fire 10: 1–14
Morgan P, Heyerdahl EK, Gibson CE. 2008. Multi-season climate synchronized forest fires throughout the 20th century, Northern Rockies, USA. Ecology 89: 717–28
Mote PW, Hamlet AF, Clark MP, Letternmaier DP. 2005. Declining mountain snowpack in western North America. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 86: 39–49
Noss RF, Franklin JF, Baker WL, Schoennagel T, Moyle PB. 2006. Managing fire-prone forests in the western United States. Front Ecol Environ 4: 481–7
Pickett STA, White PS, Eds. 1985. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. New York, NY: Academic Press
Safford HD, Miller J, Schmidt D, Roath B, Parsons A. 2008. BAER soil burn severity maps do not measure fire effects to vegetation: a comment on Odion and Hanson (2006). Ecosystems 11: 1–11
Schoennagel T, Veblen TT, Romme WH. 2004. The interaction of fire, fuels, and climate across Rocky Mountain forests. BioScience 54: 661–76
Schroeder TA, Cohen WB, Song C, Canty MJ, Yang Z. 2006. Radiometric correction of multi-temporal Landsat data for characterization of early successional forest patterns in western Oregon. Remote Sens Environ 103: 16
Shumway RH. 1988. Applied statistical times series analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Singh A. 1989. Digital change detection techniques using remotely-sensed data. Int J Remote Sens 10: 989–1003
Skinner CN, Chang C. 1996. Fire regimes, past and present in Sierra Nevada ecosystems project: final report to congress. Davis, CA: University of California. pp 1041–69
Stephens SL. 2005. Forest fire causes and extent on United States forest service lands. Int J Wildland Fire 14: 213–22
Stephens SL, Martin RE, Clinton NE. 2007. Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California’s forests, woodlands, shrublands and grasslands. For Ecol Manage 251: 205–16
Stow D, Petersen A, Rogan J, Franklin J. 2007. Mapping burn severity of Mediterranean-type vegetation using satellite multispectral data. GISci Remote Sens 44: 1–23
Sudworth GB. 1900. 21st Annual report of the U.S. Geological Survey. Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office Part 5: pp 505–61
Sugihara NG, van Wagtendonk JW, Shaffer KE, Fites-Kaufman J, Thode AE, Eds. 2006. Fire in California’s Ecosystems. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Torn MS, Mills E, Fried J. 1999. Will climate change spark more wildfire damage? Contingencies July/August: pp 34–43
USDA. 2004. Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region
USDA. 2006. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region GIS Clearinghouse. http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/rsl . Accessed October 2006
Westerling AL, Swetnam TW. 2003. Interannual to decadal drought and wildfire in the western United States. EOS 84: 545–60
Westerling AL, Hidalgo HG, Craven DR, Swetnam TW. 2006. Warming and earlier spring increase Western U.S. forest wildfire activity. Science 313: 940–3
WFLC. 2004. Large fire suppression costs: strategies for cost management. http://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/reports . Accessed October 2007
WRCC. 2007. California climate tracker. Western Regional Climate Center. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/monitor/cal-mon/index.html . Accessed July 2007
Zhu Z, Key CH, Ohlen D, Benson NC. 2006. Evaluate sensitivities of burn-severity mapping algorithms for different ecosystems and fire histories in the United States. Joint Fire Science Program Project JFSP 01–1-4-12, final project report, http://www.firescience.gov/projects/01-1-4-12/01-1-4-12_final_report.pdf . Accessed November 2007