Quality Assessment of Bottled and Unbottled Drinking Water in Bangladesh

MDPI AG - Tập 13 Số 15 - Trang 2026
Md. Ripaj Uddin1, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker2, Md. Jainal Abedin3, Nahida Akter4, A. H. M. Shofiul Islam Molla Jamal1, Rokaia Sultana1, Shahnaz Sultana1, Mehedi Hasan1, Hamid Osman5, Basem H. Elesawy6, M.I. Sayyed7,8, Abdelmoneim Sulieman9
1Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
2Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
3Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand
4Institute of Marine Fisheries Technology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
5Department of Radiology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
6Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
7Department of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
8Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman, 11622, Jordan
9Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 422, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia

Tóm tắt

The demand for bottled drinking water in Bangladesh is becoming popular due to the lack of safe drinking water sources. The present study was carried out to assess the water quality and public health impacts of local brands of bottled drinking water and tube-well water, compared to the imported ones. Several state-of-the-art techniques were employed to determine the contents of pH, EC, salinity, chloride, nitrates, nitrites, fluoride, sulfates, phosphates, bicarbonate, turbidity, color, total hardness, and total dissolved solids in the studied water samples. The measured data show that the level of dissolved minerals in the local branded bottled water is very low (with an exception for sample codes D1 and D8), while imported brands, Zamzam water, and tube-well water contain satisfactory level of minerals and fulfill Dietary Reference Intake requirements. Total coliform, fecal coliform, and E. coli were found to be absent in local brands of bottled water and tube-well water. On the other hand, concentrations of some radionuclides 40K, 238U, 226Ra, 210Pb, 210Po, 222Rn, 137Cs, and 232Th in local bottled water and tube-well water were found to be less than the permissible level given by WHO (2011). The results reveal that local bottled drinking water manufacturing companies may not be following standard guidelines and quality control steps properly. Thus, improvement in their standard operating process is urgently needed to ensure strict compliance with guidelines set by Bangladesh standards and testing institutions.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Rosborg, I., and Kozisek, F. (2016). Drinking Water Minerals and Mineral Balance, Springer. Available online: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-030-18034-8.

Puri, 2012, A review of permissible limits of drinking water, Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med., 16, 40, 10.4103/0019-5278.99696

Steve, E.H., and Elizabeth, J. (2004). Safe Drinking Water, IWA Publishing. Available online: https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=KhiKu7nyCD0C.

(1998). European Commission. On the quality of water intended for human consumption. Off. J. Eur. Communities, 330, 32–54. Available online: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1998/83/oj.

Chau, N.D., and Tomaszewska, B. (2019). Mineral and Bottled Water as Natural Beverages. Bottled and Packaged Water, Elsevier.

Brian, C.H. (2021, May 07). Message in a Bottle, 2006, E/Environmental Magazine. Available online: http://www.emagazine.com/view/?1125.

Rahman, 2017, Quality assessment of the non-carbonated bottled drinking water marketed in Bangladesh and comparison with tap water, Food Control., 73, 1149, 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.032

Miller, M. (2021, May 11). Bottled Water: Why is it So Big? Causes for the Rapid Growth of Bottled Water Industries. Available online: https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/3296/fulltext.pdf.

Jamal, 2020, Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Potable Water Supplied by DWASA in Dhaka City of Bangladesh, Am. J. Biol. Environ. Stat., 6, 1, 10.11648/j.ajbes.20200601.11

Xiao, 2017, Mutagenicity and estrogenicity of raw water and drinking water in an industrialized city in the Yangtze River Delta, Chemosphere, 185, 647, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.066

Hakizimana, 2017, Electrocoagulation process in water treatment: A review of electrocoagulation modeling approaches, Desalination, 404, 1, 10.1016/j.desal.2016.10.011

Zhang, 2017, Biologically active filters—An advanced water treatment process for contaminants of emerging concern, Water Res., 114, 31, 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.014

Fares, 2018, Biological Treatment of wastewater by Addition of Activated carbon powder (CAP), J. Waste Recycl., 3, 1

Ahmed, 2017, Progress in the biological and chemical treatment technologies for emerging contaminant removal from wastewater: A critical review, J. Hazard. Mater., 323, 274, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.045

Ahmed, 2016, Nutrient minerals in commercially available bottled waters of Bangladesh: Dietary implications, Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res., 51, 111, 10.3329/bjsir.v51i2.28093

Islam, 2016, A study on total dissolved solids and hardness level of drinking mineral water in Bangladesh, Am. J. Appl. Chem., 4, 164, 10.11648/j.ajac.20160405.11

Khalid, 2013, Mineral Composition and Health Functionality of Zamzam Water: A Review, Int. J. Food Prop., 17, 661, 10.1080/10942912.2012.660721

Shomar, 2012, Zamzam water: Concentration of trace elements and other characteristics, Chemosphere, 86, 600, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.025

Munir, 2015, Physio-Chemical differences between Aab-E-ZamZam and mineral water effect of water intake on blood pressure, Am. Eurasian J. Toxicol. Sci., 7, 83

2017, Effects of perinatal exposure to Zamzam water on the teratological studies of the mice offspring, Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 24, 892, 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.04.002

Alfadul, 2011, Water quality of bottled water in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A comparative study with Riyadh municipal and Zamzam water, J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A, 46, 1519, 10.1080/10934529.2011.609109

American Public Health Association (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, APHA. [23th ed.]. Available online: http://www.aphabookstore.org.

Yasmin, 2018, The presence of radioactive materials in soil, sand and sediment samples of Potenga sea beach area, Chittagong, Bangladesh: Geological characteristics and environmental implication, Results Phys., 8, 1268, 10.1016/j.rinp.2018.02.013

World Health Organization (2005). Nutrients in Drinking Water, World Health Organization. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43403.

National Academy of Sciences (1997). Drinking-Water and Health, National Academy Press. Available online: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/1780.html.

National Research Council (1989). Recommended Dietary Allowances, Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy Press. [10th ed.]. Available online: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/1349.html.

Mahmood, 2004, Evaluation of chemical and bacteriological quality of locally produced bottled water, J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 26, 185

Astel, A. (2016). Mineral Water: Types of Mineral Water. Encycl. Food Health, 763–766.

Sievers, E. (2005). Nutrient Minerals in Drinking Water: Implications for the Nutrition of Infants and Young Children. Nutr. Drink. Water, 164, Available online: https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutrientsindw.pdf.

(2021, May 14). International Bottled Water Association. Available online: http://www.bottledwater.org.

National Resource Defense Council, NRDC (2021, May 05). Bottled Water: Pure Drink or Pure Hype. Available online: http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/nbw.asp.

Register, 1989, National primary and secondary drinking water regulations, US EPA, 64, 67450

(2021, May 01). NSF International. Available online: http://www.nsf.org/.

Astel, 2014, Characterization of bottled mineral waters marketed in Poland using hierarchical cluster analysis, J. Geochem. Explor., 143, 136, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.04.002

Azoulay, 2001, Comparison of the mineral content of tap water and bottled waters, J. Gen. Intern. Med., 16, 168, 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2001.04189.x

Bertoldi, 2011, Survey of the chemical composition of 571 European bottled mineral waters, J. Food Compos. Anal., 24, 376, 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.07.005

2007, Inherent optical properties of Zamzam water in the visible spectrum: Dispersion analysis, Arab. J. Sci. Engineering. Sect. B Eng., 32, 171

Hirst, R.R., Levitt, J.A., and Corovo, J. (2011). Bottled Water and Tap Water: Just the Facts-A Comparison of Regulatory Requirements for Quality and Monitoring Drinking Water in the United States, Drinking Water Research Foundation. Alex. Drink. -Water Res. Foundation. Alex., VA, Available online: www.bottledwater.org/files/BW%20PWS%20Just%20the%20Facts%202011%20Final.pdf.

World Health Organization (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, World Health Organization. [4th ed.]. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44584/9789241548151_eng.pdf?sequence=1.

FDA (2008, August 26). Bottled Water Everywhere: Keeping it Safe, Available online: http://www.fda.gov/consumer/updates/bottledwater082508.html.

Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (2021, May 19). Bottled and Unbottled Drinking Water. Standard No. 409, Saudi Arabia, Available online: http://www.saso-gov.com/index.php?rzmb.html.

International Bottled Water Association (2008). Bottled Water Code of Practice, IBWA. Available online: http://bottledwater.org/public/modelmain.htm.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency, US EPA (2021, May 21). Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Tables, Available online: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-03/documents/dwtable2018.pdf.

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) (2021, May 22). Specification for Drinking Water, Available online: https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S06/is.10500.2012.pdf.

World Health Organization (2006). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, WHO. [3th ed.]. Available online: http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Js8578e/.

(2021, May 24). European Communities, Directive 80/777/EEC, Council Directive of 15 July 1980 on the Approximation of the Laws of the Member States Relating to the Exploitation and Marketing of Natural Mineral Water, L229/1–L229/10. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A31980L0777.

Uddin, 2020, Assessment of some physicochemical parameters and determining the corrosive characteristics of the Karnaphuli estuarine water, Chittagong, Bangladesh, Water Sci., 34, 164, 10.1080/11104929.2020.1803662

Boyd, D.R. (2006). The Water We Drink: An International Comparison of Drinking Water Quality Standards and Guidelines, David Suzuki Foundation. Available online: https://davidsuzuki.org/science-learning-centre-article/the-water-we-drink-an-international-comparison-of-drinking-water-standards-and-guidelines/.

Chauhan, 2020, Assessment of potability of spring water and its health implication in a hilly village of Uttarakhand, India, Appl. Water Sci., 10, 73, 10.1007/s13201-020-1159-6

Uddin, 2019, Pollution and ecological risk evaluation for the environmental impact on Karnaphuli river, Bangladesh, Int. J. Fish. Aquat. Res., 4, 38

Ghosh, 2012, Sources and toxicity of fluoride in the environment, Res. Chem. Intermed., 39, 2881, 10.1007/s11164-012-0841-1

Cheremisinoff, N.P., and Davletshin, A. (2015). Hydraulic Fracturing Operations: Handbook of Environmental Management Practices, John Wiley & Sons. Available online: https://www.amazon.com/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Operations-Environmental-Management/dp/1118946359.

(1997). National Academy of Sciences, NAS, Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride, Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press. Available online: https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/summary-report-of-the-dietary-reference-intakes.

(2021, May 17). National Academy of Sciences, NAS, Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, Available online: https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads/DRIEssentialGuideNutReq.pdf.

Drever, J.I. (1997). The Geochemistry of Natural Waters, Prentice-Hall. [3rd ed.]. Available online: https://www.amazon.com/Geochemistry-Natural-Waters-Groundwater-Environments/dp/0132727900.

2017, Chemical composition of groundwater in the Quaternary layer of selected supply and drainage areas in the Gdańsk aquifer, Hydrogeology, 1, 57

Durlach, 1913, Present, and future of magnesium research, J. Jpn. Soc. Magnes. Res., 12, 113

Durlach, 1985, Magnesium level in drinking water and cardiovascular risk factor: A hypothe-sis, Magnesium, 4, 5

Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, WHO. [4th ed.]. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950.

Ward, L.A., Cain, O.L., Mullally, R.A., Holliday, K.S., Wernham, A.G., Baillie, P.D., and Greenfield, S.M. (2009). Health beliefs about bottled water: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 9.

FAO/WHO (2021, May 22). Requirement of Vitamin A, Iron, Folate, and Vitamin BFood and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, FAO Food and Nutrition Series (No. 23), Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expend Consultation Rome. Available online: https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=O7kbJ0UbtPwC.

Salehi, 2014, Evaluation of microbial and Physico-chemical quality of bottled water produced in Hamadan province of Iran, J. Food Qual. Hazards Control., 1, 21

Bolewski, A., and Manecki, A. (1993). Particulars Mineralogy, PAE. Available online: http://www.mineralogia.pl/history.html.

Dz, U. (2017). Regulation of the Minister of Health of Polish Legislation for Concerning Drinking Water Quality, (In Polish).

Resma, 2020, The presence of toxic metals in popular farmed fish species and estimation of health risks through their consumption, Phys. Open, 5, 100052, 10.1016/j.physo.2020.100052

Environment Conservation Rules (2021, May 21). Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Available online: http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/bgd19918.pdf.

Aly, 2017, Water quality assessment and hydrochemical characterization of Zamzam groundwater, Saudi Arabia, Appl. Water Sci., 7, 3985, 10.1007/s13201-017-0549-x

Shuaibu, 2021, Determination of radon concentration in ground-water of Gadau, Bauchi State, Nigeria and estimation of effective dose, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 178, 108934, 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108934

Khandaker, 2013, Committed effective dose from naturally occuring radionuclides in shellfish, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 88, 1, 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.02.034

Khandaker, 2017, Radiation dose to the Malaysian populace via the consumption of bottled mineral water, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 140, 173, 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.01.018

Khandaker, 2019, Terrestrial radionuclides in surface (dam) water and concomitant dose in metropolitan kuala lumpur, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 185, 343

(2020, July 11). Voda. Available online: www.vodanaturalna.pl.

Khandaker, 2019, Elevated concentration of radioactive potassium in edible algae cultivated in Malaysian seas and estimation of ingestion dose to humans, Algal Res., 38, 101386, 10.1016/j.algal.2018.101386

CDC (2021, May 26). Information about COVID-19 Vaccines for Women Who Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding. Available online: https://www.portspb.ru/.

Keresztes, 2009, Leaching of antimony from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into mineral water, Sci. Total. Environ., 407, 4731, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.025

Cecil (2021, May 24). Adams. Can Water Be Too Pure? is Too Much Water Bad for You? The Straight Dope. Available online: https://www.straightdope.com/21343480/can-water-be-too-pure-is-too-much-water-bad-for-you.

Lucas (2021, May 17). Cutler Water Bottle Bacteria Risk Cited. Algonquin Times. Available online: http://web.archive.org/web/20030423015446/http://www.algonquinc.on.ca/times/news5.html.

Karamanis, 2007, Natural radionuclides and heavy metals in bottled water in Greece, Desalination, 213, 90, 10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.604

Hasan, 2011, Chemical Characterization and Quality Compliance of Bottled Mineral Water in Bangladesh, Dhaka Univ. J. Sci., 59, 33

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

MDPI AG

Tập 13 Số 15

2026

Thông tin tác giả